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|type_species = ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]''
|type_species = ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]''
|type_species_authority = (L.) R.Br.
|type_species_authority = (L.) R.Br.
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = See text.
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
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*''Winchia'' <small>A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle</small>
*''Winchia'' <small>A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle</small>
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=j>{{cite web
|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=6994
|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=6994
|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
|accessdate=May 21, 2014}}</ref>
|accessdate=May 21, 2014}}</ref>
}}
}}
⚫
[[File:Alstonia scholaris (Saptaparni) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 1469.jpg|thumb|250px|left|''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]].]]
⚫
[[File:Alstonia spectabilis Blanco2.379.png|250px|thumb|left|''Alstonia spectabilis'']]
⚫
[[File:Alstonia macrophylla (Batino) in Hyderabad W IMG 7138.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''[[Alstonia macrophylla]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]].]]


'''''Alstonia''''' is a widespread [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] trees and [[shrub]]s, of the dogbane plant family [[Apocynaceae]]. It was named by [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]] in 1811, after [[Charles Alston (botanist)|Charles Alston]] (1685–1760), Professor of [[botany]] at [[Edinburgh]] from 1716-1760.
'''''Alstonia''''' is a widespread [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] trees and [[shrub]]s, of the dogbane plant family [[Apocynaceae]]. It was named by [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]] in 1811, after [[Charles Alston (botanist)|Charles Alston]] (1685–1760), Professor of [[botany]] at [[Edinburgh]] from 1716-1760.
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Many ''Alstonia'' species are commercial timbers, called ''pule'' or ''pulai'' in Indonesia and Malaysia. Trees from the section ''Alstonia'' produce light timber, while those from the sections ''Monuraspermum'' and ''Dissuraspermum'' produce heavy timber.
Many ''Alstonia'' species are commercial timbers, called ''pule'' or ''pulai'' in Indonesia and Malaysia. Trees from the section ''Alstonia'' produce light timber, while those from the sections ''Monuraspermum'' and ''Dissuraspermum'' produce heavy timber.


Alstonia trees are widespread and mostly not endangered. However a few species are very rare, such as ''A. annamensis'', ''A. beatricis'', ''A. breviloba'', ''A. stenophylla'' and ''A. guangxiensis''.
''Alstonia'' trees are widespread and mostly not endangered. However a few species are very rare, such as ''A. annamensis'', ''A. beatricis'', ''A. breviloba'', ''A. stenophylla'' and ''A. guangxiensis''.


==Species==
==Species==
''Alstonia'' has five distinct sections, each a [[monophyletic]] group; ''Alstonia'', ''Blaberopus'', ''Tonduzia'', ''Monuraspermum'', ''Dissuraspermum''.
''Alstonia'' has five distinct sections, each a [[monophyletic]] group; ''Alstonia'', ''Blaberopus'', ''Tonduzia'', ''Monuraspermum'', ''Dissuraspermum''.

