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| first1 = Josh
| first1 = Josh
| last1 = Kurz
| last1 = Kurz
| date = June, 2014
| date = June 16, 2014
| title = Mastering AngularJS Directives
| title = Mastering AngularJS Directives
| publisher = [[Packt Publishing]]
| publisher = [[Packt Publishing]]

Revision as of 15:30, 6 November 2014

AngularJS
Developer(s)Brat Tech LLC, Google and community.
Initial release2009 (2009)
Stable release
1.3.1 / October 31, 2014; 10 years ago (2014-10-31)
Repository
Written inJavaScript
PlatformCross-platform, see Legacy browser support
Size120 KiB production
904 KiB development
TypeJavaScript library
LicenseMIT License
Websiteangularjs.org

AngularJS, commonly referred to as Angular, is an open-source web application framework, maintained by Google and the community, that assists with creating single-page applications, which consist of one HTML page with CSS and JavaScript on the client side. Its goal is to simplify both development and testing of web applications by providing client-side model–view–controller (MVC) capability as well as providing structure for the entire development process, from design through testing.

The library works by first reading the HTML page, which has embedded into it additional custom tag attributes. Those attributes are interpreted as directives telling Angular to bind input or output parts of the page to a model that is represented by standard JavaScript variables. The values of those JavaScript variables can be manually set within the code, or retrieved from static or dynamic JSON resources.

Philosophy

AngularJS is built around the belief that declarative programming should be used for building user interfaces and wiring software components, while imperative programming is excellent for expressing business logic.[1] The framework adapts and extends traditional HTML to serve dynamic content through two-way data-binding that allows for the automatic synchronization of models and views. As a result, AngularJS de-emphasizes DOM manipulation with the goal of improving testability and performance.

Design goals:

  • Decouple DOM manipulation from application logic. This improves the testability of the code.
  • Regard application testing as equal in importance to application writing. Testing difficulty is dramatically affected by the way the code is structured.
  • Decouple the client side of an application from the server side. This allows development work to progress in parallel, and allows for reuse of both sides.
  • Provide structure for the journey of building an application: from designing the UI, through writing the business logic, to testing.

Angular follows the MVC pattern of software engineering and encourages loose coupling between presentation, data, and logic components. Using dependency injection, Angular brings traditional server-side services, such as view-dependent controllers, to client-side web applications. Consequently, much of the burden on the backend is reduced, leading to much lighter web applications.

Bootstrapper

There are three phases of the AngularJS bootstrapper[2] that occur after the DOM completes loading:

  1. Create a new Injector
  2. Compile service - The Compile service is like compiling in C or C++. It walks the DOM and locates all the directives such as "ng-app".
  3. Link phase - The link phase attaches all the directives to scope.

Notable directives

AngularJS directives allow the developer to specify custom and reusable HTML tags that moderate the behavior of certain elements.

ng-app
Declares an element as a root element of the application allowing behaviours to be modified through custom HTML tags.
ng-bind
Changes the text of an element to the value of an expression.<span ng-bind="name"></span> will display the value of ‘name’ inside the span. Any changes to ‘name’ are reflected instantly in the DOM anywhere the variable is used.
ng-model
Similar to ng-bind, but allows two-way data binding between the view and the scope.
ng-model-options
Allows tuning how model updates are done.
ng-class
Allows class attributes to be dynamically loaded.
ng-controller
Specifies a JavaScript controller class that evaluates HTML expressions.
ng-repeat
Instantiate an element once per item from a collection.
ng-show & ng-hide
Conditionally show or hide an element, depending on the value of a boolean expression. Show and hide is achieved by setting the CSS display style.
ng-switch
Conditionally instantiate one template from a set of choices, depending on the value of a selection expression.
ng-view
The base directive responsible for handling routes that resolve JSON before rendering templates driven by specified controllers.
ng-if
Basic if statement directive which allow to show the following element if the conditions are true. When the condition is false, the element is removed from the DOM. When true, a clone of the compiled element is re-inserted

