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== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Konstantin Petrzhak was born in Łuków on 3 September 1907. In 1936 he graduated from [[Saint Petersburg State University]]. Later he wrote thesis at [[V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute|First Radium Institute]] in Saint Petersburg. [[Vitaly Khlopin]] and [[Igor Kurchatov]] were his scientific advisors. From 1939 to 1940 he and [[Georgy Flyorov]] tried to detect [[spontaneous fission]] under general supervision of Igor Kurchatov. In 1939 the experiments were carried out in Saint Petersburg. In 1940 they were verified in Moscow in an underground lab under [[Dinamo (Moscow Metro)|Dinamo station]] of Moscow Metro. They constructed a highly sensitive [[ionization chamber]] to detect uranium debris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.jinr.ru/jinr/Oganesyan.htm |title=Г. Н. Флёров. Молодые годы. [G. Flyorov. Early years.] |last=Oganessian |first=Yuri |authorlink=Yuri Oganessian |date= |year= |website= |series= |publisher= |location= |at= |language=ru}}</ref> The ionization chamber had electrodes in it with the total square of about 1000 cm<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.school-collection.edu.ru/dlrstore/bab9ee0a-7e14-4561-890b-b29ca67435ce/KameraMnogoslojnajaIonizacionnaja-opis.htm |title=Multilayer ionization chamber|last= |first= |author=Р.В. Кузнецова |language=ru}}</ref> The samples of uranium were placed inside the chamber.<ref name=ufn>{{cite journal |author=Flerov GN, Petrzhak KA|year=1961 |title=Discovery of spontaneous fission of nuclei |url=http://nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru/UFN/r614f.pdf |journal=Physics-Uspekhi |publisher= |volume=LXXIII |issue=4 |pages=657 |pmc= }}</ref> The detector was checked while measuring background.<ref name=ufn/> When the source of neutrons was taken away the detector still detected particles. Then they assumed that spontaneous fission was discovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hirosima.scepsis.ru/library/lib_27.html |title= Сталин и бомба. [Stalin and the Bomb]|last=Holloway |first= David |date= |year= |website= |series= |publisher= |location= |page= |at= |language=ru |type= |format= |asin=0300066643 |isbn=0300066643}}</ref> The certificate of discovery stated "the new type of radioactivity with mother nucleus decays into two nuclei, that have kinetic energy of about 160 MeV".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aes1.ru/mission/dates/d11 |title=Discovery of spontaneous fission in uranium |language=ru}}</ref>
Konstantin Petrzhak was born in Łuków on 3 September 1907. In 1936 he graduated from [[Saint Petersburg State University]]. Later he wrote thesis at [[V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute|First Radium Institute]] in Saint Petersburg. [[Vitaly Khlopin]] and [[Igor Kurchatov]] were his scientific advisors. From 1939 to 1940 he and [[Georgy Flyorov]] tried to detect [[spontaneous fission]] under general supervision of Igor Kurchatov. In 1939 the experiments were carried out in Saint Petersburg. In 1940 they were verified in Moscow in an underground lab under [[Dinamo (Moscow Metro)|Dinamo station]] of Moscow Metro. They constructed a highly sensitive [[ionization chamber]] to detect uranium debris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museum.jinr.ru/jinr/Oganesyan.htm |title=Г. Н. Флёров. Молодые годы. [G. Flyorov. Early years.] |last=Oganessian |first=Yuri |authorlink=Yuri Oganessian |date= |year= |website= |publisher= |at= |language=ru}}</ref> The ionization chamber had electrodes in it with the total square of about 1000 cm<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.school-collection.edu.ru/dlrstore/bab9ee0a-7e14-4561-890b-b29ca67435ce/KameraMnogoslojnajaIonizacionnaja-opis.htm |title=Multilayer ionization chamber |author=Р.В. Кузнецова |language=ru}}</ref> The samples of uranium were placed inside the chamber.<ref name=ufn>{{cite journal |author=Flerov GN, Petrzhak KA|year=1961 |title=Спонтанное деление ядер| trans-title =Spontaneous fission of nuclei | language = Russian |url=http://nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru/UFN/r614f.pdf |journal=Physics-Uspekhi |publisher= |volume=LXXIII |issue=4 |pages=657 |pmc= }}</ref> The detector was checked while measuring background.<ref name=ufn/> When the source of neutrons was taken away the detector still detected particles. Then they assumed that spontaneous fission was discovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hirosima.scepsis.ru/library/lib_27.html |title= Сталин и бомба. [Stalin and the Bomb]|last=Holloway |first= David |date= |year= |website= |series= |publisher= |location= |page= |at= |language=ru |type= |format= |asin=0300066643 |isbn=0300066643}}</ref> The certificate of discovery stated "the new type of radioactivity with mother nucleus decays into two nuclei, that have kinetic energy of about 160 MeV".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aes1.ru/mission/dates/d11 |title=Discovery of spontaneous fission in uranium |language=ru}}</ref>


