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{{About||the upcoming film|Suffragette (film)}}
[[File:Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Annie Kenney]] and [[Christabel Pankhurst]]]]
'''Suffragettes''' were members of women's organization (right to vote) movements in the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly in the United Kingdom and United States. '''Suffragist''' is a more general term for members of suffrage movements, whether radical or conservative, male or female.

The term "suffragette" is particularly associated with activists in the British [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|women's suffrage movement]] in the early 20th century, whose demonstrations included chaining themselves to railings and setting fire to mailbox contents. One woman, [[Emily Davison]], died at the Epsom Derby. It is unsure what she was trying to achieve when she was run down by the King's horse. Many suffragettes were imprisoned in [[Holloway Prison]] in London, and were force-fed after going on hunger strike.

[[Women's suffrage in the United States|In the United States]], women over 21 were first allowed to vote in the territories of Wyoming from 1869 and in Utah from 1870, and with the ratification of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment]] the suffrage was extended to women across the United States in time for the 1920 [[President of the United States|presidential]] election. Women over 21 [[Timeline of women's suffrage|were allowed to vote]] in New Zealand from 1893, in Australia from 1894, and in Canada from 1919. Women in the UK were given the vote in 1918 if over 30 and meeting certain property qualifications, and in 1928 suffrage was extended to all women over the age of 21.<ref>Crawford, Elizabeth. ''The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928''. Routledge.</ref>

{{Feminism sidebar |expanded=Suffrage}}

==Origins==
The term "suffragette" was first used as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London ''Daily Mail'' for activists in the movement for [[women's suffrage in the United Kingdom]], in particular members of the [[Women's Social and Political Union]]&nbsp;(WSPU).<ref>Crawford, Elizabeth. ''The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928''. Routledge, p. 452.</ref> But the objects of the intended ridicule gladly embraced the term saying "suffraGETtes" (hardening the ''g'') implied not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to ''get'' it as well.<ref>Colmore, Gertrude. "Suffragette Sally". Broadview Press, 2007, p. 14</ref>

[[File:Pre-election suffrage parade NYC.jpg|thumb|250px|Suffragists marching in New York, 1915]]
British suffragettes were mostly women from upper and middle-class backgrounds, frustrated by their social and economic situation. Their struggles for change within society, along with the work of such advocates for women’s rights as [[John Stuart Mill]], were enough to spearhead a movement that would encompass mass groups of women fighting for suffrage. Mill had first introduced the idea of women’s suffrage on the platform he presented to the British electorate in 1865.<ref>Sophia A. Van Wingerden. ''The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) p. 9.</ref> He would later be joined by numerous men and women fighting for the same cause.

New Zealand was the first self-governing country to grant women the right to vote; in 1893 all women over the age of 21 were permitted to vote in parliamentary elections.<ref>[[Ida Husted Harper]]. ''[https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu06stanuoft#page/n5/mode/2up History of Woman Suffrage, volume 6]'' ([[National American Woman Suffrage Association]], 1922) p. 752.</ref> Women in South Australia achieved the same right in 1894 but became the first to obtain the right to stand (run) for Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=8 |title=Foundingdocs.gov.au |publisher=Foundingdocs.gov.au |accessdate=2011-01-08}}</ref>
The [[National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies]], which was founded in 1897, formed of a collection of local suffrage societies. This union was led by [[Millicent Fawcett]], who believed in constitutional campaigning, like issuing leaflets, organising meetings and presenting petitions. However this campaigning did not have much effect. In 1903 [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] founded a new organisation, the Women's Social and Political Union. Pankhurst thought that the movement would have to become radical and militant if it was going to be effective. The ''[[Daily Mail]]'' later gave them the name "Suffragettes".<ref>Ben Walsh. ''GCSE Modern World History'' second edition (Hodder Murray, 2008) p. 60.</ref>

A few historians feel that some of the suffragettes' actions actually damaged their cause. The argument was that women should not get the vote because they were too emotional and could not think as logically as men; their violent and aggressive actions were used as evidence in support of this argument.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.johndclare.net/Women2_DidSuffragettesHelp.htm | title=Did the Suffragettes Help? | publisher=Claire. John D. (2002/2010), Greenfield History Site | accessdate=January 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/education/suffragettes.pdf | title=The Suffragettes: Deeds not words | publisher=National Archives | accessdate=January 5, 2012}}</ref>