* ''[[Alstonia actinophylla]]'' (A.Cunn.) K.Schum. – Milkwood
;Accepted species<ref name=j/>
* ''[[Alstonia acuminata]]'' Miq.
* ''[[Alstonia annamensis]]'' ( Monach. ) K.Sidiyasa
# ''[[Alstonia actinophylla]]'' <small>(A.Cunn.) K.Schum.</small> – Milkwood - New Guinea, N Australia
* ''[[Alstonia angustifolia]]'' A.DC.
# ''[[Alstonia angustifolia]]'' <small>A.DC.</small> - Borneo, W Malaysia, Sumatra
* ''[[Alstonia angustiloba]]'' Miq.
# ''[[Alstonia angustiloba]]'' <small>Miq.</small> - Borneo, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Java
* ''[[Alstonia balansae]]'' Guillaumin
# ''[[Alstonia annamensis]]'' <small>(Monach.) K.Sidiyasa</small> - Cambodia, Vietnam
* ''[[Alstonia beatricis]]'' K.Sidiyasa
# ''[[Alstonia balansae]]'' <small>Guillaumin</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia boonei]]'' De Wild.
# ''[[Alstonia beatricis]]'' <small>K.Sidiyasa</small> - Waigeo I in E Indonesia
* ''[[Alstonia boulindaensis]]'' Boiteau
# ''[[Alstonia boonei]]'' <small>De Wild.</small> - W + C + E Africa
* ''[[Alstonia brassii]]'' Monachino
# ''[[Alstonia boulindaensis]]'' <small>Boiteau</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia breviloba]]'' K.Sidiyasa
# ''[[Alstonia breviloba]]'' <small>K.Sidiyasa</small> - Papua New Guinea
* ''[[Alstonia calophylla]]'' Miq.
# ''[[Alstonia congensis]]'' <small>Engl.</small> - W + C Africa
# ''[[Alstonia constricta]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> – Bitterbark, Quinine Tree, Australian Fever Bark - E Australia
* ''[[Alstonia comptonii]]'' S.Moore
* ''[[Alstonia congensis]]'' Engl.
# ''[[Alstonia coriacea]]'' <small>Pancher & S.Moore</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia constricta]]'' F.Muell. – Bitterbark, Quinine Tree, Australian Fever Bark
# ''[[Alstonia costata]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> - S Pacific
* ''[[Alstonia coriacea]]'' Pancher & S.Moore
# ''[[Alstonia curtisii]]'' <small>King & Gamble</small> - Thailand
* ''[[Alstonia costata]]'' R.Br.
# ''[[Alstonia deplanchei]]'' <small>Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia cuneata]]'' Wall. & G.Don
# ''[[Alstonia guangxiensis]]'' <small>D.Fang & X.X.Chen</small> - Guangxi in China
* ''[[Alstonia curtisii]]'' King & Gamble
# ''[[Alstonia iwahigensis]]'' <small>Elmer</small> - Borneo, Palawan
* ''[[Alstonia deplanchei]]'' Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
# ''[[Alstonia lanceolata]]'' <small>Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia duerckheimianan]]'' Schltr.
# ''[[Alstonia lanceolifera]]'' <small>S.Moore</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia edulis]]'' G.Benn.
# ''[[Alstonia legouixiae]]'' <small>Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia elliptica]]'' J.W.Moore
# ''[[Alstonia lenormandii]]'' <small>Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia esquirolii]]'' H.Lév.
# ''[[Alstonia longifolia]]'' <small>(A.DC.) Pichon</small> - Mexico, Central America
⚫
# ''[[Alstonia macrophylla]]'' <small>Wall. ex G.Don</small> – Batino, Devil Tree - S China, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, New Guinea
* ''[[Alstonia eximia]]'' Miq.
* ''[[Alstonia ficifolia]]'' S.Moore
# ''[[Alstonia mairei]]'' <small>H. Léveillé</small> - S China, N Vietnam
⚫
# ''[[Alstonia muelleriana]]'' <small>Domin</small> – Jackapple, Leatherjacket, Milky Yellowwood - New Guinea, Queensland
* ''[[Alstonia filipes]]'' Schltr. ex Guillaumin
* ''[[Alstonia fragrans]]'' J.W.Moore
# ''[[Alstonia neriifolia]]'' <small>D.Don</small> - Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan
* ''[[Alstonia gilletii]]'' De Wild.
# ''[[Alstonia odontophora]]'' <small>Boiteau</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia glabriflora]]'' Markgr.
# ''[[Alstonia parkinsonii]]'' <small>(M.Gangop. & Chakrab.) Lakra & Chakrab.</small> - Andaman Is.
* ''[[Alstonia godeffroyi]]'' Reinecke
# ''[[Alstonia parvifolia]]'' <small>Merr.</small> - Philippines
* ''[[Alstonia grandifolia]]'' Miq.
# ''[[Alstonia penangiana]]'' <small>K.Sidiyasa</small> - Penang Hill in Malaysia
* ''[[Alstonia guangxiensis]]'' D.Fang & X.X.Chen
# ''[[Alstonia pneumatophora]]'' <small>Backer ex L.G.Den Berger</small> - W Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Sumatra
⚫
