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{{cite web |url=http://www.nacs.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=D1FpVAvvJuo%3D&tabid=1426&mid=4802 |title=QR Code Essentials |publisher=Denso ADC |year= 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>
{{Distinguish|Quadratic residue code}}
[[File:Wikipedia mobile en.svg|thumb|QR code for the [[URL]] of the English Wikipedia Mobile main page, "''<nowiki>http://en.m.wikipedia.org</nowiki>''"]]

'''QR code''' (abbreviated from '''Quick Response Code''') is the trademark for a type of [[matrix barcode]] (or two-dimensional [[barcode]]) first designed for the [[automotive industry in Japan]]. A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached. A QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte / binary, and [[kanji]]) to efficiently store data; extensions may also be used.<ref name=QRCodefeatures>{{cite web |url=http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |title=QR Code features |publisher=Denso-Wave |accessdate=3 October 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120915/http://www.qrcode.com/en/qrfeature.html |archivedate=2012-09-15}}</ref>

The QR Code system has become popular outside the automotive industry due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared to standard [[Universal Product Code|UPC barcodes]]. Applications include product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, general marketing, and much more.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacs.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=D1FpVAvvJuo%3D&tabid=1426&mid=4802 |title=QR Code Essentials |publisher=Denso ADC |year= 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>


A QR code consists of black modules (square dots) arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by an imaging device (such as a camera) and processed using [[Reed–Solomon]] error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data are then extracted from patterns present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
A QR code consists of black modules (square dots) arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by an imaging device (such as a camera) and processed using [[Reed–Solomon]] error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data are then extracted from patterns present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Revision as of 13:59, 25 June 2014

"QR Code Essentials". Denso ADC. 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</ref>

A QR code consists of black modules (square dots) arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by an imaging device (such as a camera) and processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data are then extracted from patterns present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.[1]

History

The QR code system was invented in 1994 by Denso Wave. Its purpose was to track vehicles during manufacture; it was designed to allow high-speed component scanning.[2] Although initially used for tracking parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes now are used in a much broader context, including both commercial tracking applications and convenience-oriented applications aimed at mobile-phone users (termed mobile tagging). QR codes may be used to display text to the user, to add a vCard contact to the user's device, to open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), or to compose an e-mail or text message. Users can generate and print their own QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several paid and free QR code generating sites or apps. The technology has since become one of the most-used types of two-dimensional barcode.[3]

Standards

Structure of a QR code, highlighting functional elements
Structure of a QR code, highlighting functional elements

There are several standards that cover the encoding of data as QR codes:[4]

At the application layer, there is some variation between most of the implementations. Japan's NTT DoCoMo has established de facto standards for the encoding of URLs, contact information, and several other data types.[6] The open-source "ZXing" project maintains a list of QR code data types.[7]

Uses

Originally designed for industrial uses, QR codes have become common in consumer advertising. Typically, a smartphone is used as a QR code scanner, displaying the code and converting it to some useful form (such as a standard URL for a website, thereby obviating the need for a user to type it into a web browser).

A QR code in Japan used on a large billboard. http://sagasou.mobi MEBKM:TITLE:探そうモビで専門学校探し！;URL:http://sagasou.mobi;

"In the shopping industry, knowing what causes the consumers to be motivated when approaching products by the use of QR codes, advertisers and marketers can use the behavior of scanning to get consumers to buy, causing it to have the best impact on ad and marketing design."[8] As a result, the QR code has become a focus of advertising strategy, since it provides quick and effortless access to the brand's website.[9][10] Beyond mere convenience to the consumer, the importance of this capability is that it increases the conversion rate (that is, it increases the chance that contact with the advertisement will convert to a sale), by coaxing interested prospects further down the conversion funnel without any delay or effort, bringing the viewer to the advertiser's website immediately, where a longer and more targeted sales pitch may continue.

Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are now (as of 2012) used over a much wider range of applications, including commercial tracking, entertainment and transport ticketing, product/loyalty marketing (examples: mobile couponing where a company's discounted and percent discount can be captured using a QR code decoder which is a mobile app, or storing a company's information such as address and related information alongside its alpha-numeric text data as can be seen in Yellow Pages directory), and in-store product labeling. It can also be used in storing personal information for use by organizations. An example of this is Philippines National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a QR code. Many of these applications target mobile-phone users (via mobile tagging). Users may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), or compose an e-mail or text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay or free QR code-generating sites or apps. Google had a popular API to generate QR codes,[11] and apps for scanning QR codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.[12]

QR codes storing addresses and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) may appear in magazines, on signs, on buses, on business cards, or on almost any object about which users might want information. Users with a camera phone equipped with the correct reader application can scan the image of the QR code to display text, contact information, connect to a wireless network, or open a web page in the telephone's browser. This act of linking from physical world objects is termed hardlinking or object hyperlinking. QR codes also may be linked to a location to track where a code has been scanned. Either the application that scans the QR code retrieves the geo information by using GPS and cell tower triangulation (aGPS) or the URL encoded in the QR code itself is associated with a location.[13]

QR codes have been used and printed on Chinese train tickets since 2010[14]

Recruiters have started placing QR codes in job advertisements,[15] while applicants have started sporting it in their CVs and visiting cards.[15]

In June 2011, The Royal Dutch Mint (Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt) issued the world's first official coin with a QR code to celebrate the centenary of its current building and premises. The coin can be scanned by a smartphone and link to a special website with contents about the historical event and design of the coin.[16] In 2008, a Japanese stonemason announced plans to engrave QR codes on gravestones, allowing visitors to view information about the deceased, and family members to keep track of visits.[17]

Mobile operating systems

QR codes can be used in Google's Android, BlackBerry OS, Nokia Symbian Belle, Apple iOS devices (iPhone/iPod/iPad), Microsoft Windows Phone, Google Goggles, 3rd party barcode scanners, and the Nintendo 3DS. These devices support URL redirection, which allows QR codes to send metadata to existing applications on the device. mbarcode[18] is a QR code reader for the Maemo operating system. In Apple's iOS and Google's Android, a QR code reader is not natively included, but many paid and free apps are available with both the ability to scan the codes and hard-link to an external URL. Google Goggles is an example of one of many applications that can scan and hard-link URLs for iOS and Android. BlackBerry 10 devices have a native QR reader as well as several third party readers. Windows Phone 7.5 is able to scan QR codes through the Bing search app's feature called Bing Vision.

URLs

URLs aided marketing conversion rates even in the pre-smartphone era, but during those years faced several limitations: ad viewers usually had to type the URL and often did not have a web browser in front of them at the moment they viewed the ad. The chances were high that they would forget to visit the site later, not bother to type a URL, or forget what URL to type. Clean URLs decreased these risks but did not eliminate them. Some of these disadvantages to URL conversion rates are fading away now that smartphones are putting web access and voice recognition in constant reach. Thus an advert viewer need only reach for his or her phone and speak the URL, at the moment of ad contact, rather than remember to type it into a PC later.[19]

Virtual stores

During the month of June 2011, according to one study, 14 million mobile users scanned a QR code or a barcode. Some 58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes, while 39% scanned from retail stores; 53% of the 14 million users were men between the ages of 18 and 34.[20] The use of QR codes for "virtual store" formats started in South Korea,[21] and Argentina,[22] but is currently expanding globally.[23] Walmart, Procter & Gamble and Woolworths have already adopted the Virtual Store concept.[24]

Code payments

QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are several trial applications of QR code payments across the world.[25][26]

In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech Republic when an open format for payment information exchange - a Short Payment Descriptor - was introduced and endorsed by the Czech Banking Association as the official local solution for QR payments.[27]

QR codes are commonly used in the field of cryptographic currencies, particularly those based off and including Bitcoin.[28] Payment addresses, cryptographic keys and transaction information are often shared between digital wallets in this way.[29]