==Early 20th century in the UK==
[[File:Suffragette,-Emily-Wi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Memorial edition of ''The Suffragette'' newspaper dedicated to Emily Davison]]
1912 was a turning point for the British suffragettes as they turned to using more [[Militant (word)|militant tactics]] such as chaining themselves to railings, setting fire to mailbox contents, smashing windows and occasionally detonating bombs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59253869 |title=SUFFRAGETTES. |newspaper=[[South Australian Register|The Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901–1929)]] |location=Adelaide, SA |date=16 April 1913 |accessdate=26 October 2011 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> This was because the Prime Minister at the time, [[H. H. Asquith|Asquith]], nearly signed a document giving women (over 30 and either married to a property-owner or owning a property themselves) the right to vote. But he pulled out at the last minute, as he thought the women may vote against him in the next General Election, stopping his party (Liberals) from getting into Parliament/ruling the country.

One suffragette, [[Emily Davison]], died under [[George V of the United Kingdom|the King]]'s horse Anmer at the [[Epsom Derby]] of June 4, 1913. It is debated whether she was trying to pin a "Votes for Women" banner on the King's horse or not.<ref>Ben Walsh ''GCSE Modern World History'' second edition (Hodder Murray, 2008) p. 64.</ref> Many of her fellow suffragettes were imprisoned and went on a [[hunger strike]] as a scare tactic against the government. The [[Liberal party (UK)|Liberal]] government of the day led by [[H. H. Asquith]] responded with the [[Cat and Mouse Act]].

===Imprisonment===
In the early twentieth century until the [[First World War]], approximately one thousand suffragettes were imprisoned in Britain.<ref>June Purvis, “The prison experiences of the suffragettes in Edwardian Britain,” Women’s History Review 4 no. 1 (1995): 103</ref> Most early incarcerations were for public order offenses and failures to pay outstanding fines, with the first suffragettes – Christabel Pankhurst (daughter of [[Emmeline Pankhurst]]) and Annie Kenney – imprisoned in October 1905.<ref>J F Geddes, “Culpable Complicity: the medical profession and the forcible feeding of suffragettes, 1909–1914,” Women’s History Review 17, no. 1 (2008): 81.</ref> While incarcerated, suffragettes lobbied to be considered political prisoners; with a designation as political prisoners, suffragettes would be placed in the First Division as opposed to the Second or Third Division of the prison system, and as a political prisoner would be granted certain freedoms and liberties not allotted to other prison divisions, such as being allowed frequent visits and writing books or articles.<ref>June Purvis, ““Deeds, Not Words” correcting the things The Daily Lives of Militant Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain”,” Women’s Studies International Forum 18, no. 2 (1995): 97.</ref> However, due to a lack of continuity between the different courts, suffragettes would not necessarily be placed in the First Division and could be placed in Second or Third Division, which enjoyed fewer liberties and were for non-political prisoners.<ref>Your Source</ref>

This cause was taken up by the [[Women’s Social and Political Union]] (WSPU), a large organisation in Britain, that lobbied for women’s suffrage led by militant suffragette [[Emmeline Pankhurst]].<ref>Purvis, “The prison experiences of the suffragettes,” 104.</ref> The WSPU campaigned to get imprisoned suffragettes recognized as political prisoners. However, this campaign was largely unsuccessful. Citing a fear that the suffragettes becoming political prisoners would make for easy martyrdom,<ref>John Williams, “Hunger Strikes: A Prisoner’s Right or a ‘Wicked Folly’?,” The Howard Journal 40, no. 3 (2001): 285.</ref> and with thoughts from the courts, and the [[Home Office]] that they were abusing the freedoms of First division to further the agenda of the WSPU,<ref>Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 81.</ref> suffragettes were placed in Second Division, and in some cases the Third Division, in prisons with no special privileges granted to them as a result.<ref>Elizabeth Williams, “Gags, funnels and tubes: forced feeding of the insane and of suffragettes,” Endeavor 32, no. 4 (2008): 134.</ref>