# ''[[Alstonia quaternata]]'' <small>Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. -</small> New Caledonia
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[[File:Alstonia macrophylla (Batino) in Hyderabad W IMG 7138.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Alstonia macrophylla]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]].]]
⚫
# ''[[Alstonia rostrata]]'' <small>C.E.C.Fischer</small> - Yunnan, Indochina, W Malaysia, Sumatra
* ''[[Alstonia henryi]]'' Tsiang
* ''[[Alstonia iwahigensis]]'' Elmer
# ''[[Alstonia rubiginosa]]'' <small>K.Sidiyasa</small> - Papua New Guinea
⚫
# ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'' <small>(L.) R.Br.</small> – Pali-mari, Dita Bark, Bitter Bark, Milkwood, Milky Bean, Milky Pine, White Cheesewood, Scholar tree, Blackboard tree - E + S + SE Asia, Papuasia, N Australia
* ''[[Alstonia kurzii]]'' Hook.f.
* ''[[Alstonia lanceolata]]'' Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
# ''[[Alstonia sebusi]]'' <small>(Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.) Monach.</small> - Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, N Myanmar
⚫
# ''[[Alstonia spatulata]]'' <small>Blume</small> – Hard Milkwood, Siamese Balsa - SE Asia, New Guinea
* ''[[Alstonia lanceolifera]]'' S.Moore
⚫
# ''[[Alstonia spectabilis]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> – Poele Bark, Jackapple, Leatherjacket, Milky Yellowwood - SE Asia, Papuasia, N Australia
* ''[[Alstonia legouixiae]]'' Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
* ''[[Alstonia lenormandii]]'' Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
# ''[[Alstonia sphaerocapitata]]'' <small>Boiteau</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia linearifolia]]'' Guillaumin
# ''[[Alstonia venenata]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> - S India
* ''[[Alstonia linearis]]'' Benth.
# ''[[Alstonia vieillardii]]'' <small>Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.</small> - New Caledonia
* ''[[Alstonia longifolia]]'' (A.DC.) Pichon
# ''[[Alstonia vietnamensis]]'' <small>D.J.Middleton</small> - Vietnam
* ''[[Alstonia longissima]]'' F.Muell.
# ''[[Alstonia yunnanensis]]'' <small>Diels</small> - Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi
⚫
* ''[[Alstonia macrophylla]]'' Wall. ex G.Don – Batino, Devil Tree
* ''[[Alstonia mairei]]'' H. Léveillé
* ''[[Alstonia marquisensis]]'' M.L.Grant ex Fosberg & Sachet
* ''[[Alstonia micrantha]]'' Ridl.
* ''[[Alstonia mollis]]'' Benth.
* ''[[Alstonia montana]]'' Turrill
⚫
* ''[[Alstonia muelleriana]]'' Domin – Jackapple, Leatherjacket, Milky Yellowwood
* ''[[Alstonia paupera]]'' (synonym of ''A. mairei'')
* ''[[Alstonia penangiana]]'' K.Sidiyasa
⚫
[[File:Alstonia scholaris (Saptaparni) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 1469.jpg|thumb|right|250px|left|''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]].]]
* ''[[Alstonia plumosa]]'' Labill.
* ''[[Alstonia pneumatophora]]'' Backer ex L.G.Den Berger
* ''[[Alstonia polyphylla]]'' Miq.
⚫
* ''[[Alstonia quaternata]]'' Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
* ''[[Alstonia reineckeana]]'' Lauterb.
* ''[[Alstonia retusa]]'' S.Moore
* ''[[Alstonia roeperi]]'' Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
⚫
* ''[[Alstonia rostrata]]'' C.E.C.Fischer
* ''[[Alstonia rubiginosa]]'' K.Sidiyasa
* ''[[Alstonia rupestris]]'' Kerr
* ''[[Alstonia saligna]]'' S.Moore
⚫
* ''[[Alstonia scholaris]]'' (L.) R.Br. – Pali-mari, Dita Bark, Bitter Bark, Milkwood, Milky Bean, Milky Pine, White Cheesewood, Scholar tree, Blackboard tree
⚫
[[File:Alstonia spectabilis Blanco2.379.png|250px|thumb|''Alstonia spectabilis'']]
* ''[[Alstonia sericea]]'' Blume
* ''[[Alstonia setchelliana]]'' Christoph.
* ''[[Alstonia smithii]]'' Markgr.
* ''[[Alstonia somersetensis]]'' F.M.Bailey
* ''[[Alstonia spathulifolia]]'' Guillaumin
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* ''[[Alstonia spatulata]]'' Blume – Hard Milkwood, Siamese Balsa
⚫
* ''[[Alstonia spectabilis]]'' R.Br. – Poele Bark, Jackapple, Leatherjacket, Milky Yellowwood
* ''[[Alstonia sphaerocapitata]]'' Boiteau
* ''[[Alstonia stenophylla]]'' Guillaumin
* ''[[Alstonia subsessilis]]'' Miq.
* ''[[Alstonia twahigensis]]''
* ''[[Alstonia undulata]]'' Guillaumin
* ''[[Alstonia undulifolia]]'' K.M.Kochummen & K.M.Wong
* ''[[Alstonia venenata]]'' R.Br.
* ''[[Alstonia verticillosa]]'' F.Muell.
* ''[[Alstonia vieillardii]]'' Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
* ''[[Alstonia villosa]]'' Blume
* ''[[Alstonia vitiensis]]'' Seem.
* ''[[Alstonia yunnanensis]]'' Diels