Website login

QR codes can be used to log in into websites: a QR Code is shown on the login page on a computer screen, and when a registered user scans it with a verified smartphone, they will automatically be logged in on the computer. Authentication is performed by the smartphone which contacts the server. Google tested such a login method in January 2012.[30]

Funerary use

In 2008-04-01, Ishinokoe in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan began to sell tombstones with QR codes produced by IT DeSign, where the code leads to a virtual grave site of the deceased.[31][32][33]

In 2011, Seattle-based Quiring Monuments Inc. began to sell an item branded as a 'Living Headstone,' where a QR code is added to a grave marker through a small plastic-metal composite tag affixed to the gravestone and a QR-operated website to back it up. Anyone can scan a grave marker with their smartphone and learn more about the person buried there.[34]

In 2014, in the Jewish Cemetery of La Paz, Uruguay, QR codes are being implemented for tombstones, in order to enable remote access to cemetery images and know the exact location of every tomb via websites; it is the first cemetery in the world to introduce this innovation.[35]

Encryption

Japanese visa with a QR code (content is not deciphered)

Encrypted QR codes, which are not very common, have a few implementations. An Android app,[36] for example, manages encryption and decryption of QR codes using the DES algorithm (56 bits).[37] The Japanese immigration system uses encrypted QR codes when issuing visa in passports [38] as shown in the figure here.

Design

Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcode that was designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a 2-dimensional digital image sensor and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three distinctive squares at the corners of the QR code image, using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted to binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting code.

Storage

The amount of data that can be stored in the QR code symbol depends on the datatype (mode, or input character set), version (1, …, 40, indicating the overall dimensions of the symbol), and error correction level. The maximum storage capacities occur for 40-L symbols (version 40, error correction level L):[3][39]

Maximum character storage capacity (40-L)
character refers to individual values of the input mode/datatype
Input mode max. characters bits/char possible characters, default encoding
Numeric only 7,089 3⅓ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Alphanumeric 4,296 5½ 0–9, A–Z (upper-case only), space, $, %, *, +, -, ., /, :
Binary/byte 2,953 8 ISO 8859-1
Kanji/kana 1,817 13 Shift JIS X 0208

Here are some sample QR code symbols:

  • Version 1 (21×21). Content: "Ver1"
    Version 1 (21×21). Content: "Ver1"
  • Version 2 (25×25). Content: "Version 2"
    Version 2 (25×25). Content: "Version 2"
  • Version 3 (29×29). Content: "Version 3 QR code"
    Version 3 (29×29). Content: "Version 3 QR code"
  • Version 4 (33×33). Content: "Version 4 QR Code, up to 50 char"
    Version 4 (33×33). Content: "Version 4 QR Code, up to 50 char"
  • Version 10 (57×57). Content: "VERSION 10 QR CODE, UP TO 174 CHAR AT H LEVEL, WITH 57X57 MODULES AND PLENTY OF ERROR CORRECTION TO GO AROUND. NOTE THAT THERE ARE ADDITIONAL TRACKING BOXES"
    Version 10 (57×57). Content: "VERSION 10 QR CODE, UP TO 174 CHAR AT H LEVEL, WITH 57X57 MODULES AND PLENTY OF ERROR CORRECTION TO GO AROUND. NOTE THAT THERE ARE ADDITIONAL TRACKING BOXES"
  • Version 25 (117×117 enlarged to 640x640)
    Version 25 (117×117 enlarged to 640x640)
  • Version 40 (177×177). Content: 1,264 characters of ordinary/ASCII text: A description of QR codes taken from an early version of this Wikipedia article
    Version 40 (177×177). Content: 1,264 characters of ordinary/ASCII text: A description of QR codes taken from an early version of this Wikipedia article

Error correction

Damaged but still decodable QR code
Example of a QR code with artistic embellishment that will still scan correctly thanks to error correction

Codewords are 8 bits long and use the Reed–Solomon error correction algorithm with four error correction levels. The higher the error correction level, the less storage capacity. The following table lists the approximate error correction capability at each of the four levels:

Level L (Low) 7% of codewords can be restored.
Level M (Medium) 15% of codewords can be restored.
Level Q (Quartile)[40] 25% of codewords can be restored.
Level H (High) 30% of codewords can be restored.

