Biocompatible material: Difference between revisions

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In surgery, a biomaterial is a synthetic or natural material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue. Biomaterials are intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body. (Compare this definition to that of bio-based material.)

In the first Consensus Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials a biomaterial was defined as "a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems" but was later in the second round defined as a "material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body" (see list of 5 below).

A biomaterial is different from a biological material such as bone that is produced by a biological system. Artificial hips, vascular stents, artificial pacemakers, and catheters are all made from different biomaterials and comprise different medical devices.

Biomimetic materials are not made by living organisms but have compositions and properties similar to those made by living organisms. The calcium hydroxylapatite coating found on many artificial hips is used as a bone replacement that allows for easier attachment of the implant to the living bone.

Surface functionalization may provide a way to transform a bio-inert material into a biomimetic or even bio-active material by coupling of protein layers to the surface, or coating the surface with self-assembling peptide scaffolds to lend bioactivity and/or cell attachment 3-D matrix. Different approaches to functionalization of biomaterials exist. Plasma processing has been successfully applied to chemically inert materials like polymers or silicon to graft various functional groups to the surface of the implant.

Useful Links

References

Dorland medical dictionary
Larousse dictionary of science and technology
William's dictionary of biomaterials, DF Williams, 1999, ISBN 0-85323-921-5

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 {{dablink|For other meanings see: [[Biological material]].}}
-In [[surgery]], a '''biomaterial''' is a synthetic or natural material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living [[biological tissue|tissue]].  Compare this definition to that of [[bio-based material]].
+In [[surgery]], a '''biomaterial''' is a synthetic or natural material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living [[biological tissue|tissue]].  Biomaterials are intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body. (Compare this definition to that of [[bio-based material]].)
 In the first [[Consensus Conference]] of the [[European Society for Biomaterials]] a biomaterial was defined as "a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems" but was later in the second round defined as a "material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body" (see list of 5 below).
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 [[Surface functionalization]] may provide a way to transform a bio-inert material into a [[biomimetic]] or even bio-active material by coupling of [[protein]] layers to the [[surface]], or coating the surface with self-assembling peptide scaffolds to lend bioactivity and/or cell attachment 3-D matrix.
 Different approaches to functionalization of biomaterials exist. [[Plasma processing]] has been successfully applied to chemically inert materials like [[polymer]]s or [[silicon]] to graft various [[functional group]]s to the [[surface]] of the implant.
-===Six definitions of the word biomaterial and some comments===
-*1. non-viable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems.
-::''ESB Consensus Conference I''
-*2. material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body
-::''ESB Consensus Conference II -  Note -  This is refined version of definition 1 so that the reference to non-viable materials was removed and that made the intended functions of biomaterials more explicit. This is the '''recommended''' definition.''
-*3. synthetic, natural or modified natural material intended to be in contact and interact with the biological system
-::''ISO - This definition from an ISO Technical Report is not recommended since it implies that tissues are biomaterials which they are not and because of the ambiguity of the phrase “in contact”''
-*4. any substance (other than a drug), synthetic or natural, that can be used as a system or part of a system that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body.
-::'' Dorland Medical - Note - This definition is not recommended since it does not imply any reference to an interface with tissues, furthermore this definition would include any microelectronic component of a pacemaker that is not normally considered to be a biomaterial.''
-*5. solid materials which occur in and are made by living organisms, such as chitin, fibrin or bone.
-::''Larousse Science - Note – This definition is not recommended since it aims at materials of biological origin (bio-material) rather than materials to be used in medical devices. See more on [[Biotic material]] and [[bio-based material]]s.''
-*6. a systemically and pharmacologically [[chemical inertness|inert]] substance designed for implantation within or in corporation with living systems
-::''The [[Clemson University]] Advisory Board for Biomaterials - Note - this seems to be a remainder from the time when everyone thought that a biomaterial should be [[inert]] to achieve optimal [[biocompatibility]] but this is no longer the case.''
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