Two-way data binding

AngularJS' two-way data binding is its most notable feature, and it reduces the amount of code written by relieving the server backend of templating responsibilities. Instead, templates are rendered in plain HTML according to data contained in a scope defined in the model. The $scope service in Angular detects changes to the model section and modifies HTML expressions in the view via a controller. Likewise, any alterations to the view are reflected in the model. This circumvents the need to actively manipulate the DOM and encourages bootstrapping and rapid prototyping of web applications.[3] AngularJS detects changes in models by comparing the values with stored earlier values in a process of dirty-checking, unlike Ember.js and Backbone.js which trigger listeners when the model values are changed.[4]

Chrome plugin

In July 2012, the Angular team built a plugin for the Google Chrome browser called Batarang,[5] that improves the debugging experience for web applications built with Angular. The extension aims to allow for easy detection of performance bottlenecks and offers a GUI for debugging applications.[6] The extension is not compatible with recent releases (after v1.2.x) of Angular.[7]

Legacy browser support

Versions 1.2 and later of AngularJS do not support Internet Explorer versions 6 or 7.[8] Versions 1.3 and later of AngularJS dropped support for Internet Explorer 8.[9]

Development history

AngularJS was originally developed in 2009 by Miško Hevery and Adam Abrons [10] at Brat Tech LLC[11] as the software behind an online JSON storage service, that would have been priced by the megabyte, for easy-to-make applications for the enterprise. This venture was located at the web domain "GetAngular.com",[11] and had a few subscribers, before the two decided to abandon the business idea and release Angular as an open-source library.[citation needed]

Abrons left the project, but Hevery, who works at Google, continues to develop and maintain the library with fellow Google employees Igor Minár and Vojta Jína.[12]

Releases

Releases 1.0.x and 1.2.x are the stable versions, whereas 1.1.x contained breaking changes between minor releases (i.e. 1.1.x – 1.1.y).[13]

The code names are super-power related, composed of two hyphen-joined words, should sound “fun / crazy / cool”, and are publicly submitted and voted by users.[14]

