Jump to content

Glycorandomization: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Pharmer8 (talk | contribs)
87 edits
m add vancomycin link
Pharmer8 (talk | contribs)
87 edits
Line 7: Line 7:
=== Chemoenzymatic glycorandomization ===
=== Chemoenzymatic glycorandomization ===
[[File:Glycorandomization_overview.gif|framed]]
[[File:Glycorandomization_overview.gif|framed]]
Chemoenzymatic glycorandomization was inspired by the early pathway engineering work of Hutchinson and coworkers that suggested natural product glycosyltransferases were capable of utilizing non-native sugar nucleotide donors.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Madduri|first1=K|last2=Kennedy|first2=J|last3=Rivola|first3=G|last4=Inventi-Solari|first4=A|last5=Filippini|first5=S|last6=Zanuso|first6=G|last7=Colombo|first7=AL|last8=Gewain|first8=KM|last9=Occi|first9=JL|last10=MacNeil|first10=DJ|last11=Hutchinson|first11=CR|title=Production of the antitumor drug epirubicin (4'-epidoxorubicin) and its precursor by a genetically engineered strain of ''Streptomyces peucetius''|journal=Nature Biotechnology|date=1998 Jan|volume=16|issue=1|pages=69-74|pmid=9447597}}</ref> The initial platform for chemoenzymatic glycorandomization was based upon a set of two highly permissive sugar activation enzymes (a sugar anomeric [[kinase]] and sugar-1-phosphate [[nucleotidyltransferase]]) to afford sugar nucleotide libraries as donors for these promiscuous [[glycosyltransferases]] where the permissivity of the corresponding sugar kinase<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoffmeister|first1=D|last2=Yang|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=L|last4=Thorson|first4=JS|title=Creation of the first anomeric D/L-sugar kinase by means of directed evolution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=2003 Nov 11|volume=100|issue=23|pages=13184-9|pmid=14612558}}</ref> and nucleotidyltransferase<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barton|first1=WA|last2=Lesniak|first2=J|last3=Biggins|first3=JB|last4=Jeffrey|first4=PD|last5=Jiang|first5=J|last6=Rajashankar|first6=KR|last7=Thorson|first7=JS|last8=Nikolov|first8=DB|title=Structure, mechanism and engineering of a nucleotidylyltransferase as a first step toward glycorandomization|journal=Nature Structural Biology|date=2001 Jun|volume=8|issue=6|pages=545-51|pmid=11373625}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moretti|first1=R|last2=Chang|first2=A|last3=Peltier-Pain|first3=P|last4=Bingman|first4=CA|last5=Phillips GN|first5=Jr|last6=Thorson|first6=JS|title=Expanding the nucleotide and sugar 1-phosphate promiscuity of nucleotidyltransferase RmlA via directed evolution|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=2011 Apr 15|volume=286|issue=15|pages=13235-43|pmid=21317292}}</ref> was expanded by [[enzyme engineering]] and [[directed evolution]]. The first application of this three enzyme (kinase, nucleotidyltransferase and glycosyltransferase) strategy enabled the product of a set of >30 differentially glycosylated [[vancomycin]]s, some members of which were further diversified chemoselectively by virtue of the installation of sugars bearing chemoselective handles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=X|last2=Albermann|first2=C|last3=Jiang|first3=J|last4=Liao|first4=J|last5=Zhang|first5=C|last6=Thorson|first6=JS|title=Antibiotic optimization via in vitro glycorandomization|journal=Nature Biotechnology|date=2003 Dec|volume=21|issue=12|pages=1467-9|pmid=14608364}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=X|last2=Albermann|first2=C|last3=Zhang|first3=C|last4=Thorson|first4=JS|title=Diversifying vancomycin via chemoenzymatic strategies|journal=Organic Letters|date=2005 Apr 14|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1513-5|pmid=15816740}}</ref> This enzymatic platform has been further advanced through glycosyltransferase evolution<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=GJ|last2=Zhang|first2=C|last3=Thorson|first3=JS|title=Expanding the promiscuity of a natural-product glycosyltransferase by directed evolution|journal=Nature Chemical Biology|date=2007 Oct|volume=3|issue=10|pages=657-62|pmid=17828251}}</ref> and capitalizing upon the discovery of the reversibility of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions first discovered in the context of [[calicheamicin]] biosynthesis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=C|last2=Griffith|first2=BR|last3=Fu|first3=Q|last4=Albermann|first4=C|last5=Fu|first5=X|last6=Lee|first6=IK|last7=Li|first7=L|last8=Thorson|first8=JS|title=Exploiting the reversibility of natural product glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|date=2006 Sep 1|volume=313|issue=5791|pages=1291-4|pmid=16946071}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gantt|first1=RW|last2=Peltier-Pain|first2=P|last3=Cournoyer|first3=WJ|last4=Thorson|first4=JS|title=Using simple donors to drive the equilibria of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions|journal=Nature Chemical Biology|date=2011 Aug 21|volume=7|issue=10|pages=685-91|pmid=21857660}}</ref>