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:21, 6 September 2014

Alstonia
Alstonia scholaris, habit (above), details (below)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Gentianales
Family:
Apocynaceae
Tribe:
Plumeriae
Subtribe:
Alstoniinae
Genus:
Alstonia

Type species
Alstonia scholaris
(L.) R.Br.
Synonyms[1]
  • Amblyocalyx Benth. in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker
  • Blaberopus A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle
  • Pala Juss.
  • Paladelpha Pichon
  • Tonduzia Pittier
  • Winchia A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle
Alstonia scholaris in Hyderabad, India.
Alstonia spectabilis
Alstonia macrophylla in Hyderabad, India.

Alstonia is a widespread genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, of the dogbane plant family Apocynaceae. It was named by Robert Brown in 1811, after Charles Alston (1685–1760), Professor of botany at Edinburgh from 1716-1760.

The type species Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. was originally named Echites scholaris by Linnaeus in 1767.

Description

Alstonia consists of about 40-60 species (according to different authors), native to tropical and subtropical Africa, Central America, southeast Asia, Polynesia and Australia, with most species in the Malesian region.

These trees can grow very large, such as Alstonia pneumatophora, recorded with a height of 60 m and a diameter of more than 2 m. Alstonia longifolia is the only species growing in Central America (mainly shrubs, but also trees 20 m high).

The leathery, sessile, simple leaves are elliptical, ovate, linear or lanceolate and wedge-shaped at the base. The leaf blade is dorsiventral, medium-sized to large and disposed oppositely or in a whorl and with entire margin. The leaf venation is pinnate, with numerous veins ending in a marginal vein. The inflorescence is terminal or axillary, consisting of thyrsiform cymes or compound umbels. The small, more or less fragrant flowers are white, yellow, pink or green and funnel-shaped, growing on a pedicel and subtended by bracts. They consist of 5 petals and 5 sepals, arranged in four whorls. The fertile flowers are hermaphrodite. The gamosepalous green sepals consist of ovate lobes, and are distributed in one whorl. The annular disk is hypogynous. The five gamesepalous petals have oblong or ovate lobes and are disposed in one whorl. The corolla lobes overlapping to the left (such as A. rostrata) or to the right (such as A. macrophylla) in the bud. The ovary has 2 separate follicles with glabrous or ciliate, oblong seeds that develop into deep blue podlike, schizocarp fruit, between 7–40 cm long. The plants contain a milky latex, rich in poisonous alkaloids. The Alstonia macrophylla is commonly known in Sri Lanka as 'Havari nuga' or the 'wig banyan' because of its distinct flower that looks like a woman's long wig.

Alstonia trees are used in traditional medicine. The bark of the Alstonia constricta and the Alstonia scholaris is a source of a remedy against malaria, toothache, rheumatism and snake bites[citation needed]. The latex is used in treating coughs, throat sores and fever.

Many Alstonia species are commercial timbers, called pule or pulai in Indonesia and Malaysia. Trees from the section Alstonia produce light timber, while those from the sections Monuraspermum and Dissuraspermum produce heavy timber.

Alstonia trees are widespread and mostly not endangered. However a few species are very rare, such as A. annamensis, A. beatricis, A. breviloba, A. stenophylla and A. guangxiensis.