===Hunger strikes===
Following the refusal for suffragettes to be recognised as political prisoners, many suffragettes began to stage [[hunger strike]]s while they were imprisoned. The first woman to stage a hunger strike was [[Marion Wallace Dunlop]], a militant suffragette who was sentenced to be imprisoned for a month in Holloway for vandalism in July 1909.<ref>Purvis, ““Deeds, Not Words”,” 97</ref> Without the consultation of suffragette leaders such as [[Emmeline Pankhurst|Pankhurst]],<ref>Ian Miller, “Necessary Torture? Vivisection, Suffragette Force-Feeding, and Responses to Scientific Medicine in Britain c. 1870–1920,” Journal of the History of Medicine 64 (2009): 360.</ref> Dunlop refused food as a protest for being denied political prisoner status; following a 91-hour hunger strike, and for fear of her becoming a martyr for the suffragette cause,<ref name="Miller, Necessary Torture? 360">Miller, “Necessary Torture?” 360.</ref> the Home Secretary [[Herbert Gladstone]] made the decision to release her early on medical grounds.<ref>Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 81</ref> Dunlop’s strategy was adopted by other suffragettes who were incarcerated.<ref name="Miller, Necessary Torture? 361">Miller, “Necessary Torture?” 361.</ref> Soon, it became a common practice for suffragettes to refuse food in protest to not being designated as political prisoners, and as a result they would be released after a few days and return to the "fighting line.”<ref name="Geddes, Culpable Complicity, 82">Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 82.</ref>

After a public backlash regarding the prison status of suffragettes, the rules of the divisions were amended. In March 1910, Rule 243A was introduced by the Home Secretary Winston Churchill, and this allowed for prisoners in Second and Third division to be allowed certain privileges of the First Division, provided they were not convicted of a serious offense, effectively ending hunger strikes for two years.<ref>Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 84–85.</ref> Hunger strikes began again when Pankhurst was transferred from the Second Division to the First Division, inciting the other suffragettes to demonstrate regarding their prison status.<ref>Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 85.</ref>

Militant suffragette demonstrations subsequently became more aggressive,<ref name="Geddes, Culpable Complicity, 82"/> and the British Government took action. Unwilling to release all the suffragettes staging hunger strikes in prison,<ref name="Miller, Necessary Torture? 361"/> in the autumn of 1909, the authorities began to adopt more drastic measures to manage the hunger-striking suffragettes.

===Force feeding===
In September 1909, the Home Office became unwilling to release the hunger-striking suffragettes before their sentence was served.<ref name="Geddes, Culpable Complicity, 82"/> Suffragettes became a liability because if they were to die in the prison’s custody, the prison would be responsible for their death. Therefore, prisons began the practice of force feeding the suffragettes through a tube, most commonly a nostril or stomach tube or a stomach pump.<ref name="Miller, Necessary Torture? 361"/> The use of force feeding had previously been practised in Britain, however, its use had been exclusively for patients in hospitals who were too unwell to eat or swallow food properly. Despite that this practice had been deemed safe by medical practitioners for sick patients, it posed health issues for the healthy suffragettes.<ref name="Miller, Necessary Torture? 360"/>

The process of tube feeding was strenuous; without the consent of the hunger strikers, they were typically strapped down and forced to eat via stomach or nostril tube, often with a considerable amount of force.<ref name="Purvis, Deeds, Not Words, 97">Purvis, ““Deeds, Not Words”,” 97.</ref> Many women found the process painful, and after the practice was observed and studied by several physicians, it was deemed to have both short-term damage to the circulatory system, digestive system and nervous system and long term damage to the physical and mental health of the suffragettes.<ref>Williams, “Gags, funnels and tubes,” 138.</ref> Suffragettes who were force fed were also known to develop [[pleurisy]] or pneumonia as a result of a misplaced tube.<ref>Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 83.</ref>

===Legislation===
In April 1913, [[Reginald McKenna]] of the Home Office passed the [[Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913]], or the Cat and Mouse Act as it was commonly known. This act made the hunger strikes the suffragettes were staging legal, in that a suffragette would be temporarily released from prison when their health began to diminish, only to be readmitted to prison when she regained her health to finish her sentence.<ref name="Purvis, Deeds, Not Words, 97"/> This enabled the British Government to be absolved of any blame resulting from death or harm due to the self-starvation of the striker, in addition to ensuring that the suffragettes would be too ill and too weak to participate in demonstrative activities while not in custody.<ref name="Miller, Necessary Torture? 361"/> However, most women continued with their hunger strikes when they were readmitted to the prison following their leave.<ref>Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 88.</ref> After the Act was introduced, force feeding on a large scale was stopped and only women convicted of more serious crimes and considered likely to repeat these offenses if released were force fed.<ref>Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 89.</ref>