Chemoenzymatic glycorandomization was inspired by the early pathway engineering work of Hutchinson and coworkers that suggested natural product glycosyltransferases were capable of utilizing non-native sugar nucleotide donors.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Madduri|first1=K|last2=Kennedy|first2=J|last3=Rivola|first3=G|last4=Inventi-Solari|first4=A|last5=Filippini|first5=S|last6=Zanuso|first6=G|last7=Colombo|first7=AL|last8=Gewain|first8=KM|last9=Occi|first9=JL|last10=MacNeil|first10=DJ|last11=Hutchinson|first11=CR|title=Production of the antitumor drug epirubicin (4'-epidoxorubicin) and its precursor by a genetically engineered strain of ''Streptomyces peucetius''|journal=Nature Biotechnology|date=1998 Jan|volume=16|issue=1|pages=69-74|pmid=9447597}}</ref> The initial platform for chemoenzymatic glycorandomization was based upon a set of two highly permissive sugar activation enzymes (a sugar anomeric [[kinase]] and sugar-1-phosphate [[nucleotidyltransferase]]) to afford sugar nucleotide libraries as donors for these promiscuous [[glycosyltransferases]] where the permissivity of the corresponding sugar kinase<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoffmeister|first1=D|last2=Yang|first2=J|last3=Liu|first3=L|last4=Thorson|first4=JS|title=Creation of the first anomeric D/L-sugar kinase by means of directed evolution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=2003 Nov 11|volume=100|issue=23|pages=13184-9|pmid=14612558}}</ref> and nucleotidyltransferase<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barton|first1=WA|last2=Lesniak|first2=J|last3=Biggins|first3=JB|last4=Jeffrey|first4=PD|last5=Jiang|first5=J|last6=Rajashankar|first6=KR|last7=Thorson|first7=JS|last8=Nikolov|first8=DB|title=Structure, mechanism and engineering of a nucleotidylyltransferase as a first step toward glycorandomization|journal=Nature Structural Biology|date=2001 Jun|volume=8|issue=6|pages=545-51|pmid=11373625}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moretti|first1=R|last2=Chang|first2=A|last3=Peltier-Pain|first3=P|last4=Bingman|first4=CA|last5=Phillips GN|first5=Jr|last6=Thorson|first6=JS|title=Expanding the nucleotide and sugar 1-phosphate promiscuity of nucleotidyltransferase RmlA via directed evolution|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=2011 Apr 15|volume=286|issue=15|pages=13235-43|pmid=21317292}}</ref> was expanded by [[enzyme engineering]] and [[directed evolution]]. The first application of this three enzyme (kinase, nucleotidyltransferase and glycosyltransferase) strategy enabled the product of a set of >30 differentially glycosylated [[vancomycin]]s, some members of which were further diversified chemoselectively by virtue of the installation of sugars bearing chemoselective handles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=X|last2=Albermann|first2=C|last3=Jiang|first3=J|last4=Liao|first4=J|last5=Zhang|first5=C|last6=Thorson|first6=JS|title=Antibiotic optimization via in vitro glycorandomization|journal=Nature Biotechnology|date=2003 Dec|volume=21|issue=12|pages=1467-9|pmid=14608364}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=X|last2=Albermann|first2=C|last3=Zhang|first3=C|last4=Thorson|first4=JS|title=Diversifying vancomycin via chemoenzymatic strategies|journal=Organic Letters|date=2005 Apr 14|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1513-5|pmid=15816740}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peltier-Pain|first1=P|last2=Marchillo|first2=K|last3=Zhou|first3=M|last4=Andes|first4=DR|last5=Thorson|first5=JS|title=Natural product disaccharide engineering through tandem glycosyltransferase catalysis reversibility and neoglycosylation.|journal=Organic letters|date=2012 Oct 5|volume=14|issue=19|pages=5086-9|pmid=22984807}}</ref> This enzymatic platform has been further advanced through glycosyltransferase evolution<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=GJ|last2=Zhang|first2=C|last3=Thorson|first3=JS|title=Expanding the promiscuity of a natural-product glycosyltransferase by directed evolution|journal=Nature Chemical Biology|date=2007 Oct|volume=3|issue=10|pages=657-62|pmid=17828251}}</ref> and capitalizing upon the discovery of the reversibility of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions first discovered in the context of [[calicheamicin]] biosynthesis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=C|last2=Griffith|first2=BR|last3=Fu|first3=Q|last4=Albermann|first4=C|last5=Fu|first5=X|last6=Lee|first6=IK|last7=Li|first7=L|last8=Thorson|first8=JS|title=Exploiting the reversibility of natural product glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|date=2006 Sep 1|volume=313|issue=5791|pages=1291-4|pmid=16946071}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gantt|first1=RW|last2=Peltier-Pain|first2=P|last3=Cournoyer|first3=WJ|last4=Thorson|first4=JS|title=Using simple donors to drive the equilibria of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions|journal=Nature Chemical Biology|date=2011 Aug 21|volume=7|issue=10|pages=685-91|pmid=21857660}}</ref>