Species

Alstonia has five distinct sections, each a monophyletic group; Alstonia, Blaberopus, Tonduzia, Monuraspermum, Dissuraspermum.

Accepted species[1]
  1. Alstonia actinophylla (A.Cunn.) K.Schum. – Milkwood - New Guinea, N Australia
  2. Alstonia angustifolia A.DC. - Borneo, W Malaysia, Sumatra
  3. Alstonia angustiloba Miq. - Borneo, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Java
  4. Alstonia annamensis (Monach.) K.Sidiyasa - Cambodia, Vietnam
  5. Alstonia balansae Guillaumin - New Caledonia
  6. Alstonia beatricis K.Sidiyasa - Waigeo I in E Indonesia
  7. Alstonia boonei De Wild. - W + C + E Africa
  8. Alstonia boulindaensis Boiteau - New Caledonia
  9. Alstonia breviloba K.Sidiyasa - Papua New Guinea
  10. Alstonia congensis Engl. - W + C Africa
  11. Alstonia constricta F.Muell. – Bitterbark, Quinine Tree, Australian Fever Bark - E Australia
  12. Alstonia coriacea Pancher & S.Moore - New Caledonia
  13. Alstonia costata R.Br. - S Pacific
  14. Alstonia curtisii King & Gamble - Thailand
  15. Alstonia deplanchei Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. - New Caledonia
  16. Alstonia guangxiensis D.Fang & X.X.Chen - Guangxi in China
  17. Alstonia iwahigensis Elmer - Borneo, Palawan
  18. Alstonia lanceolata Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. - New Caledonia
  19. Alstonia lanceolifera S.Moore - New Caledonia
  20. Alstonia legouixiae Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. - New Caledonia
  21. Alstonia lenormandii Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. - New Caledonia
  22. Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon - Mexico, Central America
  23. Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don – Batino, Devil Tree - S China, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, New Guinea
  24. Alstonia mairei H. Léveillé - S China, N Vietnam
  25. Alstonia muelleriana Domin – Jackapple, Leatherjacket, Milky Yellowwood - New Guinea, Queensland
  26. Alstonia neriifolia D.Don - Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan
  27. Alstonia odontophora Boiteau - New Caledonia
  28. Alstonia parkinsonii (M.Gangop. & Chakrab.) Lakra & Chakrab. - Andaman Is.
  29. Alstonia parvifolia Merr. - Philippines
  30. Alstonia penangiana K.Sidiyasa - Penang Hill in Malaysia
  31. Alstonia pneumatophora Backer ex L.G.Den Berger - W Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Sumatra
  32. Alstonia quaternata Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. - New Caledonia
  33. Alstonia rostrata C.E.C.Fischer - Yunnan, Indochina, W Malaysia, Sumatra
  34. Alstonia rubiginosa K.Sidiyasa - Papua New Guinea
  35. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. – Pali-mari, Dita Bark, Bitter Bark, Milkwood, Milky Bean, Milky Pine, White Cheesewood, Scholar tree, Blackboard tree - E + S + SE Asia, Papuasia, N Australia
  36. Alstonia sebusi (Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.) Monach. - Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, N Myanmar
  37. Alstonia spatulata Blume – Hard Milkwood, Siamese Balsa - SE Asia, New Guinea
  38. Alstonia spectabilis R.Br. – Poele Bark, Jackapple, Leatherjacket, Milky Yellowwood - SE Asia, Papuasia, N Australia
  39. Alstonia sphaerocapitata Boiteau - New Caledonia
  40. Alstonia venenata R.Br. - S India
  41. Alstonia vieillardii Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. - New Caledonia
  42. Alstonia vietnamensis D.J.Middleton - Vietnam
  43. Alstonia yunnanensis Diels - Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi

References

  1. ^ a b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Retrieved May 21, 2014.
  • Kade Sidiyasa. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and wood anatomy of Alstonia (Apocynaceae). 230 pp. Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998), ISBN 90-71236-35-8. (Awarded with the Engler Medal by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy)
  • Kade Sidiyasa, A., 3, 1992. A monograph of Alstonia (Apocynaceae).
  • Forster, Paul I. – A taxonomic revision of Alstonia (Apocynaceae) in Australia (1992)
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