Lesser nobility (Kingdom of Hungary): Difference between revisions
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The lesser nobles ([[Latin]]: "''nobiles''"<ref name="MKL">{{cite web|url= http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/K/k%C3%B6znemess%C3%A9g.html|title=köznemesség|publisher=Magyar Katolikus Lexikon|date=|accessdate=21 October 2014}}</ref>, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: "''köznemesség''"<ref name="MKL"/>) in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] were evolved from the layers of [[castle warrior|castle warriors]] and [[Royal servant (Kingdom of Hungary)|royal servants]] ("servientes regis") in the 13th century.<ref name="MKL"/> They were placed under the [[baron]] in the hierarchy. |
The lesser nobles ([[Latin]]: "''nobiles''"<ref name="MKL">{{cite web|url= http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/K/k%C3%B6znemess%C3%A9g.html|title=köznemesség|publisher=Magyar Katolikus Lexikon|date=|accessdate=21 October 2014}}</ref>, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: "''köznemesség''"<ref name="MKL"/>) in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] were evolved from the layers of [[castle warrior|castle warriors]] and [[Royal servant (Kingdom of Hungary)|royal servants]] ("servientes regis") in the 13th century.<ref name="MKL"/> They were placed under the [[baron]] in the hierarchy. |
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| ⚫ | For much of the kingdom's existence, the lesser nobles answered only to the king, they were outside any other nobleman's power and did not fall under their county's judiciary. They did not pay taxes, were automatically members of the Diet, elected their county officials, could not be ordered to convert from [[Lutheranism]] (mostly [[Slovaks]]) and [[Calvinism]] (mostly [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]]s) to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] during the [[Habsburg]]s' forceful [[Counter-Reformation]], and enjoyed other privileges of people free of [[Feudalism|feudal]] oppression. |
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| ⚫ | Their title differed from the higher noblemen's titles in that it was inherited by all the lesser nobles's children equally in each generation. Their ratio in society therefore did not decline as the population grew. A male noble's children, sons as well as daughters, were all born nobles regardless of the status of their mother (when a female commoner married a noble, her status was effectively raised). A female noble who married a commoner retained her noble status for the rest of her life, but it did not transfer to her husband and her children were born commoners. |
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==Regional name variations== |
==Regional name variations== |
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The Slovak words ''Zeman'' (male) and ''zemianka'' (female), pronounced {{IPA-cs|ˈzeman, ˈzemianka|}} were the corresponding words for the lowest-ranking [[nobility]] at the [[Upper Hungary|northern]] parts of [[Kingdom of Hungary]] where Slavic minorities (Slovaks, Rusyns, Poles etc.) lived. |
The Slovak words ''Zeman'' (male) and ''zemianka'' (female), pronounced {{IPA-cs|ˈzeman, ˈzemianka|}} were the corresponding words for the lowest-ranking [[nobility]] at the [[Upper Hungary|northern]] parts of [[Kingdom of Hungary]] where Slavic minorities (Slovaks, Rusyns, Poles etc.) lived. |
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The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Latin]] words (Latin was the kingdom's language of administration until the 19th century) could also be used in the more general sense of "a nobleman," but they had the specific meaning identifying a noble person of this particular rank in the [[Kingdom of Hungary|kingdom]]. The [[Slovak language|Slovak]] version of the title stemmed from an old broader word related to "land" (''zem'') that they were given when the largest number of them were ennobled, which was in return for helping King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] to defend the country during the [[Battle of Mohi|Mongol invasions]] of 1241-1242. To serve in arms when called on became one of the zemans' few obligations towards the king.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Latin]] words (Latin was the kingdom's language of administration until the 19th century) could also be used in the more general sense of "a nobleman," but they had the specific meaning identifying a noble person of this particular rank in the [[Kingdom of Hungary|kingdom]]. The [[Slovak language|Slovak]] version of the title stemmed from an old broader word related to "land" (''zem'') that they were given when the largest number of them were ennobled, which was in return for helping King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] to defend the country during the [[Battle of Mohi|Mongol invasions]] of 1241-1242. To serve in arms when called on became one of the zemans' few obligations towards the king.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
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| ⚫ | For much of the kingdom's existence, the |
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| ⚫ | Their title differed from the higher noblemen's titles in that it was inherited by all the |
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====Zemans and society==== |
====Zemans and society==== |
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Revision as of 13:26, 21 October 2014
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The lesser nobles (Latin: "nobiles"[1], Hungarian: "köznemesség"[1]) in the Kingdom of Hungary were evolved from the layers of castle warriors and royal servants ("servientes regis") in the 13th century.[1] They were placed under the baron in the hierarchy.
Status
For much of the kingdom's existence, the lesser nobles answered only to the king, they were outside any other nobleman's power and did not fall under their county's judiciary. They did not pay taxes, were automatically members of the Diet, elected their county officials, could not be ordered to convert from Lutheranism (mostly Slovaks) and Calvinism (mostly Hungarians) to Catholicism during the Habsburgs' forceful Counter-Reformation, and enjoyed other privileges of people free of feudal oppression.
Inheritance of titles
Their title differed from the higher noblemen's titles in that it was inherited by all the lesser nobles's children equally in each generation. Their ratio in society therefore did not decline as the population grew. A male noble's children, sons as well as daughters, were all born nobles regardless of the status of their mother (when a female commoner married a noble, her status was effectively raised). A female noble who married a commoner retained her noble status for the rest of her life, but it did not transfer to her husband and her children were born commoners.
Regional name variations
Zeman
The Slovak words Zeman (male) and zemianka (female), pronounced Template:IPA-cs were the corresponding words for the lowest-ranking nobility at the northern parts of Kingdom of Hungary where Slavic minorities (Slovaks, Rusyns, Poles etc.) lived. The Hungarian and Latin words (Latin was the kingdom's language of administration until the 19th century) could also be used in the more general sense of "a nobleman," but they had the specific meaning identifying a noble person of this particular rank in the kingdom. The Slovak version of the title stemmed from an old broader word related to "land" (zem) that they were given when the largest number of them were ennobled, which was in return for helping King Béla IV to defend the country during the Mongol invasions of 1241-1242. To serve in arms when called on became one of the zemans' few obligations towards the king.[citation needed]
Zemans and society
The zemans were somewhat more concentrated in the kingdom's northern counties (present-day Slovakia). It is estimated that about 4.6% households were zeman families in that region, although there were differences — some areas had fewer of them, some villages were inhabited predominantly by zemans.[2] Some zemans eventually became farmers not necessarily wealthier than their neighbors, but their status of the king's free and privileged subjects contributed to the dynamics of the kingdom's societies and to the development of its cultures.
The practical implications of their privileged status began to disappear with the reforms of Joseph II that gradually gave more freedom to the rest of the population and curbed the nobility's privileges as the kingdom became more firmly integrated in the Habsburg monarchy. Among the Kingdom of Hungary's zemans with entries in Wikipedia were Anton Bernolák, Štefan Marko Daxner, Janko Jesenský, Adam František Kollár, Lajos Kossuth, Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, and Jonáš Záborský.[3]