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A '''wakefulness-promoting agent''', or '''eugeroic''', is a type of [[drug]] which specifically improves [[wakefulness]] and [[alertness]], and reduces [[tiredness]], [[drowsiness]], and the need for [[sleep]]. They are used mainly in the [[therapy|treatment]] of [[sleeping disorder]]s, [[excessive daytime sleepiness]] and [[narcolepsy]], though they are also used merely to counteract [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] and [[lethargy]] and to enhance [[motivation]] and [[productivity]]. Wakefulness-promoting agents appear to function primarily by increasing [[catecholaminergic]] ([[adrenergic]], [[dopaminergic]]), [[histaminergic]], and [[orexin]]ergic activity in the [[brain]]. Unlike many other stimulants, wakefulness-promoting agents are relatively non-[[drug addiction|addictive]] and non-[[drug dependence|dependence]]-forming.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
[[Image:Modafinil.svg|right|thumb|200px|[[Modafinil]], a prototypical example of a wakefulness-promoting agent]]


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The prototypical eugeroic is [[modafinil]], and other drugs include [[adrafinil]] and [[armodafinil]]. The primary difference between these drugs and [[amphetamine]]-like [[stimulant]]s is that wakefulness-promoting agents specifically trigger activation of neurons in the [[hypothalamus]]-based wakefulness circuits, as opposed to producing diffuse neuronal activation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A systematic review of modafinil: potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |year=2006 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=554–66 |url=http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10002519&RSID=34201655661361 |subscription=yes |accessdate=June 11, 2010 |author=Ballon, D.D.; Feifel, D. |doi=10.4088/JCP.v67n0406 |pmid=16669720}}</ref>
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A '''wakefulness-promoting agent''' (eugeroic) is a type of [[psychoactive drug]] which improves [[wakefulness]] and [[alertness]], and reduces [[tiredness]], [[drowsiness]], and the need for [[sleep]]. They are used mainly in the [[therapy|treatment]] of [[sleeping disorder]]s, [[excessive daytime sleepiness]] and [[narcolepsy]], though they are also used merely to counteract [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] and [[lethargy]] and to enhance [[motivation]] and [[productivity]]. Wakefullness-promoting agents appear to function primarily by increasing [[catecholaminergic]] ([[adrenergic]], [[dopaminergic]]) and [[histaminergic]] activity in the [[brain]]. Unlike many other stimulants, eugeroics are relatively non-[[drug addiction|addictive]] and non-[[drug dependence|dependence]]-forming.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}


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The functional opposites of wakefulness-promoting agents are [[hypnotic]]s, such as [[antihistamine]]s and [[benzodiazepine]]s, as well as [[suvorexant]], an [[orexin antagonist]].
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The prototype drug in this class is [[modafinil]], and other drugs include [[adrafinil]] and [[armodafinil]]. The primary difference between these drugs and [[amphetamine]]-like [[stimulant]]s is that wakefulness-promoting agents trigger activation of neurons in the [[hypothalamus]]-based wakefulness circuits, as opposed to producing diffuse neuronal activation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A systematic review of modafinil: potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |year=2006 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=554–66 |url=http://article.psychiatrist.com/dao_1-login.asp?ID=10002519&RSID=34201655661361 |subscription=yes |accessdate=June 11, 2010 |author=Ballon, D.D.; Feifel, D. |doi=10.4088/JCP.v67n0406 |pmid=16669720}}</ref>

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The functional opposites of wakefulness-promoting agents would be [[hypnotic]]s/[[sedative]]s like [[antihistamine]]s, [[opioids]], and [[benzodiazepine]]s.


==Examples==
==Examples==
Pharmaceutical drugs:

* [[Adrafinil]] (Olmifon)
* [[Adrafinil]] (Olmifon)
* [[Armodafinil]] (Nuvigil)
* [[Armodafinil]] (Nuvigil)
* [[CRL-40,941]] (Fladrafinil)
* [[CRL-40,941]] (a.k.a. fladrafinil or fluorafinil)
* [[Modafinil]] (Provigil, Alertec)
* [[Modafinil]] (Provigil, Alertec)
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* [[Fluorenol]] (a.k.a. hydrafinil)
* [[JZ-IV-10]]
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* [[Fluorenol]]


==See also==
==See also==
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==References==
==References==
<ref>http://armodexperiment.com/?s=eugeroic</ref>
<ref>http://armodexperiment.com/?s=eugeroic</ref>
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}


{{Stimulants}}
{{Stimulants}}

[[Category:Stimulants]]
[[Category:Stimulants]]


{{nervous-system-drug-stub}}

Revision as of 08:21, 5 November 2014

A wakefulness-promoting agent, or eugeroic, is a type of drug which specifically improves wakefulness and alertness, and reduces tiredness, drowsiness, and the need for sleep. They are used mainly in the treatment of sleeping disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness and narcolepsy, though they are also used merely to counteract fatigue and lethargy and to enhance motivation and productivity. Wakefulness-promoting agents appear to function primarily by increasing catecholaminergic (adrenergic, dopaminergic), histaminergic, and orexinergic activity in the brain. Unlike many other stimulants, wakefulness-promoting agents are relatively non-addictive and non-dependence-forming.[citation needed]

The prototypical eugeroic is modafinil, and other drugs include adrafinil and armodafinil. The primary difference between these drugs and amphetamine-like stimulants is that wakefulness-promoting agents specifically trigger activation of neurons in the hypothalamus-based wakefulness circuits, as opposed to producing diffuse neuronal activation.[1]

The functional opposites of wakefulness-promoting agents are hypnotics, such as antihistamines and benzodiazepines, as well as suvorexant, an orexin antagonist.

Examples

See also

References

[2]

  1. ^ Ballon, D.D.; Feifel, D. (2006). "A systematic review of modafinil: potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 67 (4): 554–66. doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n0406. PMID 16669720. Retrieved June 11, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ http://armodexperiment.com/?s=eugeroic



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