In larger QR symbols, the message is broken up into several Reed–Solomon code blocks. The block size is chosen so that at most 15 errors can be corrected in each block; this limits the complexity of the decoding algorithm. The code blocks are then interleaved together, making it less likely that localized damage to a QR symbol will overwhelm the capacity of any single block.

Thanks to error correction, it is possible to create artistic QR codes that still scan correctly, but contain intentional errors to make them more readable or attractive to the human eye, as well as to incorporate colors, logos, and other features into the QR code block.[41][42]

Encoding

The format information records two things: the error correction level and the mask pattern used for the symbol. Masking is used to break up patterns in the data area that might confuse a scanner, such as large blank areas or misleading features that look like the locator marks. The mask patterns are defined on a grid that is repeated as necessary to cover the whole symbol. Modules corresponding to the dark areas of the mask are inverted. The format information is protected from errors with a BCH code, and two complete copies are included in each QR symbol.[1]

The message dataset is placed from right to left in a zigzag pattern, as shown below. In larger symbols, this is complicated by the presence of the alignment patterns and the use of multiple interleaved error-correction blocks.

  • Meaning of format information
    Meaning of format information
  • Message placement within a QR symbol
    Message placement within a QR symbol
  • Larger symbol illustrating interleaved blocks
    Larger symbol illustrating interleaved blocks

Four-bit indicators are used to select the encoding mode and convey other information. Encoding modes can be mixed as needed within a QR symbol.

Encoding modes
Indicator Meaning
0001 Numeric encoding (10 bits per 3 digits)
0010 Alphanumeric encoding (11 bits per 2 characters)
0100 Byte encoding (8 bits per character)
1000 Kanji encoding (13 bits per character)
0011 Structured append (used to split a message across multiple QR symbols)
0111 Extended Channel Interpretation (select alternate character set or encoding)
0101 FNC1 in first position (see Code 128 for more information)
1001 FNC1 in second position
0000 End of message

After every indicator that selects an encoding mode is a length field that tells how many characters are encoded in that mode. The number of bits in the length field depends on the encoding and the symbol version.

Number of bits per length field
Encoding Ver. 1–9 10–26 27–40
Numeric 10 12 14
Alphanumeric 9 11 13
Byte 8 16 16
Kanji 8 10 12

Alphanumeric encoding mode stores a message more compactly than the byte mode can, but cannot store lower-case letters and has only a limited selection of punctuation marks, which are sufficient for rudimentary web addresses. Two characters are coded in an 11-bit value by this formula:

V = 45 × C1 + C2
Alphanumeric character codes
Code Character Code Character Code Character Code Character Code Character
00 0 09 9 18 I 27 R 36 SP
01 1 10 A 19 J 28 S 37 $
02 2 11 B 20 K 29 T 38 %
03 3 12 C 21 L 30 U 39 *
04 4 13 D 22 M 31 V 40 +
05 5 14 E 23 N 32 W 41 –
06 6 15 F 24 O 33 X 42 .
07 7 16 G 25 P 34 Y 43 /
08 8 17 H 26 Q 35 Z 44 :

Decoding example

The following images offer more information about the QR code.

  • 1 — Introduction
    1 — Introduction
  • 2 — Structure
    2 — Structure
  • 3 — Layout & Encoding
    3 — Layout & Encoding
  • 4 — Levels & Masks
    4 — Levels & Masks
  • 5 — Protocols
    5 — Protocols

License

The use of QR codes is free of any license. The QR code is clearly defined and published as an ISO standard.