AngularJS versions
Release Dates Version Codename
Oct 31, 2014 1.3.1 spectral-lobster (stable)
Oct 13, 2014 1.3.0 superluminal-nudge (stable)
Oct 8, 2014 1.3.0-rc.5 impossible-choreography (unstable)
Oct 1, 2014 1.3.0-rc.4 unicorn-hydrafication (unstable)
Oct 1, 2014 1.2.26 captivating-disinterest (stable)
Sep 23, 2014 1.3.0-rc.3 aggressive-pacification (unstable)
Sep 16, 2014 1.3.0-rc.2 tactile-perception (unstable)
Sep 16, 2014 1.2.25 hypnotic-gesticulation (stable)
Sep 9, 2014 1.3.0-rc.1 backyard-atomicity (unstable)
Sep 9, 2014 1.2.24 static-levitation (stable)
Aug 29, 2014 1.3.0-rc.0 sonic-boltification (unstable)
Aug 22, 2014 1.2.23 superficial-malady (stable)
Aug 22, 2014 1.3.0-beta.19 rafter-ascension (unstable)
Aug 12, 2014 1.2.22 finicky-pleasure (stable)
Aug 12, 2014 1.3.0-beta.18 spontaneous-combustion (unstable)
Jul 25, 2014 1.2.21 wizard-props (stable)
Jul 25, 2014 1.3.0-beta.17 turing-autocompletion (unstable)
Jul 18, 2014 1.3.0-beta.16 pizza-transubstantiation (unstable)
Jul 11, 2014 1.3.0-beta.15 unbelievable-advancement (unstable)
Jul 11, 2014 1.2.20 accidental-beautification (stable)
Jul 1, 2014 1.3.0-beta.14 harmonious-cacophonies (unstable)
Jul 1, 2014 1.2.19 precognitive-flashbacks (stable)
Jun 16, 2014 1.3.0-beta.13 idiosyncratic-numerification (unstable)
Jun 13, 2014 1.3.0-beta.12 ephemeral-acceleration (unstable)
Jun 13, 2014 1.2.18 ear-extendability (stable)
Jun 6, 2014 1.3.0-beta.11 transclusion-deforestation (unstable)
Jun 6, 2014 1.2.17 quantum disentanglement (stable)
May 23, 2014 1.3.0-beta.10 excessive-clarification (unstable)
May 16, 2014 1.3.0-beta.9 release-naming (unstable)
May 09, 2014 1.3.0-beta.8 accidental-haiku (unstable)
Apr 25, 2014 1.3.0-beta.7 proper-attribution (unstable)
Apr 21, 2014 1.3.0-beta.6 expedient-caffeination (unstable)
Apr 3, 2014 1.3.0-beta.5 chimeric-glitterfication (unstable)
Apr 3, 2014 1.2.16 badger-enumeration (stable)
Mar 28, 2014 1.3.0-beta.4 inconspicuous-deception (unstable)
Mar 21, 2014 1.2.15 beer-underestimating (stable)
Mar 21, 2014 1.3.0-beta.3 emotional-waffles (unstable)
Mar 14, 2014 1.3.0-beta.2 silent-ventriloquism (unstable)
Mar 8, 2014 1.3.0-beta.1 retractable-eyebrow (unstable)
Mar 1, 2014 1.2.14 feisty-cryokinesis (stable)
Feb 14, 2014 1.2.13 romantic-transclusion (stable)
Feb 7, 2014 1.2.12 cauliflower-eradication (stable)
Feb 3, 2014 1.2.11 cryptocurrency-hyperdeflation (stable)
Jan 24, 2014 1.2.10 augmented-serendipity (stable)
Jan 15, 2014 1.2.9 enchanted-articulacy (stable)
Jan 10, 2014 1.2.8 interdimensional-cartography (stable)
Jan 3, 2014 1.2.7 emoji-clairvoyance (stable)
Dec 19, 2013 1.2.6 taco-salsafication (stable)
Dec 13, 2013 1.2.5 singularity-expansion (stable)
Dec 6, 2013 1.2.4 wormhole-blaster (stable)
Nov 27, 2013 1.2.3 unicorn-zapper (stable)
Nov 22, 2013 1.2.2 consciousness-inertia (stable)
Nov 14, 2013 1.2.1 underscore-empathy (stable)
Nov 8, 2013 1.2.0 timely-delivery (stable)
Oct 15, 2013 1.2.0rc3 ferocious-twitch (unstable)
Sep 4, 2013 1.2.0rc2 barehand-atomsplitting (unstable)
Aug 22, 2013 1.0.8 bubble-burst (stable)
Aug 13, 2013 1.2.0rc1 spooky-giraffe (unstable)
May 22, 2013 1.0.7 monochromatic-rainbow (stable)
May 22, 2013 1.1.5 triangle-squarification (unstable)
Apr 4, 2013 1.0.6 universal-irreversibility (stable)
Apr 3, 2013 1.1.4 quantum-manipulation (unstable)
Feb 22, 2013 1.1.3 radioactive-gargle
Feb 20, 2013 1.0.5 flatulent-propulsion
Jan 22, 2013 1.1.2 tofu-animation
Jan 22, 2013 1.0.4 bewildering-hair
Nov 26, 2012 1.1.1 pathological-kerning
Nov 26, 2012 1.0.3 bouncy-thunder
Aug 31, 2012 1.1.0 increase-gravatas
Aug 31, 2012 1.0.2 debilitating-awesomeness
Jun 25, 2012 1.0.1 thorium-shielding
Jun 13, 2012 1.0.0 temporal-domination (stable)[13]
Jun 12, 2012 1.0.0rc12 regression-extermination
Jun 10, 2012 1.0.0rc11 promise-resolution
May 23, 2012 1.0.0rc10 tesseract-giftwrapping
May 14, 2012 1.0.0rc9 eggplant-teleportation
May 6, 2012 1.0.0rc8 blooming-touch
Apr 30, 2012 1.0.0rc7 rc-generation
Apr 20, 2012 1.0.0rc6 runny-nose
Apr 12, 2012 1.0.0rc5 reality-distortion
Apr 5, 2012 1.0.0rc4 insomnia-induction
Mar 29, 2012 1.0.0rc3 barefoot-telepathy
Mar 20, 2012 1.0.0rc2 silence-absorption
Mar 13, 2012 1.0.0rc1 moiré-vision
Jan 17, 2012 0.10.6 bubblewrap-cape
Nov 8, 2011 0.10.5 steel-fist
Oct 22, 2011 0.10.4 human-torch
Oct 13, 2011 0.10.3 shattering-heartbeat
Oct 8, 2011 0.10.2 sneaky-seagull
Sep 9, 2011 0.10.1 inexorable-juggernaut
Sep 2, 2011 0.10.0 chicken-hands
Aug 20, 2011 0.9.19 canine-psychokinesis
Jul 29, 2011 0.9.18 jiggling-armfat
Jun 30, 2011 0.9.17 vegetable-reanimation
Jun 7, 2011 0.9.16 weather-control
April 11, 2011 0.9.15 lethal-stutter
April 1, 2011 0.9.14 key-maker
Mar 13, 2011 0.9.13 curdling-stare
Mar 3, 2011 0.9.12 thought-implanter
Feb 8, 2011 0.9.11 snow-maker
Jan 26, 2011 0.9.10 flea-whisperer
Jan 13, 2011 0.9.9 time-shift
Dec 23, 2010 0.9.8 astral-projection
Dec 10, 2010 0.9.7 sonic-scream
Dec 6, 2010 0.9.6 night-vision
Nov 25, 2010 0.9.5 turkey-blast
Nov 18, 2010 0.9.4 total-recall
Nov 10, 2010 0.9.3 cold-resistance
Nov 3, 2010 0.9.2 faunal-mimicry
Oct 26, 2010 0.9.1 repulsion-field
Oct 20, 2010 0.9.0 dragon-breath

