Bcl-xL: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Bcl-xl.jpg|thumb|X-ray crystal structure of Bcl-xL with 1.76 Å resolution]] |
[[File:Bcl-xl.jpg|thumb|X-ray crystal structure of Bcl-xL with 1.76 Å resolution]] |
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B-cell lymphoma-extra large ('''Bcl-xl''') is a transmembrane molecule in the [[mitochondria]]. It is a member of the [[Bcl-2 |
B-cell lymphoma-extra large ('''Bcl-xl''') is a transmembrane molecule in the [[mitochondria]]. It is a member of the [[Bcl-2 family]] of proteins, and acts as a pro-survival protein by preventing the release of mitochondrial contents such as [[cytochrome c]], which would lead to [[caspase]] activation. It is a well-established concept in the field of [[apoptosis]] that relative amounts of pro- and anti-survival Bcl-2 family of proteins define whether the cell will undergo cell death - if more Bcl-xL is present, pores are non-permeable and the cell survives. However, if [[Bcl-2-associated X protein|Bax]] and [[Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer|Bak]] become activated, and Bcl-xL is sequestered away by gatekeeper BH3-only factors (e.g. [[BCL2L11|Bim]]), causing a pore to form, cytochrome c is released leading to initiation of caspase cascade leading to apoptotic events. |
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Bcl-xL functions at the level of intrinsic apoptotic pathway, while extrinsic pathway (Fas/TNF death receptors) directly leads to caspase activation. There is a link between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, via caspase-mediated cleavage of [[BH3 interacting-domain death agonist|BID]], which functions to activate pore formation at the mitochondria. |
Bcl-xL functions at the level of intrinsic apoptotic pathway, while extrinsic pathway ([[Fas receptor|Fas]]/[[TNF receptor|TNF]] death receptors) directly leads to caspase activation. There is a link between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, via caspase-mediated cleavage of [[BH3 interacting-domain death agonist|BID]], which functions to activate pore formation at the mitochondria. |
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Bcl-xL knock-out animals die in utero due to neuronal apoptosis and anemia ([[erythroid]] apoptosis). Similar to Bcl-2, Bcl-xL has been implicated in the survival of cancer cells. Bcl-xL is known to be over-expressed in hematopoietic disorders such as Polycythemia Vera, where [[Jak2]] mutations lead to over-activation of intracellular signaling molecules, such as [[Stat5]], which lead to transcription of Bcl-xL gene. In erythroid lineage, Bcl-xL is a major survival factor responsible for an estimated half of the total survival "signal" proerythroblasts must receive in order to survive and become red cells. Bcl-xL promoter contains GATA-1 and Stat5 sites. This protein accumulates throughout the differentiation, ensuring the survival of erythroid progenitors. Because iron metabolism and incorporation into hemoglobin occur at/inside the mitochondria, Bcl-xL was suggested to play additional roles in regulating this process in erythroid cells. |
Bcl-xL knock-out animals die in utero due to neuronal apoptosis and anemia ([[erythroid]] apoptosis). Similar to Bcl-2, Bcl-xL has been implicated in the survival of cancer cells. Bcl-xL is known to be over-expressed in hematopoietic disorders such as Polycythemia Vera, where [[Jak2]] mutations lead to over-activation of intracellular signaling molecules, such as [[Stat5]], which lead to transcription of Bcl-xL gene. In erythroid lineage, Bcl-xL is a major survival factor responsible for an estimated half of the total survival "signal" proerythroblasts must receive in order to survive and become red cells. Bcl-xL promoter contains [[GATA-1]] and Stat5 sites. This protein accumulates throughout the differentiation, ensuring the survival of erythroid progenitors. Because iron metabolism and incorporation into hemoglobin occur at/inside the mitochondria, Bcl-xL was suggested to play additional roles in regulating this process in erythroid cells. |
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Other Bcl-2 proteins include [[Bcl-2]], [[Bcl-w]], Bcl-xs, and [[Mcl-1]]. |
Other Bcl-2 proteins include [[Bcl-2]], [[Bcl-w]], Bcl-xs, and [[Mcl-1]]. |
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[[Image:Signal transduction pathways.svg|300px|thumb|right|Overview of signal transduction pathways]] |
[[Image:Signal transduction pathways.svg|300px|thumb|right|Overview of signal transduction pathways]] |
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==References== |
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{{Fas apoptosis signaling pathway}} |
{{Fas apoptosis signaling pathway}} |
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Revision as of 14:54, 9 July 2014
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B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria. It is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and acts as a pro-survival protein by preventing the release of mitochondrial contents such as cytochrome c, which would lead to caspase activation. It is a well-established concept in the field of apoptosis that relative amounts of pro- and anti-survival Bcl-2 family of proteins define whether the cell will undergo cell death - if more Bcl-xL is present, pores are non-permeable and the cell survives. However, if Bax and Bak become activated, and Bcl-xL is sequestered away by gatekeeper BH3-only factors (e.g. Bim), causing a pore to form, cytochrome c is released leading to initiation of caspase cascade leading to apoptotic events.
Bcl-xL functions at the level of intrinsic apoptotic pathway, while extrinsic pathway (Fas/TNF death receptors) directly leads to caspase activation. There is a link between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, via caspase-mediated cleavage of BID, which functions to activate pore formation at the mitochondria.
Bcl-xL knock-out animals die in utero due to neuronal apoptosis and anemia (erythroid apoptosis). Similar to Bcl-2, Bcl-xL has been implicated in the survival of cancer cells. Bcl-xL is known to be over-expressed in hematopoietic disorders such as Polycythemia Vera, where Jak2 mutations lead to over-activation of intracellular signaling molecules, such as Stat5, which lead to transcription of Bcl-xL gene. In erythroid lineage, Bcl-xL is a major survival factor responsible for an estimated half of the total survival "signal" proerythroblasts must receive in order to survive and become red cells. Bcl-xL promoter contains GATA-1 and Stat5 sites. This protein accumulates throughout the differentiation, ensuring the survival of erythroid progenitors. Because iron metabolism and incorporation into hemoglobin occur at/inside the mitochondria, Bcl-xL was suggested to play additional roles in regulating this process in erythroid cells.
Other Bcl-2 proteins include Bcl-2, Bcl-w, Bcl-xs, and Mcl-1.
