Hodotermes: Difference between revisions
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==Diet== |
==Diet== |
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The diet of ''H. mossambicus'' consists primarily of ripe and/or frost- or drought-killed grass, though tree and shrub material is consumed to a lesser degree. In a stable isotope study of ''H. mossambicus'', the grass component was found to constitute upwards of 94% of their food intake.<ref name=est>{{cite journal |last=Symes |first=Craig T. | |
The diet of ''H. mossambicus'' consists primarily of ripe and/or frost- or drought-killed grass, though tree and shrub material is consumed to a lesser degree. In a stable isotope study of ''H. mossambicus'', the grass component was found to constitute upwards of 94% of their food intake.<ref name=est>{{cite journal |last=Symes |first=Craig T. |author2=Woodborne, Stephan |title=Estimation of food composition of Hodotermes mossambicus (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) based on observations and stable carbon isotope ratios |journal=Insect Science |date=1 April 2011 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=175–180 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01344.x |url=http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/5993 }}</ref> In this species, the sixth instar larvae digest and distribute food within the colony<ref name=est/> by means of [[Trophallaxis|stomodeal trophallaxis]]. The mutual feeding also reinforces the colony's integrity, as the feeders discriminate against individuals with unfamiliar intestinal microbiota.<ref name=nest>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Nina |author2=et al. |title=Nestmate discrimination in the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus | publisher = IUSSI |url=http://www-evolution.uni-regensburg.de/iussi/eu/abstracts.html |accessdate=18 October 2012}}</ref> |
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==Breeding== |
==Breeding== |
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==Predators== |
==Predators== |
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Harvester termites in general, form the main component in the diet of the diurnal [[bat-eared fox]] in east and southern Africa.<ref name=tc>{{cite book|last=Ewer |first=R. F. |title=The Carnivores |year=1973 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=New York |page =161}}</ref> For this unusual diet, these foxes have 48 small teeth compared to the 42 teeth of all other dogs. They also have large ears to hear the insects in their underground chambers, before they are dug up. Though the [[aardwolf]] is a specialized predator of certain ''[[Trinervitermes]]'', they may assume a partially diurnal habit in winter to obtain harvester termites.<ref name=iucn>{{cite web|last=Holekamp |first=Kay E. | |
Harvester termites in general, form the main component in the diet of the diurnal [[bat-eared fox]] in east and southern Africa.<ref name=tc>{{cite book|last=Ewer |first=R. F. |title=The Carnivores |year=1973 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=New York |page =161}}</ref> For this unusual diet, these foxes have 48 small teeth compared to the 42 teeth of all other dogs. They also have large ears to hear the insects in their underground chambers, before they are dug up. Though the [[aardwolf]] is a specialized predator of certain ''[[Trinervitermes]]'', they may assume a partially diurnal habit in winter to obtain harvester termites.<ref name=iucn>{{cite web|last=Holekamp |first=Kay E. |author2=et al. |title=Aardwolf: Diet and Foraging |url=http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/aardwolf-proteles-cristatus/cristatus-diet-and-foraging.html |work=The extant (living) hyaena species |publisher=IUCN, Hyaena Specialist Group |accessdate=18 October 2012}}</ref> |
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==Economic impact== |
==Economic impact== |
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Revision as of 02:42, 12 May 2014
| Hodotermes | |
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| H. mossambicus in Namibia | |
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| Genus: | Hodotermes Hagen, 1853
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| Species[1] | |
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| Range of H. mossambicus | |
Hodotermes is a genus of African harvester termites in the Hodotermitidae. They range from Palaearctic North Africa, through the East African savannas to the karroid regions of southern Africa.[2][3] As with harvester termites in general, they have serrated inner edges to their mandibles, and all castes have functional compound eyes.[3] They forage for grass at night and during daylight hours, and their pigmented workers[4] are often observed outside the nest.[3]
Nests
They nest by excavating in the soil,[3] and the diffuse subterranean system of H. mossambicus may contain several spherical hives which may be 60 cm in diameter. They are interconnected by galleries and are located from near the surface to more than 6 m deep.[3][4] Loose particles of excavated soil are brought to the surface and dumped at various points around the nest.[3]
Diet
The diet of H. mossambicus consists primarily of ripe and/or frost- or drought-killed grass, though tree and shrub material is consumed to a lesser degree. In a stable isotope study of H. mossambicus, the grass component was found to constitute upwards of 94% of their food intake.[5] In this species, the sixth instar larvae digest and distribute food within the colony[5] by means of stomodeal trophallaxis. The mutual feeding also reinforces the colony's integrity, as the feeders discriminate against individuals with unfamiliar intestinal microbiota.[6]
Breeding
Soon after rain showers, swarms of flying termites, alates or winged reproductives emerge from their underground nests during summer evenings. When sufficiently distant from the parent nest, they land, shrug off their wings and scout about for a mate. The pair then excavates a burrow to start a new colony. A week after swarming, the female lays her first eggs which are tended by the couple, a task soon taken over by the maturing workers. After some four months, the nest is sufficiently developed to send foraging workers to the surface. For the next few years, most of the eggs develop into workers and a small number of soldiers. When the nest is sufficiently large, winged reproductives again develop.[7]
Predators
Harvester termites in general, form the main component in the diet of the diurnal bat-eared fox in east and southern Africa.[8] For this unusual diet, these foxes have 48 small teeth compared to the 42 teeth of all other dogs. They also have large ears to hear the insects in their underground chambers, before they are dug up. Though the aardwolf is a specialized predator of certain Trinervitermes, they may assume a partially diurnal habit in winter to obtain harvester termites.[9]
Economic impact
They can deplete grass in pastures and contribute to soil erosion, but are less effective when grasslands are not overgrazed or disturbed.[3][4] Over the long term, however, their decomposing and recycling of plant material contribute to soil fertility and the global cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements.[5]
References
- ^ " Hodotermes Hagen, 1853". Isoptera. biolib.cz. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ Abe, Takuya; et al. (2000–2002). Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-7923-6361-2.
{{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Scholtz, Clarke H.; et al. (1985). Insects of Southern Africa. Durban: Butterworths. p. 57. ISBN 0409-10487-6.
{{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first=(help) - ^ a b c Picker, Mike; et al. (2004). Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-77007-061-5.
{{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first=(help) - ^ a b c Symes, Craig T.; Woodborne, Stephan (1 April 2011). "Estimation of food composition of Hodotermes mossambicus (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae) based on observations and stable carbon isotope ratios". Insect Science. 18 (2): 175–180. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01344.x.
- ^ Minkley, Nina; et al. "Nestmate discrimination in the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus". IUSSI. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
{{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author2=(help) - ^ Bell, R. A. (1999). "Insect Pests: Harvester Termites". Veld in KwaZulu-Natal 11.1. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
- ^ Ewer, R. F. (1973). The Carnivores. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 161.
- ^ Holekamp, Kay E.; et al. "Aardwolf: Diet and Foraging". The extant (living) hyaena species. IUCN, Hyaena Specialist Group. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
{{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author2=(help)