In 1940 Konstantin Petrzhak was suggested to enter the leading team of [[soviet atomic bomb project]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biofile.ru/his/528.html |title=Works on creation of the first atomic bomb in USSR|date= |year= |website="BioFile.ru"|publisher= |location=|at= |language=ru}}</ref> He is rumoured to participate in soviet atomic project.
In 1940 Konstantin Petrzhak was suggested to enter the leading team of [[soviet atomic bomb project]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biofile.ru/his/528.html |title=Works on creation of the first atomic bomb in USSR|date= |year= |website="BioFile.ru"|publisher= |location=|at= |language=ru}}</ref> He is rumoured to participate in soviet atomic project.


During World War II he served in military intelligence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Зенькович |first=Николай |date= |title=Тайны ушедшего века. Власть. Распри. Подоплека |trans_title=Mysteries of the passing century. Power. Arguements. Causes. |url=http://books.google.by/books?id=3oVYMfHhrnEC&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0&source=bl&ots=RDQWEMt0tj&sig=tDe4kMzVR1LW2waRJ-lHYmJuAu4&hl=be&sa=X&ei=yD5GVOuJBNjiat7jgdAO&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false |language=ru |location= |publisher=ОЛМА Медиа Групп |isbn=5224046769 |accessdate= }}</ref>
When the USSR entered the World War II Petrzhak was eligible for serving in the army. If he was awarded the Stalin Prize he could avoid entering the regular army. The Academy of Sciences of USSR nominated him to recieve this prize in early 1940s. But he didn't recieve the prize. So during World War II Petrzhak served in military intelligence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Зенькович |first=Николай |date=2004 |title=Тайны ушедшего века. Власть. Распри. Подоплека |trans_title=Mysteries of the passing century. Power. Arguements. Causes. |url=http://books.google.by/books?id=3oVYMfHhrnEC&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0&source=bl&ots=RDQWEMt0tj&sig=tDe4kMzVR1LW2waRJ-lHYmJuAu4&hl=be&sa=X&ei=yD5GVOuJBNjiat7jgdAO&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false |language=ru |location= |publisher=ОЛМА Медиа Групп |isbn=5224046769 |accessdate=October 22, 2012 }}</ref>


Konstantin Petrzhak founded a laboratory of neutron physics and physics of fission in Radium Institute in 1947 and was the head of this laboratory until 1986.<ref name=rus-eng>{{cite web |url=http://rus-eng.org/eng/Petrzhak%20Konstantin%20Antonovich.htm |title=Konstantin Petrzhak |date= |year=2010|website=Russian Engineers |series= |publisher= |location= |at= |language=ru}}</ref> Later he was one of the founders of Engineering faculty of [[Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.lti-gti.ru/museum/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%A2%D0%98%20%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.htm |title=Alumni and Faculty |date= |year= |website=Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology |series= |publisher= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=ru }}</ref> There he founded a department of nuclear physics in 1949<ref name=rus-eng/> and was the head of it for 22 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://technolog.edu.ru/ru/faculties/engineering-and-technological/kafedry-5-fakulteta/kafedra-radiatsionnoj-tekhnologii/%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B.html |title=History of department |publisher=Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology |language=ru }}</ref> In 1961 he founded a laboratory of nuclear energy there. Konstantin Petrzhak created an express method of detection of plutonium and satellite radioative elements in samples of irradiated uranium.<ref name=rus-eng/> For his achievements in nuclear physics he was awarded [[USSR State Prize|Stalin prize]] in 1946 and in 1953. He died on October 10, 1998 and was buried in Saint Petersburg.
Konstantin Petrzhak founded a laboratory of neutron physics and physics of fission in Radium Institute in 1947 and was the head of this laboratory until 1986.<ref name=rus-eng>{{cite web |url=http://rus-eng.org/eng/Petrzhak%20Konstantin%20Antonovich.htm |title=Konstantin Petrzhak |year=2010|website=Russian Engineers |series= |publisher= |at= |language=ru}}</ref> Later he was one of the founders of Engineering faculty of [[Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.lti-gti.ru/museum/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%A2%D0%98%20%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.htm |title=Alumni and Faculty |date= |year= |website=Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology |publisher= |at= |language=ru }}</ref> There he founded a department of nuclear physics in 1949<ref name=rus-eng/> and was the head of it for 22 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://technolog.edu.ru/ru/faculties/engineering-and-technological/kafedry-5-fakulteta/kafedra-radiatsionnoj-tekhnologii/%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B.html |title=History of department |publisher=Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology |language=ru }}</ref> In 1961 he founded a laboratory of nuclear energy there. Konstantin Petrzhak created an express method of detection of plutonium and satellite radioative elements in samples of irradiated uranium.<ref name=rus-eng/> For his achievements in nuclear physics he was awarded [[USSR State Prize|Stalin prize]] in 1946 (jointly with [[Georgy Flyorov]] for discovery of spontaneous fission) and in 1953. He died on October 10, 1998 and was buried in Saint Petersburg.