===The Bodyguard===
In early 1913 and in direct response to the "Cat and Mouse Act" the WSPU instituted a society of women known as "The Bodyguard" whose role was to physically protect Emmeline Pankhurst and other prominent suffragettes from arrest and assault. Known Bodyguard members included Katherine Willoughby Marshall and [[Gertrude Harding]]; [[Edith Margaret Garrud]] served as their [[jujutsu]] trainer. Members of the Bodyguard participated in several violent actions against the police in defence of their leaders.<ref>Wilson, Gretchen “With All Her Might: The Life of Gertrude Harding, Militant Suffragette” (Holmes & Meier Publishing, April 1998)</ref>

===World War===
With the commencement of the First World War, the suffragette movement in Britain moved away from suffrage activities and focused the efforts of their organizations on the war effort, and as a result, hunger strikes largely stopped.<ref>Williams, “Gags, funnels and tubes,” 139.</ref> In August 1914, the British Government released all prisoners who had been incarcerated for suffrage activities on an amnesty,<ref>Geddes, “Culpable Complicity,” 92.</ref> with Pankhurst ending all militant suffrage activities soon after.<ref>Purvis, “The prison experiences of the suffragettes,” 123.</ref> The suffragettes' focus on war work turned public opinion in favour of their eventual partial enfranchisement in 1918.<ref>J. Graham Jones, "Lloyd George and the Suffragettes," ''National Library of Wales Journal'' (2003) 33#1 pp 1–34</ref>
<blockquote>
Women eagerly volunteered take on many of the traditional male roles&nbsp;– this led to a new view of what a woman was capable of doing. The war also caused a split in the British suffragette movement, with the mainstream, represented by [[Emmeline Pankhurst|Emmeline]] and [[Christabel Pankhurst]]'s WSPU calling a 'ceasefire' in their campaign for the duration of the war, while more [[Extremism|radical]] suffragettes, represented by [[Sylvia Pankhurst]]'s [[Women's Suffrage Federation]] continued the struggle.
</blockquote>

The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, which had always employed "constitutional" methods, continued to lobby during the war years, and compromises were worked out between the NUWSS and the coalition government.<ref name="Cawood">Ian Cawood, David McKinnon-Bell (2001). "The First World War". p.71. Routledge 2001</ref> On 6 February, the [[Representation of the People Act&nbsp;1918]] was passed, enfranchising women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications (as well as men over 21 – prior to this not all British men were enfranchised).<ref name="Fawcett"/> About 8.4&nbsp;million women gained the vote.<ref name="Fawcett"/> In November 1918, the Eligibility of Women Act was passed, allowing women to be elected into [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]].<ref name="Fawcett">Fawcett, Millicent Garrett. "The Women's Victory&nbsp;– and After". p.170. Cambridge University Press</ref> The Representation of the People Act 1928 extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21, granting women the vote on the same terms that men had gained ten years earlier.<ref>Peter N. Stearns (2008). "The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world, Volume 7". p.160. Oxford University Press, 2008</ref>

==Colours==
[[File:Louise Eates Pendant - 1909 - Museum of London.jpg|thumb|150x150px|right||Pendant presented to Louise Eates in 1909]]
From 1908 the WSPU adopted the colour scheme of purple, white and green: purple symbolised dignity, white purity, and green hope. These three colours were used for banners, flags, rosettes and badges, They also would carry heart shaped vesta cases, and appeared in newspaper cartoons and postcards.<ref>Elizabeth Crawford. ''The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866–1928'' (Routledge, 2001) pp. 136–7.</ref>

[[Mappin & Webb]], the London jewellers, issued a catalogue of suffragette jewellery for Christmas&nbsp;1908.

