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Jenini was a slave camp in Ghana during [[Samory Toure]]’s reign c. 1870 - 1895 AD.<ref name="Nyarko">{{cite journal|last1=Nyarko|first1=B.J.B|last2=Breda-Mensah|first2=Y.|last3=Serfor-Armah|first3=Y.|last4=Dampare|first4=S.B.|last5=Akaho|first5=E.H.K.|last6=Osae|first6=S.|last7=Perdi|first7=A.|last8=Chatt|first8=A.|title=Investigation of Trace Elements in Ancient Pottery from Jenini, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana by INAA and Compton Suppression Spectrometry|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Reseach|date=2007|volume=B|issue=263|page=196-203|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X07008610}}</ref>
Jenini was a slave camp in Ghana during [[Samory Toure]]’s reign c. 1870 - 1895 AD.<ref name="Nyarko">{{cite journal|last1=Nyarko|first1=B.J.B|last2=Breda-Mensah|first2=Y.|last3=Serfor-Armah|first3=Y.|last4=Dampare|first4=S.B.|last5=Akaho|first5=E.H.K.|last6=Osae|first6=S.|last7=Perdi|first7=A.|last8=Chatt|first8=A.|title=Investigation of Trace Elements in Ancient Pottery from Jenini, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana by INAA and Compton Suppression Spectrometry|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Reseach|date=2007|volume=B|issue=263|page=196-203|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X07008610}}</ref> Jenini is a reminder of the country's other past.<ref name="Soyinka">{{cite journal|last1=Soyinka|first1=Wole|title=Between Truths and Indulgences|journal=Transition|date=2010|issue=103|page=115|pages=110-117|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/TRS.2010.-.103.110?origin=JSTOR-pdf|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> Though there is few research on Jenini, research on this particular history is expanding.


==About the Occupants of Jenini:==
==About the Occupants of Jenini:==
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==Archaeology:==
==Archaeology:==
Sourcing of ceramics found during archaeological investigations at Jenini was done using instrumental [[neutron activation analysis]] and Compton suppression spectrometry.<ref name="Nyarko et al.: 2007"/>The team, B.J.B Nyarko et al., used 26 samples from pottery sherds.<ref name="Nyarko et al.: 2007"/>The pottery sherds, that were used to analyze, were taken from three spots from the site, Trench 1, Trench 2, and Pit 1.<ref name="Nyarko et al.: 2007"/>Their geochemical signatures are similar, demonstrating they are made of the same raw material or of raw material with similar raw <ref name="Nyarko et al.: 2007"/> Evidence suggests that the enslaved people, held at the camp, used clay from the same source for their pottery.<ref name="Nyarko et al.: 2007"/>
Sourcing of ceramics found during archaeological investigations at Jenini was done using instrumental [[neutron activation analysis]] and Compton suppression spectrometry.<ref name="Nyarko et al.: 2007"/>The team, B.J.B Nyarko et al., used 26 samples from pottery sherds.<ref name="Nyarko"/>The pottery sherds, that were used to analyze, were taken from three spots from the site, Trench 1, Trench 2, and Pit 1.<ref name="Nyarko"/>Their geochemical signatures are similar, demonstrating they are made of the same raw material or of raw material with similar raw <ref name="Nyarko"/> Evidence suggests that the enslaved people, held at the camp, used clay from the same source for their pottery.<ref name="Nyarko"/>


The neutron activation analysis supports though the enslaved people came from many different regions, they made pottery from a similar geographical source. This study is important to understand the lives of the occupiers at Jenini. Also, this study helped inspire other archaeological research, for example looking at ancient pottery from the Accra region of Ghana.<ref name="Tandoh">{{cite journal|last1=Tandoh|first1=J.B.|last2=Bredwa-Mensah|first2=Y.|last3=Dampare|first3=S.B.|last4=Akaho|first4=E.H.K.|last5=Nyarko|first5=B.J.B|title=Chemical Characterization of Ancient Pottery from the Greater Accra Region of Ghana using Neutron Activation Analysis|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research|date=2007|volume=B 267|pages=1924-1930|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X09004388}}</ref>The researcher used 40 pottery sherds to identify pottery types or groups that can be differentiated from other groups to reveal meaningful archaeological interpretation.<ref name="Tandoh"/>Because of this method, the researchers were able to deduce that their designated sites, Ayawaso and Shai, produced their own pots while Wullf, another site, purchased their pots from the two sites.<ref name="Tandoh"/>
The neutron activation analysis supports though the enslaved people came from many different regions, they made pottery from a similar geographical source. This study is important to understand the lives of the occupiers at Jenini. It is one of the first steps to understand the ceramic production of the occupants. Also, this study helped inspire other archaeological research, for example looking at ancient pottery from the Accra region of Ghana.<ref name="Tandoh">{{cite journal|last1=Tandoh|first1=J.B.|last2=Bredwa-Mensah|first2=Y.|last3=Dampare|first3=S.B.|last4=Akaho|first4=E.H.K.|last5=Nyarko|first5=B.J.B|title=Chemical Characterization of Ancient Pottery from the Greater Accra Region of Ghana using Neutron Activation Analysis|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research|date=2007|volume=B 267|pages=1924-1930|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X09004388}}</ref>The researcher used 40 pottery sherds to identify pottery types or groups that can be differentiated from other groups to reveal meaningful archaeological interpretation.<ref name="Tandoh"/>Because of this method, the researchers were able to deduce that their designated sites, Ayawaso and Shai, produced their own pots while Wullf, another site, purchased their pots from the two sites.<ref name="Tandoh"/>


