Jump to content

Interstellar (film): Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverted edits by 64.19.5.114 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG)
→Accolades: updated with AFI
Line 253: Line 253:
! style="background:#ccc;" width="15%"| Result
! style="background:#ccc;" width="15%"| Result
|- style="border-top:2px solid gray;"
|- style="border-top:2px solid gray;"
|-
|[[American Film Institute]]
|Top 10 Film of the Year
|Paramount Pictures/Warner Bros.
|{{Won}}
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Satellite Awards]]
|rowspan=3|[[Satellite Awards]]

Revision as of 21:24, 8 December 2014

Interstellar
A ringed spacecraft, revolves around a wormhole, here depicted as a reflective sphere.
Theatrical release poster
Directed byChristopher Nolan
Written by
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyHoyte van Hoytema
Edited byLee Smith
Music byHans Zimmer
Distributed by
Release dates
  • October 26, 2014 (2014-10-26) (TCL Chinese Theatre)
  • November 5, 2014 (2014-11-05) (North America)
  • November 7, 2014 (2014-11-07) (United Kingdom)
Running time
169 minutes[1]
Countries
  • United States
  • United Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Budget$165 million[2]
Box office$593.1 million[2]

Interstellar is a 2014 science fiction film directed by Christopher Nolan. Starring Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Mackenzie Foy, John Lithgow and Michael Caine, the film features a team of astronauts who travel through a wormhole in search of a new home for humanity. Brothers Christopher and Jonathan Nolan wrote the film, merging a script Jonathan developed in 2007 with Christopher's ideas. Christopher Nolan produced the film with his wife, Emma Thomas, and Lynda Obst. Theoretical physicist Kip Thorne, whose work inspired the film, acted as scientific consultant and executive producer.

Warner Bros., Paramount Pictures, and Legendary Pictures co-financed the film, while Syncopy and Lynda Obst Productions served as production companies. Nolan hired cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema and shot the film on anamorphic 35 mm and IMAX 70 mm photography. Filming commenced in late 2013 in Alberta, Canada; Iceland; and Los Angeles. Double Negative created the visual effects.

Interstellar premiered on October 26, 2014, in Los Angeles and received wide release worldwide. In North America, it was released in film stock to theaters still equipped to project the format, before expanding to venues using digital projectors. It has been a box office success and has received generally positive reviews from critics, who gave particular attention to the film's scientific accuracy, storyline, musical score, visual effects, and performances, particularly from McConaughey, Foy, Hathaway, and Chastain. It also received a positive reaction from viewers.

Plot

In the future, crop blight has caused civilization to regress into a failing agrarian society. Former NASA pilot Cooper runs a farm with his father-in-law, his teenage son, and his 10-year-old daughter Murphy. Murphy believes her room is haunted by a ghost trying to communicate with her. She and Cooper discover the "ghost" is an unknown intelligence sending coded messages using gravitational waves, leaving binary coordinates in the dust that direct them to a secret NASA installation led by Professor John Brand. Brand reveals that a wormhole, created by an alien intelligence, leads to new planets that may offer hope for survival. NASA's "Lazarus missions" have identified three potentially habitable worlds orbiting the black hole Gargantua: Miller, Edmunds, and Mann, named after the astronauts who surveyed them. Brand recruits Cooper to pilot the spacecraft Endurance to recover the astronauts' data; if one of the planets is habitable, humanity will follow on space stations. Cooper's departure devastates Murphy, and they part on bad terms.

On Endurance, Cooper joins Brand's daughter, biologist Amelia; scientists Romilly and Doyle; and robots TARS and CASE. They enter the wormhole and head to Miller, but discover the planet is so close to Gargantua that it experiences severe gravitational time dilation: each hour on the surface is seven years on Earth. They descend to the planet, which proves inhospitable as it is covered by a shallow ocean roiled by enormous tidal waves. As Amelia attempts to recover Miller's data, a wave hits, killing Doyle and delaying the shuttle's departure. When Cooper and Amelia return to Endurance, 23 years have passed.

On Earth, the adult Murphy is now a NASA scientist assisting Brand with the equation that will enable NASA to launch its massive space stations via gravity. On his deathbed, Brand admits he already solved the problem and determined the project is impossible; he covered up his findings and put his faith in a "Plan B": using fertilized embryos to start humanity anew. However, Murphy concludes that Brand's equation could work with additional data from a black hole's singularity.