In 1909 the WSPU presented specially commissioned pieces of jewellery to leading suffragettes Emmeline Pankhurst and Louise Eates. Some [[Arts and Crafts]] jewellery of the period incorporated the colours purple, white and green using enamel and semi-precious stones such as [[amethyst]]s, [[pearl]]s, and [[peridot]]s.
However jewellery that incorporated these stones was already quite common in women's jewellery during the late 19th&nbsp;century, before 1903 and could not be connected with the suffragettes, before the WSPU adopted the colours. Also, it is a popular myth that the colours were green, white, and violet, in order to spell GWV as an acronym for "Give Women Votes".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.antiquesjournal.com/Pages04/Monthly_pages/march09/jewelry.html | title=Suffragette Jewelry, Or Is It? | work=Antiques Journal | date=March 2009 | accessdate=January 5, 2012 | author=Hughes, Ivor}}</ref>

The colours of green and heliotrope (purple) were commissioned into a new coat of arms for [[Edge Hill University]] in 2006, symbolising the University's early commitment to the equality of women through its beginnings as a women-only college.<ref>http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/about/history/colours-crest-mace/</ref>

==Popular culture==

* The character of [[Mary Poppins (film)#Mrs. Banks|Mrs. Banks]] in the [[Mary Poppins (film)|1964 Disney musical film ''Mary Poppins'']] sings the song ''[[Sister Suffragette]]'' in celebration of the suffrage movement.
* The character of Maggie DuBois in the 1965 film [[The Great Race]] is a vocal suffragette.
* The 2004 film ''[[Iron Jawed Angels]]'' portrays events in the American suffrage movement circa 1910, concentrating on the suffrage careers of [[Alice Paul]] and [[Lucy Burns]].
* ''The Year of the Bodyguard'' (1982) is a televised docudrama about the Bodyguard unit of the WSPU.
* The 1974 [[BBC]] TV series ''[[Shoulder to Shoulder]]'' portrays events in the British militant suffrage movement, concentrating on the lives of members of the Pankhurst family.
* The 2008 telefilm [[The 39 Steps (2008 film)|''The 39 Steps'']] features the character Victoria Sinclair, who is both a spy and a suffragette.
* The women's suffrage movement is the basis of an on-going subplot in the 2013 television drama series ''[[Mr. Selfridge]]'' and in individual episodes of the series ''[[Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)|Upstairs, Downstairs]]'' and ''[[Downton Abbey]]''.
* The 2013 BBC sitcom [[Up the Women]] depicts a group of women forming a [[women's suffrage]] movement and makes reference to suffragettes. Would carry vesta case and would smoke.
* The song "[[Jet (Song)|Jet]]" by Paul McCartney
* The song "[[Suffragette City]]" by David Bowie

==Notable people==
{{Multicol}}
[[File:VidaGoldstein.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Vida Goldstein]] was the first woman in the British Empire to stand for election to a national parliament.]]
[[File:Countess Markiewicz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Constance Markievicz|Constance, Countess Markievicz]], was the first woman elected to the British [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]].]]
[[File:Kate Sheppard.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Kate Sheppard]], New Zealand's leading suffrage campaigner, appears on the current [[New Zealand ten-dollar note]].]]

===Australia===
* [[Alice Henry]]
* [[Bessie Rischbieth]]
* [[Dora Montefiore]]
* [[Jessie Street]]
* [[Louisa Lawson]]
* [[Muriel Matters]]
* [[Rose Scott]]
* [[Vida Goldstein]]

===Canada===
*[[Emily Stowe]]
*[[Nellie McClung]] and the rest of the [[The Valiant Five|Famous Five]]

===Ireland===
*[[Louie Bennett]]
*[[Frances Power Cobbe]]
*[[Eva Gore-Booth]]
*[[Anna Haslam]]
*[[Mary Hayden]]
*[[Kathleen Lynn]]
*[[Margaret McCoubrey]]
*[[Mary Ann McCracken]]
*[[Constance Markievicz]]
*[[Helena Moloney]]
*[[Jenny Wyse Power]]
*[[Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington]]
*[[Anna Wheeler (author)|Anna Wheeler]] (died 1848)

===New Zealand===
* [[Marion Hatton]]
* [[Harriet Russell Morison]]
* [[Mary Ann Müller]]
* [[Meri Te Tai Mangakahia]]
* [[Annie Jane Schnackenberg]]
* [[Kate Sheppard]]
* [[Sophia Taylor]]

