Voiced palatal plosive: Difference between revisions
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==Voiced palatal stop== |
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{{Infobox IPA |
{{Infobox IPA |
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|ipa number = 108 |
|ipa number = 108 |
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Revision as of 21:34, 22 June 2014
| Voiced palatal plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɟ | |||
| IPA number | 108 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɟ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+025F | ||
| X-SAMPA | J\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
The voiced palatal stop or voiced palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless ⟨j⟩ which was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter ⟨f⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\.
The sound does not exist as a phoneme in English, but is perhaps most similar to a voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ], as in English jump (although it is a stop, not an affricate; the most similar stop phoneme to this sound in English is [ɡ], as in argue), and because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge,[1] [ɟ] is a less common sound worldwide than [dʒ]. It is also common for the symbol /ɟ/ to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar stop, or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive, and therefore of secondary importance.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[2] | [[[Albanian alphabet|gjuha]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɟuha] | 'tongue' | Merged with [d͡ʒ] in Gheg Albanian for all speakers and in Tosk for some speakers[3] | |
| Arabic[4] | Sudanese | جمل | [ɟæˈmæl] | 'camel' | Some dialects; corresponds to /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/ or /ɡ/ in other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Yemeni | |||||
| Basque | [anddere] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aɲɟe̞ɾe̞] | 'doll' | ||
| Catalan | Majorcan[5] | [[[Catalan orthography|guix]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɟiɕ] | 'chalk' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Corsican | [[[Corsican alphabet|fighjulà]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [viɟɟuˈla] | 'to watch' | ||
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|dělám]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟɛlaːm] | 'I do' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | [[[Dinka alphabet|jir]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟir] | 'blunt' | ||
| Ega[6] | [ɟé] | 'become numerous' | |||
| English | Australian[7] | [geese] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟɪi̯s] | 'geese' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before /iː ɪ e eː æ æɪ æɔ ɪə j/,[7] more commonly pre-velar.[7] See Australian English phonology |
| Friulian | [gjat] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟat] | 'cat' | ||
| German | [[[German orthography|Studium]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʃtuːɟʊm] | '(academic) studies' | Allophone of more frequent [dj] or [di]. See German phonology | |
| Hungarian[8] | [[[Hungarian orthography|gyám]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟaːm] | 'guardian' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|Gaeilge]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] | 'Gaelic' | See Irish phonology | |
| Latvian | [[[Latvian alphabet|ģimene]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɟime̞ne̞] | 'family' | ||
| Ganda | jjajja | [ɟːaɟːa] | 'grandfather' | ||
| Macedonian | раѓање | [ˈraɟaɲɛ] | 'birth' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | Central[9] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|fadder]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fɑɟːeɾ] | 'godparent' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Northern[9] | |||||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | [diguèt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟiˈɡɛ] | 'said' (3rd pers. sing.) | See Occitan phonology |
| Limousin | dissèt | [ɟiˈʃɛ] | |||
| Portuguese | Some Brazilian speakers | [[[Portuguese orthography|pedinte]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [piˈɟĩc̟ˢi̥] | 'pauper', 'beggar' | Some speakers might not affricate the dental stops before /i/ (usual and standard in Brazil), but still all retract.[10] See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian[11] | [[[Romanian alphabet|ghimpe]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɟimpe̞] | 'thorn' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology | |
| Slovak | [ďaleký] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɟalʲekiː] | 'far' | Alveolo-palatal.[12] | |
| Spanish | Canarian | [coche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkoɟe] | 'car' | [ɟ] is proper of rural speech, the allophone [c] is more common. See Canarian Spanish. |
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|güneş]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟyˈne̞ʃ] | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese | North-central dialect | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|da]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟa˧] | 'skin' | See Vietnamese phonology |
Template:Voiced pre-velar stop
See also
References
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 162.
- ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
- ^ Kolgjini (2004).
- ^ Watson (2002), p. 16.
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
- ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
- ^ a b c Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
- ^ a b Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ^ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited Template:Pt
- ^ "Definiția cu ID-ul 9532", DEX Online (in Romanian)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
Bibliography
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