Low on fuel, Endurance can only visit one more planet before returning to Earth. After a tense vote, the team selects Mann's planet, as Mann is still transmitting. However, they find it to be icy and inhospitable; Mann always knew Plan B was the mission's true goal, and faked data about his planet's viability so Endurance would rescue him. Mann breaks Cooper's spacesuit visor and leaves him to die, and flees to Endurance on a shuttle; Romilly is killed by a bomb Mann set to protect his secret. Amelia rescues Cooper on the other shuttle, and they arrive at Endurance in time to witness Mann docking improperly. The airlock explodes, killing Mann and causing serious damage, but Cooper uses the shuttle to get Endurance under control.

Nearly out of fuel, Cooper and Amelia plan to slingshot Endurance around Gargantua on a course toward Edmunds. TARS and Cooper detach into the black hole, sacrificing themselves to collect data on the singularity and to propel Amelia by dropping the ship's mass. They emerge in an extra-dimensional "tesseract", where time appears as a spatial dimension and portals show glimpses of Murphy's childhood bedroom at various times. Cooper realizes the alien beings are future humans who have created this space so he can communicate with Murphy as the "ghost" and save humanity. Using gravitational waves, Cooper encodes TARS's data on the singularity into the adult Murphy's watch, allowing her to solve Brand's equation and evacuate Earth. Cooper awakens years later aboard a NASA space station and reunites with the now elderly Murphy, who has led humanity's exodus. Murphy advises Cooper and TARS to search for Amelia, who has begun preparations on Edmunds's planet.

Cast

Astronaut crew

  • Matt Damon as Dr. Mann,[3] a researcher on a desolate planet long believed to be dead

On Earth

  • Timothée Chalamet as Young Tom

Production

Development and financing

Director Christopher Nolan

The premise for Interstellar was conceived by film producer Lynda Obst and theoretical physicist Kip Thorne, who collaborated on the 1997 film Contact and had known each other since Carl Sagan once set them up on a blind date.[5][6] Based on Thorne's work, the two conceived a scenario about "the most exotic events in the universe suddenly becoming accessible to humans", and attracted filmmaker Steven Spielberg's interest in directing.[7] The film began development in June 2006, when Spielberg and Paramount Pictures announced plans for a science fiction film based on an eight-page treatment written by Obst and Thorne. Obst was attached to produce the film, which Variety said would "take several years to come together" before Spielberg directed it.[8][9] By March 2007, Jonathan Nolan was hired to write a screenplay for Interstellar.[10]

Steven Spielberg moved his production company DreamWorks in 2009 from Paramount to The Walt Disney Company, and Paramount needed a new director for Interstellar. Jonathan Nolan recommended his brother Christopher, who joined the project in 2012.[11] Christopher Nolan met with Kip Thorne, then attached as executive producer, to discuss the use of spacetime in the story.[12] In January 2013, Paramount and Warner Bros. announced that Christopher Nolan was in negotiations to direct Interstellar.[13] Nolan said he wanted to encourage again the goal of human spaceflight.[14] He intended to write a screenplay based on his own idea that he would merge with his brother's screenplay.[15] By the following March, Nolan was confirmed to direct Interstellar, which would be produced under his label Syncopy and Lynda Obst Productions.[16] The Hollywood Reporter said Nolan will earn a salary of $20 million against 20% of what Interstellar grosses.[17] To research for the film, Nolan visited NASA as well as the private space program SpaceX.[12]

Though Paramount and Warner Bros. are traditionally rival studios, Warner Bros., who released Nolan's Batman films and works with Nolan's Syncopy, sought a stake in Nolan's production of Interstellar for Paramount. Warner Bros. agreed to give Paramount its rights to co-finance the next film in the Friday the 13th horror franchise and to have a stake in a future film based on the TV series South Park. Warner Bros. also agreed to let Paramount co-finance "a to-be-determined A-list Warners property".[18] In August 2013, Legendary Pictures finalized an agreement with Warner Bros. to finance approximately 25 percent of the film's production. Although it failed to renew its eight-year production partnership with Warner Bros., Legendary reportedly agreed to forego financing for Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in exchange for the stake in Interstellar.[19]