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 07:20, 22 October 2014

Konstantin Petrzhak
Константин Антонович Петржак
Born(1907-09-07)September 7, 1907
Łuków, Poland
DiedOctober 10, 1998(1998-10-10) (aged 91)
Russia
NationalityPole
Alma materSaint Petersburg State University
Known for
Discovery of spontaneous fission
AwardsOrder of the Badge of Honour
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics (nuclear)
Institutions
Doctoral advisorIgor Kurchatov
Other academic advisorsVitaly Khlopin

Konstantin Petrzhak (Russian: Константи́н Анто́нович Петржак, IPA: [kənstɐnʲˈtʲin ɐnˈtonɐvɪt͡ɕ pʲɛtʐak]; 1907-1998) was a Soviet physicist of Polish origin. He discovered spontaneous fission of uranium jointly with Georgy Flyorov in 1940.[1]

Biography

Konstantin Petrzhak was born in Łuków on 3 September 1907. In 1936 he graduated from Saint Petersburg State University. Later he wrote thesis at First Radium Institute in Saint Petersburg. Vitaly Khlopin and Igor Kurchatov were his scientific advisors. From 1939 to 1940 he and Georgy Flyorov tried to detect spontaneous fission under general supervision of Igor Kurchatov. In 1939 the experiments were carried out in Saint Petersburg. In 1940 they were verified in Moscow in an underground lab under Dinamo station of Moscow Metro. They constructed a highly sensitive ionization chamber to detect uranium debris.[2] The ionization chamber had electrodes in it with the total square of about 1000 cm2.[3] The samples of uranium were placed inside the chamber.[4] The detector was checked while measuring background.[4] When the source of neutrons was taken away the detector still detected particles. Then they assumed that spontaneous fission was discovered.[5] The certificate of discovery stated "the new type of radioactivity with mother nucleus decays into two nuclei, that have kinetic energy of about 160 MeV".[6]

In 1940 Konstantin Petrzhak was suggested to enter the leading team of soviet atomic bomb project.[7] He is rumoured to participate in soviet atomic project.

When the USSR entered the World War II Petrzhak was eligible for serving in the army. If he was awarded the Stalin Prize he could avoid entering the regular army. The Academy of Sciences of USSR nominated him to recieve this prize in early 1940s. But he didn't recieve the prize. So during World War II Petrzhak served in military intelligence.[8]

Konstantin Petrzhak founded a laboratory of neutron physics and physics of fission in Radium Institute in 1947 and was the head of this laboratory until 1986.[9] Later he was one of the founders of Engineering faculty of Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology.[10] There he founded a department of nuclear physics in 1949[9] and was the head of it for 22 years.[11] In 1961 he founded a laboratory of nuclear energy there. Konstantin Petrzhak created an express method of detection of plutonium and satellite radioative elements in samples of irradiated uranium.[9] For his achievements in nuclear physics he was awarded Stalin prize in 1946 (jointly with Georgy Flyorov for discovery of spontaneous fission) and in 1953. He died on October 10, 1998 and was buried in Saint Petersburg.

References

  1. ^ Flerov GN, Petrzhak KA (1940). Journal of Physics (USSR). III: 275–280. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ Oganessian, Yuri. "Г. Н. Флёров. Молодые годы. [G. Flyorov. Early years.]" (in Russian).
  3. ^ Р.В. Кузнецова. "Multilayer ionization chamber" (in Russian).
  4. ^ a b Flerov GN, Petrzhak KA (1961). "Спонтанное деление ядер" [Spontaneous fission of nuclei] (PDF). Physics-Uspekhi (in Russian). LXXIII (4): 657.
  5. ^ Holloway, David. "Сталин и бомба. [Stalin and the Bomb]" (in Russian). ASIN 0300066643. ISBN 0300066643. {{cite web}}: Check |asin= value (help)
  6. ^ "Discovery of spontaneous fission in uranium" (in Russian).
  7. ^ "Works on creation of the first atomic bomb in USSR". "BioFile.ru" (in Russian).
  8. ^ Зенькович, Николай (2004). Тайны ушедшего века. Власть. Распри. Подоплека (in Russian). ОЛМА Медиа Групп. ISBN 5224046769. Retrieved October 22, 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c "Konstantin Petrzhak". Russian Engineers (in Russian). 2010.
  10. ^ "Alumni and Faculty". Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (in Russian).
  11. ^ "History of department" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology.

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