=== Neoglycorandomization ===
=== Neoglycorandomization ===

Revision as of 13:36, 6 October 2014

Glycorandomization, is a drug discovery and drug development technology platform to enable the rapid diversification of bioactive small molecules, drug leads and/or approved drugs through the attachment of sugars. Initially developed as a facile method to manipulate carbohydrate substitutions of naturally-occurring glycosides to afford the corresponding differentially glycosylated natural product libraries,[1][2][3] glycorandomization applications have expanded to include both small molecules (drug leads and approved drugs) and even macromolecules (proteins).[4] Also referred to as 'glycodiversification',[5] glycorandomization has led to the discovery of new glycoside analogs which display improvements in potency, selectivity and/or ADMET as compared to the parent molecule.

Classification

The traditional method for attaching sugars to natural products, drugs or drug leads is by chemical glycosylation. This classical approach typically requires multiple protection/deprotection steps in addition to the key anomeric activation/coupling reaction which, depending upon the glycosyl donor/acceptor pair, can lead to a mixture of anomers. Unlike classical chemical glycosylation, glycorandomization methods are divergent (i.e., diverge from a common starting material, see divergent synthesis) and are not dependent upon sugar/aglycon protection/deprotection or sugar anomeric activation. Two complementary strategies to achieve glycorandomization/diversification have been developed: an enzyme-based strategy referred to as 'chemoenzymatic glycorandomization' and a chemoselective method known as 'neoglycorandomization'. Both methods start with free reducing sugars and a target aglycon to afford a library of compounds which differ solely by the sugars appended to the target natural product, drug or drug lead.