Writing

Screenwriter Jonathan Nolan was hired by director Steven Spielberg to write a script for Interstellar, and he worked on it for four years.[5] To learn the science, he studied relativity at the California Institute of Technology while writing the script.[20] Jonathan said he was pessimistic about the Space Shuttle program ending and how NASA lacked financing for a manned mission to Mars. The screenwriter found inspiration in science fiction films with apocalyptic themes, such as WALL-E (2008) and Avatar (2009). Entertainment Weekly has commented: "He set the story in a dystopian future ravaged by blight but populated with hardy folk who refuse to bow to despair."[11] Jonathan's brother, director Christopher Nolan, had worked on other science fiction scripts but decided to take the Interstellar script and choose amongst the vast array of ideas presented by Jonathan and Kip Thorne, picking what he felt he as a director could get "across to the audience and hopefully not lose them", before he merged it with a script he had been working on for years on his own.[21][22] Christopher kept in place Jonathan's conception of the first hour, which is set on a resource-depleted Earth in the near future. The setting was inspired by the Dust Bowl that took place in the United States during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Christopher instead revised the rest of the script, in which a team travels into space.[5] After watching the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl for inspiration, Christopher contacted director Ken Burns and producer Dayton Duncan, requesting permission to use some of their featured interviews in Interstellar.[23]

Casting

Director Christopher Nolan said he became interested in casting Matthew McConaughey after seeing him in an early cut of the 2012 film Mud,[24] which he had an opportunity to see since he was friends with one of its producers, Aaron Ryder.[5] While McConaughey was in New Orleans, Louisiana, filming for the TV series True Detective, Nolan invited the actor to visit him at his home. Anne Hathaway was also invited to Nolan's home, where she read the script for Interstellar.[25] Paramount announced in April 2013 that both actors were cast in the film's starring roles.[26] Nolan called McConaughey's character an everyman with whom "the audience could experience the story".[27] Jessica Chastain was contacted while she was filming Miss Julie in Northern Ireland, and a script was delivered to her.[25]

Other well-known actors eventually joined what would become "an all-star cast".[28] Actor Irrfan Khan said that he declined a role since he wanted to be in India for the releases of The Lunchbox and D-Day.[29] Actor Siddharth claimed that he auditioned for the film, but was not cast due to failing a screen test.[30] Matt Damon was cast in late August 2013 in a supporting role and filmed his scenes in Iceland.[3]

Filming

Nolan filmed Interstellar with anamorphic 35mm and IMAX film photography.[4] Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema was hired for Interstellar, as Wally Pfister, Nolan's cinematographer on all of his past films, was working on his directorial debut, Transcendence.[31] IMAX cameras were used for Interstellar more than for any of Nolan's previous films. To minimize the use of computer-generated imagery, the director had practical locations built, such as the interior of a space shuttle.[24] Van Hoytema retooled an IMAX camera to be handheld for shooting interior scenes.[5] Some of the film's sequences were shot with an IMAX camera installed in the nosecone of a Learjet.[32]

Nolan, who is known to keep details of his productions secret, strove to ensure secrecy for Interstellar. The Wall Street Journal reported: "The famously secretive filmmaker has gone to extreme lengths to guard the script to ... Interstellar, just as he did with the blockbuster Dark Knight trilogy."[33] As one security measure, Interstellar was filmed under the name Flora's Letter,[34] Flora being one of Nolan's four children with producer Emma Thomas.[12]

Part of the filming in Iceland took place at the Svínafellsjökull glacier

The film's principal photography was scheduled to last for four months.[3] It began on August 6, 2013 in the province of Alberta, Canada.[19] Towns in Alberta where filming took place included Nanton, Longview, Lethbridge, and Okotoks. In Okotoks, filming took place at the Seaman Stadium and the Olde Town Plaza.[34] For a cornfield scene, production designer Nathan Crowley planted 500 acres of corn that would be destroyed in an apocalyptic dust storm scene,[11] intended to be similar to storms experienced during the Dust Bowl in 1930s United States.[12] Additional scenes involving the dust storm and McConaughey's character were also filmed in Fort Macleod, where the giant dust clouds were created on location using large fans to blow cellulose-based synthetic dust through the air.[35] Filming in the province lasted until September 9, 2013 and involved hundreds of extras as well as approximately 130 crew members, most of them local.[34]