===Great Britain===

* [[Joan Beauchamp]]
* [[Rosa May Billinghurst]]
* [[Elsie Bowerman]]
* [[Mabel Capper]]
* [[Ada Nield Chew]]
* [[Emily Wilding Davison]]
* [[Sophia Duleep Singh]]
* [[Millicent Fawcett]]
* [[Norah Elam|Norah Dacre Fox]]<ref>{{cite book | last = McPherson | first = Angela | coauthors = McPherson, Susan| title = Mosley's Old Suffragette&nbsp;– A Biography of Norah Elam | publisher = | year = 2011 | url = http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk| isbn = 978-1-4466-9967-6}}</ref>
* [[Jane Ellen Harrison]]
* [[Clemence Housman]]
* [[Elsie Inglis]]
{{Multicol-break}}
[[File:Emmeline Pankhurst2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Emmeline Pankhurst]] was the most prominent of Britain's suffragettes.]]
[[File:Susan B Anthony c1855.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Susan B. Anthony]] played a leading role in the American women's suffrage movement.]]
[[File:Sojourner truth c1870.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Sojourner Truth]] was a prominent early fighter for women's suffrage, as well as a leading campaigner against slavery.]]
* [[Annie Kenney]]
* [[Grace Kimmins]]
* [[Leonora Cohen]]
* [[Lilian Lenton]]
* [[Lizzy Lind af Hageby]]
* [[Mary Lowndes]]
* [[Selina Martin]]
* [[Christabel Pankhurst]]
* [[Emmeline Pankhurst]]
* [[Sylvia Pankhurst]]
* [[Frances Parker]]
* [[Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence]]
* [[Mary Richardson]]
* [[Edith Rigby]]
* [[Ethel Smyth]]
* [[Ethel Snowden]]
* [[Dora Thewlis]]
* [[Olive Wharry]]

===United States===
* [[Susan B. Anthony]]
* [[Addie L. Ballou]]
* [[Amelia Bloomer]]
* [[Lucy Gwynne Branham]]
* [[Jane Walker Burleson]]
* [[Lucy Burns]]
* [[Mary Edith Campbell]]
* [[Carrie Chapman Catt]]
* [[Electra Collins Doren]]
* [[Frederick Douglass]]
* [[Edna Fischel Gellhorn]]
* [[Alyse Gregory]]
* [[Cornelia Templeton Hatcher]]
* [[Isabella Beecher Hooker]]
* [[Julia Ward Howe]]
* [[Maud Humphrey]]
* [[Helen Keller]]
* [[Margaret Mitchell]]
* [[Lucretia Mott]]
* [[Alice Paul]]
* [[Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin]]
* [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]]
* [[Mary Church Terrell]]
* [[Cecelia Willabelle Thorogood]]
* [[Sojourner Truth]]
* [[Ida B. Wells]]
* [[Maud Wood Park]]
* [[Victoria Woodhull]]

===France===
* [[Charlotte Despard]]

{{Multicol-end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Portrait Badge of Emmeline Pankhurst - c1909 - Museum of London.jpg|Portrait badge of Emmeline Pankhurst (c. 1909) Sold in large numbers by the WSPU to raise funds
File:Suffragette Banner - Musuem of London.jpg|Suffragette Banner (c. 1910)
File:Votes For Women.jpg|Votes for Women poster (1909)
File:Cat and Mouse Act Poster - 1914.jpg|WSPU poster (1914)
File:Mrs Abby Scott Baker suffragette Washington DC.jpg|Mrs. [[Abby Scott Baker]], a suffragette from Washington, DC
File:First USA Suffragette Parage NYC 1905.jpg|American suffragette parade, New York City in 1905, Broadway to Union Square. The image shows men gathering to hear the suffragettes speak.
File:Louise Hall w brush Susan Fitzgerald post bills Cincinnati.jpg|Louise Hall, with brush, and Susan Fitzgerald post bills in Cincinnati for women's suffrage.
File:Dec 1913 Mrs Norman Whitehouse making street speech for suffrage.jpg|Mrs. Norman Whitehouse making a street speech for suffrage, December 1913.
File:Mar 3 1913 Mrs [[Jane Walker Burleson]] Parade Grand Marshall.jpg|Mrs. Richard Coke Burleson, Grand Marshall of a suffrage parade, March 3, 1913.
File:RC Beadle and AH Brown of Mens League for W Suffrage receive banner from Frances Bjorkman NYC c1915.jpg|R.C. Beadle and A.H. Brown of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage receiving a banner from Frances Bjorkman in New York City, 1915.
File:Apr 7, 1916 Golden Flyer automobile NYC to San Fran.jpg|April 7, 1916, Nell Richardson and Mrs. Alice Burke set out on a national automobile tour to campaign for women's suffrage awareness, driving from New York City to San Francisco in the "Golden Flyer".
File:January 1911 distributing suffrage broadsides.jpg|A woman distributes suffrage broadsides, January 1911.
File:New York Fair, Yonkers, 1913 float.jpg|A women's suffrage float in the parade of the New York Fair, Yonkers, 1913.
File:Aug 30, 1913 present Mayor Gaynor at City Hall w tix to suffrage event.jpg|Suffragists travelled to New York City Hall in a decorated float to present Mayor Gaynor with tickets to a suffrage event.
File:Margaret Vale niece of Pres Wilson NYC Oct 1915.jpg|Margaret Vale, niece of President Wilson, demonstrating for women's suffrage in New York City, October 1915.
File:Tennessee Celeste Claflin 1846 to 1923.jpg|"Tennessee" Celeste Claflin with other suffragettes.
File:Marching costume Chicago suffrage parade June 6, 1916.jpg|Woman showing a marching costume, Chicago suffrage parade, June 6, 1916.
File:Pre-election suffrage parade NYC.jpg|A pre-election women's suffrage parade in New York City, October 1915. 20,000 women marched.
File:WSPU Hunger Strike Medal.jpg|UK WSPU Hunger Strike Medal July 30, 1909 including the bar 'Fed by Force 17 September 1909'. The Medal awarded to Mabel Capper records the first instance of forcible feeding of hunger striking Suffragette prisoners in England at Winson Green Prison in Birmingham.
File:SuffrageteCalendar HAGAM.jpg| 1910 Suffragette calendar held in the collections of the [[Herbert Art Gallery and Museum|Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Coventry]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics}}
*[[List of suffragists and suffragettes]]
*[[List of women's rights activists]]
*[[Women's suffrage]]
*[[Pankhurst Centre]]
*[[List of suffragists and suffragettes#Major suffrage organizations|Women's suffrage organizations]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