==Brief History of Samory Toure:==
==Brief History of Samory Toure:==
[[Samory Toure]], a Mandinka warrior, established slave camps in Ghana between 1870 and 1895.<ref name="Nyarko et al.: 2007"/>He is known for resisting French colonization during the nineteenth century.<ref name="Blackpast.org">{{cite web|title=Touré, Samori (1830-1900)|url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/toure-samori-1830-1900|website=BlackPast.org|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref> He built an empire covering parts of Bamako, Mali, Burkina Faso, La Coté d’Ivoire, and Ghana, and Sudan.<ref name="Blackpast.org"/>His military operations affected large areas that encompassed different ecological, ethnic and linguistic zones.<ref name="Nyarko"/> Toure’s activities took place along side during the [[Trans-Atlantic slave trade]]. <ref name="Nyarko"/>
[[Samory Toure]], a Mandinka warrior, established slave camps in Ghana between 1870 and 1895.<ref name="Nyarko"/>He is known for resisting French colonization during the nineteenth century.<ref name="Blackpast.org">{{cite web|title=Touré, Samori (1830-1900)|url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/toure-samori-1830-1900|website=BlackPast.org|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref> He built an empire covering parts of Bamako, Mali, Burkina Faso, La Coté d’Ivoire, and Ghana, and Sudan.<ref name="Blackpast.org"/>His military operations affected large areas that encompassed different ecological, ethnic and linguistic zones.<ref name="Nyarko"/> Toure’s activities took place along side during the [[Trans-Atlantic slave trade]].<ref name="Nyarko"/>


==Preservation and Issues surrounding the camps:==
==Preservation and Issues surrounding the camps:==
Slave camps and markets of the Bolgatanga region, deep in West Africa interior serves as a reminder of the slave trade.<ref name="Soyinka">{{cite journal|last1=Soyinka|first1=Wole|title=Between Truths and Indulgences|journal=Transition|date=2010|issue=103|page=115|pages=110-117|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/TRS.2010.-.103.110?origin=JSTOR-pdf|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref>Mentioned in Ghana News, Dr. Akosua Perdi said there are mass graves that still need to be excavated.<ref name="Ghanaweb">{{cite web|title=Conference look for evidence of slave trade|url=http://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=65156|website=GhanaWeb|accessdate=19 October 2014|date=31 August 2004}}. Dr. Perdi stated that people could find human bones lying outside house that had been built on the burial site.<ref name="Ghanaweb"/>Dr. Perbi gave details about the condition:
Slave camps and markets of the Bolgatanga region, deep in West Africa interior serves as a reminder of the slave trade.<ref name="Soyinka"/>Mentioned in Ghana News, Dr. Akosua Perdi said there are mass graves that still need to be excavated.<ref name="Ghanaweb">{{cite web|title=Conference look for evidence of slave trade|url=http://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=65156|website=GhanaWeb|accessdate=19 October 2014|date=31 August 2004}}. Dr. Perdi stated that people could find human bones lying outside house that had been built on the burial site.<ref name="Ghanaweb"/>Dr. Perbi gave details about the condition:
"As people sweep their compounds everyday they could see frames of skulls on the ground, and whenever it rains, a lot of bones are washed away."<ref name="Ghanaweb"/>
"As people sweep their compounds everyday they could see frames of skulls on the ground, and whenever it rains, a lot of bones are washed away."<ref name="Ghanaweb"/>


Ghanaian Historian Akosua Perbi and archaeologist Yaw Bredwan-Mensah are seeing through the preservation of the burial mounds<ref name="Soyinka"/>Though, the burial mounds have been disturbed by local sensibilities and politics.<ref name="Soyinka"/>
Ghanaian Historian Akosua Perbi and archaeologist Yaw Bredwan-Mensah are seeing through the preservation of the burial mounds<ref name="Soyinka"/>Though, the burial mounds have been disturbed by local sensibilities and politics.<ref name="Soyinka"/>