Filming also took place in Iceland, where Nolan had previously filmed scenes for his 2005 film Batman Begins.[36] The crew transported mock spaceships weighing approximately 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) to the country,[12] which was chosen to represent two extraterrestrial planets: one covered in ice, and one covered in water.[5] A two-week Iceland shoot was scheduled[3] and a crew of approximately 350 people, including 130 locals, worked on it. Locations included the Svínafellsjökull glacier and the town of Klaustur.[37][38] While filming in Iceland, actress Anne Hathaway almost suffered hypothermia since her dry suit in a water scene was not secure.[12]

After the Iceland shoot, the crew moved to Los Angeles to film for 54 days. Filming in California was relatively unusual since California's tax credit was not available for films with a budget greater than $75 million. Filming locations included the Westin Bonaventure Hotel and Suites, the Los Angeles Convention Center, a Sony Pictures soundstage in Culver City, and a private residence in Altadena.[39] Filming concluded in December 2013, and Nolan started editing the film for its release in 2014.[40] Production completed with a budget of $165 million, $10 million less than what was allotted by Paramount, Warner Bros., and Legendary Pictures.[12]

Production design

The Endurance spacecraft is based on the International Space Station

Interstellar features three spacecraft: the Ranger, the Endurance, and the Lander. The Ranger's function is similar to the Space Shuttle's, being able to enter and exit planetary atmospheres. The Endurance, the crew's mother ship, has a circular structure formed by 12 capsules: four with planetary colonization equipment, four with engines, and four with the permanent functions of cockpit, medical labs and habitation. Production designer Nathan Crowley said the Endurance was based on the International Space Station: "It's a real mish-mash of different kinds of technology. You need analogue stuff as well as digital stuff, you need back-up systems and tangible switches. It's really like a submarine in space. Every inch of space is used, everything has a purpose." Lastly, the Lander transports the capsules with colonization equipment to planetary surfaces. Crowley compared it to "a heavy Russian helicopter".[5]

The film also features two robots, CASE and TARS. Nolan wanted to avoid making the robots anthropomorphic and chose a five-foot quadrilateral design. The director said: "It has a very complicated design philosophy. It's based on mathematics. You've got four main blocks and they can be joined in three ways. So you have three combinations you follow. But then within that, it subdivides into a further three joints. And all the places we see lines—those can subdivide further. So you can unfold a finger, essentially, but it's all proportional." Actor Bill Irwin voiced and physically controlled both robots, but his image was digitally removed from the film and his voicing for CASE was replaced.[5]

Sound design

Sound engineers Gregg Landaker and Gary Rizzo mixed the sound for Interstellar, supervised by sound editor Richard King.[41] Christopher Nolan said he sought to mix the film's sound to take maximum advantage of current sound equipment in theaters.[42] Nolan paid close attention to designing the sound mix, for instance focusing on what buttons being pressed with astronaut-suit gloves would sound like.[11] The studio's website said that "The sound on Interstellar has been specially mixed to maximize the power of the low end frequencies in the main channels as well as in the subwoofer channel."[43]

Music

Main article: Interstellar: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Composer Hans Zimmer, who scored Nolan's Batman film trilogy, also scored Interstellar. Zimmer and Nolan had planned to move away from the trilogy's scores and to come up with a unique one. Zimmer said: "The textures, the music, and the sounds, and the thing we sort of created has sort of seeped into other people's movies a bit, so it's time to reinvent. The endless string (ostinatos) need to go by the wayside, the big drums are probably in the bin."[44] Zimmer also said that Nolan did not provide him a script or any plot details for writing music for the film and instead gave the composer "one page of text" that "had more to do with [Zimmer's] story than the plot of the movie".[45] Nolan has stated that he said to Zimmer: "I am going to give you an envelope with a letter in it. One page. It's going to tell you the fable at the center of the story. You work for one day, then play me what you have written", and that he embraced what Zimmer composed. Zimmer conducted 45 scoring sessions for Interstellar, which was three times more than for Inception. The soundtrack was released on November 18, 2014.[11]

