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Evolution of Influenza

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_influenza

Suggestions for Wikipedia Page

Possible Edits to the Page

1. The lead section of the article could be improved to include a little more information related to the evolution of the virus rather than discussing aspects of the virus itself.

2. The section "Mechanisms of Evolution" needs a little more scientific data to bolster the ideas. I would recommend adding how various strains have utilized the mechanisms to change from year-to-year.

3. More information could also be given for the analysis section as well. More examples could be given as to how strains are believed to or have been proven to have evolved from ancestral strains from different species and areas geographically.

Siesel.12 (talk) 00:13, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Summaries of References

This article discusses the evolution of influenza strains from a common ancestor. It goes on to describe how the H7N7 equine subtype and the first avian subtype branched off of the common ancestor and how in 1872 and 1873, a severe influenza virus was seen in horses and later on was seen in birds, suggesting that these two subtypes branched off around this time. The rest of the article describes how the virus is spread around the globe.^[1]

This scientific article discusses how the human influenza virus H3N2 evolved over the years from 1968-2011. It discusses how antigenic drift as well as mutation and reassortment continued to evolve the virus over time. The nucleotide and amino acid substitutions are discussed and how they changed over the course of the study and what effects that has on the evolution of the virus.^[2]

This article focuses on a broad prediction system of random mutations over time to asses the possible evolution of the influenza strains from year-to-year. The ability for viruses to increase fitness via mutations is highlighted and then goes on to talk about how the mutations at epitopes can be predicted so as to produce more efficient vaccines.^[3]

The circulation of a strain of influenza was monitored for a year in this study. The authors discuss how the strain spread in the cycle of the pandemic and noted which countries were exposed at different times and the effect the virus had in the country.^[4]

This article talks about the H7N9 strain in China and how it evolved and became more efficient and virulent in its human-to-human transmission. The article discusses the HA and NA region differences and traces the virus back to where it was originally seen. The researchers then go on to discuss in how many years it would be probable for an avian strain to be able to infect humans.^[5]

References

^ Hofer, U. (2014). Viral evolution: Past, present and future of influenza viruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 12(4), 237. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3248
^ Westgeest, K. B., Russell, C. A., Xudong, L., Spronken, M. J., Bestebroer, T. M., Bahl, J., & ... de Graaf, M. (2014). Genomewide Analysis of Reassortment and Evolution of Human Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses Circulating between 1968 and 2011. Journal Of Virology, 88(5), 2844-2857. doi:10.1128/JVI.02163-13
^ Koelle, K., & Rasmussen, D. A. (2014). Influenza: Prediction is worth a shot. Nature, 507(7490), 47-48. doi:10.1038/nature13054
^ de Bruin, E. E., Loeber, J. G., Meijer, A. A., Castillo, G., Cepeda, M., Torres-Sepúlveda, M., & ... Elvers, L. H. (2014). Evolution of an influenza pandemic in 13 countries from 5 continents monitored by protein microarray from neonatal screening bloodspots. Journal Of Clinical Virology, 61(1), 74-80. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.020
^ Peng, J., Yang, H., Jiang, H., Lin, Y., Lu, C., Xu, Y., & Zeng, J. (2014). The Origin of Novel Avian Influenza A (H7N9) and Mutation Dynamics for Its Human-To-Human Transmissible Capacity. Plos ONE, 9(3), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093094

Siesel.12 (talk) 01:34, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

[ViralEvolution-1] Hofer, U. (2014). Viral evolution: Past, present and future of influenza viruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 12(4), 237. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3248

[Virology-2] Westgeest, K. B., Russell, C. A., Xudong, L., Spronken, M. J., Bestebroer, T. M., Bahl, J., & ... de Graaf, M. (2014). Genomewide Analysis of Reassortment and Evolution of Human Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses Circulating between 1968 and 2011. Journal Of Virology, 88(5), 2844-2857. doi:10.1128/JVI.02163-13

[Nature-3] Koelle, K., & Rasmussen, D. A. (2014). Influenza: Prediction is worth a shot. Nature, 507(7490), 47-48. doi:10.1038/nature13054

[ScienceDirect-4] Bruin, E. E., Loeber, J. G., Meijer, A. A., Castillo, G., Cepeda, M., Torres-Sepúlveda, M., & ... Elvers, L. H. (2014). Evolution of an influenza pandemic in 13 countries from 5 continents monitored by protein microarray from neonatal screening bloodspots. Journal Of Clinical Virology, 61(1), 74-80. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.020

[Plos-5] Peng, J., Yang, H., Jiang, H., Lin, Y., Lu, C., Xu, Y., & Zeng, J. (2014). The Origin of Novel Avian Influenza A (H7N9) and Mutation Dynamics for Its Human-To-Human Transmissible Capacity. Plos ONE, 9(3), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093094

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