* [[Diane Atkinson]]. ''The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London'' (Museum of London, 1992).
* Hannam, June. "International Dimensions of Women's Suffrage: At the crossroads of several interlocking identities," ''Women's History Review'' (2005) 14#3 pp 543–560
* Leneman, Leah. ''A Guid Cause: The Women’s Suffrage Movement in Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1995)
* Mayhall, Laura E. Nym. "Reclaiming the Political: Women and the Social History of Suffrage in Great Britain, France, and the United States," ''Journal of Women's History'' (2000) 12#1 pp 172–181
* [[Melanie Phillips]]. ''The Ascent of Woman: A History of the Suffragette Movement'' (Abacus, 2004).
* Purvis, Jane, and Sandra Stanley Holton, eds. ''Votes for Women'' (2000)
* Rosen, Andrew. ''Rise Up Women! The Militant Campaign of the Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903–1914'' (London, 1974),

===Primary sources===
*[[Sylvia Pankhurst|Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst]]. ''[https://archive.org/stream/suffragettehisto00pankuoft#page/n9/mode/2up The suffragette; the history of the women's militant suffrage movement, 1905–1910]'' (New York Sturgis & Walton Company, 1911).

==External links==
{{commons category|Suffragettes}}
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/iminerva/sets/72157604177179029/ UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts]
*[http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/struggle/struggle.html The struggle for democracy] Visit the British Library learning resource pages to discover more about the suffragette movement
*[http://www.northallertoncoll.org.uk/history/Suffrage%20website%202/Suffragists%20vs.%20Suffragettes.htm Suffragettes versus Suffragists] – website comparing aims and methods of Women’s Social and Political Union (Suffragettes) to National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (Suffragists)
*[http://coolbeanscool.blogspot.com/2003/09/suffragists-vs-suffragettes.html Suffragists vs. Suffragettes] – brief article outlining origins of term "suffragette", usage of term and links to other sources.
*[http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conInformationRecord.271 Exploring 20th century London – Women's Social and Political Union (W.S.P.U.)] Objects and photographs including hunger strike medal's given to activists.
*[http://www.edwardianemporium.co.uk/ephemera/ Edwardian Emporium] page with a curious gallery of Suffragette supporters' pin-badges.
*[http://www.antiquesjournal.com/Pages04/Monthly_pages/march09/jewelry.html Antiques Journal] Information on Suffragette jewellery.

{{Suffrage}}

[[Category:Suffragists| ]]
[[Category:Feminism and history]]
[[Category:Edwardian era]]
[[Category:First-wave feminism]]

Revision as of 13:25, 25 June 2014

Dont give a damn.

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