Chemoenzymatic glycorandomization

Chemoenzymatic glycorandomization was inspired by the early pathway engineering work of Hutchinson and coworkers that suggested natural product glycosyltransferases were capable of utilizing non-native sugar nucleotide donors.[6] The initial platform for chemoenzymatic glycorandomization was based upon a set of two highly permissive sugar activation enzymes (a sugar anomeric kinase and sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase) to afford sugar nucleotide libraries as donors for these promiscuous glycosyltransferases where the permissivity of the corresponding sugar kinase[7] and nucleotidyltransferase[8][9] was expanded by enzyme engineering and directed evolution. The first application of this three enzyme (kinase, nucleotidyltransferase and glycosyltransferase) strategy enabled the product of a set of >30 differentially glycosylated vancomycins, some members of which were further diversified chemoselectively by virtue of the installation of sugars bearing chemoselective handles.[10][11][12] This enzymatic platform has been further advanced through glycosyltransferase evolution[13] and capitalizing upon the discovery of the reversibility of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions first discovered in the context of calicheamicin biosynthesis.[14][15]

Neoglycorandomization

Neoglycorandomization is a chemoselective glycodiversification method inspired by the alkoxyamine-based ‘neoglycosylation’ reaction first described Peri and Dumy.[16] This reaction proceeds via an oxy-iminium intermediate to ultimately provide the more thermodynamically-favored closed ring neoglycoside. The neoglycosylation reaction is compatible with a wide range of saccharide and aglycon functionality where neoglycoside anomeric stereospecificity is a thermodynamically-driven. Importantly, structural and functional studies reveal neoglycosides to serve as good mimics of their O-glycosidic comparators. The first neoglycorandomization proof of concept focused upon digitoxin where the rapid generation and cancer cell line cytotoxicity screening of 78 digitoxigenin neoglycosides revealed unique analogs with improved anticancer activity and reduced potential for cardiotoxicity.[17] This platform has since been automated and used as an effective medicinal chemistry tool to modulate the properties of a range of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs.[18]

Comparison

Both chemoenzymatic glycorandomization and neoglycorandomization use free reducing sugars and unprotected aglycons and are thereby a notable advance over classical glycosylation methods. A notable advantage of the enzymatic approach is the use of the corresponding genes encoding for the permissive kinases, nucleotidyltransferases and/or glycosyltransferases for in vivo synthetic biology applications to afford in vivo glycorandomization.[19] However, it is important to note the enzymatic platform is dependent upon the permissivity of the enzymes employed. In contrast, the main hurdle to chemoselective neoglycorandomization is installation of the alkoxylamine handle. Unlike the enzymatic approach, the anomeric stereoselectivity of the chemoselective method depends upon the reducing sugar used and can, in some cases, lead to anomeric mixtures.

Uses

Glycorandomization is used in the pharmaceutical industry and academic community to alter glycosylation patterns of sugar-containing natural products or to append sugars to drugs/drug leads. It provides a fast way to investigate the effect of subtle sugar modification on the pharmacological properties of the natural products analogues, thus, affording a new approach to drug discovery.