The topic of domestic slavery in Africa is not often talked about.<ref name="Bailey 2005">{{cite book|last1=Bailey|first1=Anne C.|title=African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame|date=2005|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|pages=11-16}}</ref> There is stigma having that associations; even descendants change their names to bury the past.<ref name="Bailey 2005"/> Domestic slavery served the role of prisons before the era of Atlantic Slave Trade.<ref name="Bailey 2005"> Another reason for the silence is connection to some Africans’ involvement in the sales of Atlantic slave trade; though it is a controversial topic.<ref name="Bailey 2005"/> This involves politics and cultural history, involving figures such as [[Samory Toure]].<ref name="Soyinka"/> But there were African societies that resisted internal and external forces and protected their communities from the trade.<ref name="Bailey 2005"/> Another reason is that the colonial period in Africa is most recent; the effects and memories are still fresh.<ref name="Bailey 2005"/>


==Another place named Jenini:==
==Another place named Jenini:==

Revision as of 19:23, 9 November 2014

Jenini was a slave camp in Ghana during Samory Toure’s reign c. 1870 - 1895 AD.[1] Jenini is a reminder of the country's other past.[2] Though there is few research on Jenini, research on this particular history is expanding.

About the Occupants of Jenini:

Enslaved peoples were brought to Jenini from different areas.[1] People entered slavery by being captured, purchased, or born into slavery.[3] Enslaved people would live in their master’s compound (in a special section), while some may have lived in a separate village/hamlet.[3] In some cases, enslaved people could receive religious education (a few prayers if they were Muslim) and enough education to participate in the community’s religious life.[3] Enslaved people could purchase their own freedom; they could also farm their own land if permitted.[3] Enslaved peoples found roles in militaries, agriculture, craft production, smith, trade, and leather work.[3]

Archaeology:

Sourcing of ceramics found during archaeological investigations at Jenini was done using instrumental neutron activation analysis and Compton suppression spectrometry.[4]The team, B.J.B Nyarko et al., used 26 samples from pottery sherds.[1]The pottery sherds, that were used to analyze, were taken from three spots from the site, Trench 1, Trench 2, and Pit 1.[1]Their geochemical signatures are similar, demonstrating they are made of the same raw material or of raw material with similar raw [1] Evidence suggests that the enslaved people, held at the camp, used clay from the same source for their pottery.[1]

The neutron activation analysis supports though the enslaved people came from many different regions, they made pottery from a similar geographical source. This study is important to understand the lives of the occupiers at Jenini. It is one of the first steps to understand the ceramic production of the occupants. Also, this study helped inspire other archaeological research, for example looking at ancient pottery from the Accra region of Ghana.[5]The researcher used 40 pottery sherds to identify pottery types or groups that can be differentiated from other groups to reveal meaningful archaeological interpretation.[5]Because of this method, the researchers were able to deduce that their designated sites, Ayawaso and Shai, produced their own pots while Wullf, another site, purchased their pots from the two sites.[5]

Brief History of Samory Toure:

Samory Toure, a Mandinka warrior, established slave camps in Ghana between 1870 and 1895.[1]He is known for resisting French colonization during the nineteenth century.[6] He built an empire covering parts of Bamako, Mali, Burkina Faso, La Coté d’Ivoire, and Ghana, and Sudan.[6]His military operations affected large areas that encompassed different ecological, ethnic and linguistic zones.[1] Toure’s activities took place along side during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.[1]

Preservation and Issues surrounding the camps:

Slave camps and markets of the Bolgatanga region, deep in West Africa interior serves as a reminder of the slave trade.[2]Mentioned in Ghana News, Dr. Akosua Perdi said there are mass graves that still need to be excavated.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). There is stigma having that associations; even descendants change their names to bury the past.[7] Domestic slavery served the role of prisons before the era of Atlantic Slave Trade.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nyarko, B.J.B; Breda-Mensah, Y.; Serfor-Armah, Y.; Dampare, S.B.; Akaho, E.H.K.; Osae, S.; Perdi, A.; Chatt, A. (2007). "Investigation of Trace Elements in Ancient Pottery from Jenini, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana by INAA and Compton Suppression Spectrometry". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Reseach. B (263): 196-203.
  2. ^ a b Soyinka, Wole (2010). "Between Truths and Indulgences". Transition (103): 115. Retrieved 13 October 2014. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e Martin Klein; Paul Lovejoy (1979). "Chapter 7: Slavery in West Africa". In Gemery, Henry A.; Hogendorn, Jan S. (eds.). The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Academic Press. p. 185-187.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nyarko et al.: 2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c Tandoh, J.B.; Bredwa-Mensah, Y.; Dampare, S.B.; Akaho, E.H.K.; Nyarko, B.J.B (2007). "Chemical Characterization of Ancient Pottery from the Greater Accra Region of Ghana using Neutron Activation Analysis". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. B 267: 1924–1930.
  6. ^ a b "Touré, Samori (1830-1900)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bailey 2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Further Reading

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