Denso Wave owns the patent rights on QR codes, but has chosen not to exercise them.[4] In the USA, the granted QR code patent is US 5726435 , and in Japan JP 2938338 . The European Patent Office granted patent "EPO 0672994". to Denso Wave, which was then validated into French, UK, and German patents, all of which are still in force as of November 2011.

The word QR code itself is a registered trademark of Denso Wave Incorporated.[43] In UK, the trademark is registered as E921775, the word "QR Code", with a filing date of 03/09/1998.[44] The UK version of the trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso (DENSO CORPORATION) trademark, filed as Trademark 000921775, the word "QR Code", on 03/09/1998 and registered on 6/12/1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market).[45] The U.S. Trademark for the word "QR Code" is Trademark 2435991 and was filed on 29 September 1998 with an amended registration date of 13 March 2001, assigned to Denso Corporation.[46]

Variants

Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code standard for applications where symbol size is limited. There are 4 different versions (sizes) of Micro QR codes: the smallest is 11×11 modules; the largest can hold 35 numeric characters.[47]

IQR code is an alternative to existing QR codes developed by Denso Wave. IQR codes can be created in square or rectangular formations; this is intended for situations where a rectangular barcode would otherwise be more appropriate, such as cylindrical objects. IQR codes can fit the same amount of information in 30% less space. There are 61 versions of square IQR codes, and 15 versions of rectangular codes. For squares, the minimum size is 9x9 modules; rectangles have a minimum of 19x5 modules. IQR codes add error correction level S, which allows for 50% error correction.[48] IQR Codes have not yet been given an ISO specification, and only proprietary Desno Wave products can create or read IQR codes.[49]


Model 1 QR code is an older version of the specification. It is visually similar to the widely seen model 2 codes, but lacks alignment patterns.

  • Micro QR code example
    Micro QR code example
  • Micro QR code functional regions
    Micro QR code functional regions
  • Model 1 QR code example
    Model 1 QR code example
  • Model 1 QR code functional regions
    Model 1 QR code functional regions

Risks

The only context in which common QR codes can carry executable data is the URL data type, which may carry Javascript, but is only supposed to be executed in a regular browsing context, therefore carrying only minimal risk of abuse (no more than opening any web page). However, QR codes may be used to exploit flaws in other applications on the host system, such as the reader, the browser or the image viewer, since a reader will typically send the data to the application associated with the data type used by the QR code.

Malicious QR codes combined with a permissive reader can put a computer's contents and user's privacy at risk. This practice is known as "attagging", a portmanteau of "attack tagging".[50] They are easily created and can be affixed over legitimate QR codes.[51] On a smartphone, the reader's permissions may allow use of the camera, full Internet access, read/write contact data, GPS, read browser history, read/write local storage, and global system changes.[52][53][54]

Risks include linking to dangerous web sites with browser exploits, enabling the microphone/camera/GPS, and then streaming those feeds to a remote server, analysis of sensitive data (passwords, files, contacts, transactions),[55] and sending email/SMS/IM messages or DDOS packets as part of a botnet, corrupting privacy settings, stealing identity,[56] and even containing malicious logic themselves such as JavaScript [57] or a virus.[58][59] These actions could occur in the background while the user is only seeing the reader opening a seemingly harmless web page.[60] In Russia, a malicious QR code caused phones that scanned it to send premium texts at a fee of US$6 each.[50]

It is recommended that the minimum size for a printed QR code should be 0.03 inches (0.76 mm) square for a single "module", ie. one "bit" of the code.[61] A minimum of four modules width should be left blank around the code.

See also

References

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  28. ^ http://bitcoin.org/en/faq
  29. ^ https://blockchain.info/wallet/features
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  31. ^ お墓参りも「ネット」の時代　携帯サイトで故人を偲ぶ
  32. ^ QR code graves give a “Memorial Window”
  33. ^ 供養の窓 - 石の声 株式会社
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Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quick Response Codes.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=QR_code&oldid=614366134"