References

  1. ^ Yang, J.; Hoffmeister, D.; Liu, L.; Thorson, J. S. “Natural product glycorandomization”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2004, 12, 1577-1584.
  2. ^ Langenhan, JM; Griffith, BR; Thorson, JS (2005 Nov). "Neoglycorandomization and chemoenzymatic glycorandomization: Two complementary tools for natural product diversification". Journal of Natural Products. 68 (11): 1696–711. PMID 16309329. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Griffith, BR; Langenhan, JM; Thorson, JS (2005 Dec). "'Sweetening' natural products via glycorandomization". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 16 (6): 622–30. PMID 16226456. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Gantt, RW; Peltier-Pain, P; Thorson, JS (2011 Oct). "Enzymatic methods for glyco(diversification/randomization) of drugs and small molecules". Natural Product Reports. 28 (11): 1811–53. PMID 21901218. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Thibodeaux, CJ; Melançon, CE; Liu, HW (2007 Apr 26). "Unusual sugar biosynthesis and natural product glycodiversification". Nature. 446 (7139): 1008–16. PMID 17460661. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Madduri, K; Kennedy, J; Rivola, G; Inventi-Solari, A; Filippini, S; Zanuso, G; Colombo, AL; Gewain, KM; Occi, JL; MacNeil, DJ; Hutchinson, CR (1998 Jan). "Production of the antitumor drug epirubicin (4'-epidoxorubicin) and its precursor by a genetically engineered strain of Streptomyces peucetius". Nature Biotechnology. 16 (1): 69–74. PMID 9447597. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Hoffmeister, D; Yang, J; Liu, L; Thorson, JS (2003 Nov 11). "Creation of the first anomeric D/L-sugar kinase by means of directed evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (23): 13184–9. PMID 14612558. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Barton, WA; Lesniak, J; Biggins, JB; Jeffrey, PD; Jiang, J; Rajashankar, KR; Thorson, JS; Nikolov, DB (2001 Jun). "Structure, mechanism and engineering of a nucleotidylyltransferase as a first step toward glycorandomization". Nature Structural Biology. 8 (6): 545–51. PMID 11373625. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Moretti, R; Chang, A; Peltier-Pain, P; Bingman, CA; Phillips GN, Jr; Thorson, JS (2011 Apr 15). "Expanding the nucleotide and sugar 1-phosphate promiscuity of nucleotidyltransferase RmlA via directed evolution". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (15): 13235–43. PMID 21317292. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Fu, X; Albermann, C; Jiang, J; Liao, J; Zhang, C; Thorson, JS (2003 Dec). "Antibiotic optimization via in vitro glycorandomization". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (12): 1467–9. PMID 14608364. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Fu, X; Albermann, C; Zhang, C; Thorson, JS (2005 Apr 14). "Diversifying vancomycin via chemoenzymatic strategies". Organic Letters. 7 (8): 1513–5. PMID 15816740. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Peltier-Pain, P; Marchillo, K; Zhou, M; Andes, DR; Thorson, JS (2012 Oct 5). "Natural product disaccharide engineering through tandem glycosyltransferase catalysis reversibility and neoglycosylation". Organic letters. 14 (19): 5086–9. PMID 22984807. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Williams, GJ; Zhang, C; Thorson, JS (2007 Oct). "Expanding the promiscuity of a natural-product glycosyltransferase by directed evolution". Nature Chemical Biology. 3 (10): 657–62. PMID 17828251. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Zhang, C; Griffith, BR; Fu, Q; Albermann, C; Fu, X; Lee, IK; Li, L; Thorson, JS (2006 Sep 1). "Exploiting the reversibility of natural product glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions". Science (New York, N.Y.). 313 (5791): 1291–4. PMID 16946071. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Gantt, RW; Peltier-Pain, P; Cournoyer, WJ; Thorson, JS (2011 Aug 21). "Using simple donors to drive the equilibria of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions". Nature Chemical Biology. 7 (10): 685–91. PMID 21857660. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Peri, F.; Dumy, P.; Mutter, M. "Chemo- and stereoselective glycosylation of hydroxylamino derivatives: A versatile approach to glycoconjugates." Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 12269-12278
  17. ^ Langenhan, JM; Peters, NR; Guzei, IA; Hoffmann, FM; Thorson, JS (2005 Aug 30). "Enhancing the anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides by neoglycorandomization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (35): 12305–10. PMID 16105948. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Goff, RD; Thorson, JS (2014 Aug 1). "Neoglycosylation and neoglycorandomization: Enabling tools for the discovery of novel glycosylated bioactive probes and early stage leads". MedChemComm. 5 (8): 1036–1047. PMID 25071927. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Williams, GJ; Yang, J; Zhang, C; Thorson, JS (2011 Jan 21). "Recombinant E. coli prototype strains for in vivo glycorandomization". ACS Chemical Biology. 6 (1): 95–100. PMID 20886903. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Glycorandomization&oldid=628474878"