Comparisons to Backbone.js

Data-binding
The most prominent feature that separates the two libraries is in the way models and views are synchronized. Whereas AngularJS supports two way data-binding, Backbone.js relies heavily on boilerplate code to harmonize its models and views.[15]
REST
Backbone.js communicates well with RESTful backends. A very simple use of REST APIs is also available with AngularJS using the $resource service. AngularJS also provides a $http service which is more flexible, connecting to remote servers either through a browser's XMLHttpRequest object or via JSONP.[16]
Templating
AngularJS templating uses a combination of customizable HTML tags and expressions. Backbone.js ships with underscore.js's utility function template() and also integrates with different templating engines such as Mustache.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "What Is Angular?". Retrieved 12 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Writing Directives". angularjs.org. November 28, 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
  3. ^ "5 Awesome AngularJS Features". Retrieved 13 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Misko Hevery. "Databinding in angularjs". Retrieved 2014-03-09.
  5. ^ "angular/angularjs-batarang (GitHub)". Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  6. ^ Ford, Brian. "Introducing the AngularJS Batarang". AngularJS Blog. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  7. ^ "batarang Chrome extension for AngularJS appears broken".
  8. ^ "AngularJS: Developer Guide: Internet Explorer Compatibility". Google. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  9. ^ Minar, Igor. "AngularJS 1.3: a new release approache". AngularJS Blog. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  10. ^ "Hello World, <angular/> is here". Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  11. ^ a b "GetAngular". Angular / BRAT Tech. LLC. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  12. ^ "Contributors to angular/angular.js (GitHub)". Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  13. ^ a b "AngularJS 1.0 -> 1.2 Roadmap". blog.angularjs.org. July 26, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  14. ^ "AngularJS Code Names - Google Moderator". Google. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  15. ^ a b "Backbonejs vs Angularjs: Demystifying the myths". Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  16. ^ "Javascript Frameworks And Data Binding". Retrieved 13 February 2013.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to AngularJS.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=AngularJS&oldid=632701529"