Visual effects

The visual effects company Double Negative, which developed effects for Nolan's 2010 film Inception, worked on Interstellar.[46] Visual effects supervisor Paul Franklin said the number of effects in the film was not much greater than in Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises or Inception, but that for Interstellar, they created the effects first, so that digital projectors could be used to display them behind the actors, rather than having the actors perform in front of green screens.[5]

The Ranger, Endurance, and Lander spacecraft were created using miniature effects by production designer Nathan Crowley in collaboration with effects company New Deal Studios, as opposed to using computer generated imagery, as Nolan felt they offered the best way to give the ships a tangible presence in space. Created through a combination of 3D printing and hand sculpting, the scale models earned the nickname "maxatures" by the crew due to their immense size; the 1/15th scale miniature of the Endurance module spanned over 7.6 m (25 feet), while a pyrotechnic model of a portion of the craft was built at 1/5th scale. The Ranger and Lander miniatures spanned 14 m (46 feet) and over 15 m (50 feet), respectively. The miniatures were large enough for Hoyte van Hoytema to mount IMAX cameras directly onto the spacecraft, thus mimicking the look of NASA IMAX documentaries. The models were then attached to a six-axis gimbal on a motion control system that allowed an operator to manipulate their movements, which were filmed against background plates of space using VistaVision cameras on a smaller motion control rig.[47]

Influences

Director Christopher Nolan said influences on Interstellar included the "key touchstones" of science fiction cinema: Metropolis (1927), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), and Blade Runner (1982).[48] About 2001, Nolan said: "The movies you grow up with, the culture you absorb through the decades, become part of your expectations while watching a film. So you can't make any film in a vacuum. We're making a science-fiction film... You can't pretend 2001 doesn't exist when you're making Interstellar." He also said that Star Wars (1977) and Alien (1979) influenced Interstellar's production design: "Those always stuck in my head as being how you need to approach science-fiction. It has to feel used—as used and as real as the world we live in."[49] Andrei Tarkovsky's The Mirror (1975) influenced "elemental things in the story to do with wind and dust and water".[50]

Nolan compared Interstellar to The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), as a film about human nature.[51] He also sought to emulate films like Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975) and Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). He stated: "When you say you're making a family film, it has all these pejorative connotations that it'll be somehow soft. But when I was a kid, these were family films in the best sense, and they were as edgy and incisive and challenging as anything else on the blockbuster spectrum. I wanted to bring that back in some way." He also cited the space drama The Right Stuff (1983) as an example to follow, and screened it for the crew before production.[5] To emulate that film, he sought to capture reflection on the Interstellar astronauts' visors. For further inspiration grounded in real-world space travel, the director also invited former astronaut Marsha Ivins to the set.[12]

The setting of the farm in the Midwest was inspired by Clark Kent's upbringing in Man of Steel.[52]

Outside of films, Nolan drew inspiration from the architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[12]

Scientific accuracy

Theoretical physicist Kip Thorne was a scientific consultant for the film, to ensure the depictions of wormholes and relativity were as accurate as possible. "For the depictions of the wormholes and the black hole," he said, "we discussed how to go about it, and then I worked out the equations that would enable tracing of light rays as they traveled through a wormhole or around a black hole—so what you see is based on Einstein's general relativity equations."[53]

In creating the wormhole and a supermassive rotating black hole (which possesses an ergosphere, as opposed to a non-rotating black hole), Thorne collaborated with visual effect supervisor Paul Franklin and a team of 30 computer effects artists at Double Negative. Thorne would provide pages of deeply sourced theoretical equations to the artists, who then wrote new CGI rendering software based on these equations to create accurate computer simulations of the gravitational lensing caused by these phenomena. Some individual frames took up to 100 hours to render, and resulted in 800 terabytes of data. The resulting visual effect provided Thorne with new insight into the effects of gravitational lensing and accretion disks surrounding black holes, and will lead to the creation of two scientific papers, one for the astrophysics community and one for the computer graphics community.[54]

Christopher Nolan was initially concerned that a scientifically accurate depiction of a black hole would not be visually comprehensible to an audience and would require the effects team to unrealistically alter its appearance. However, Nolan found the finished effect to be understandable, provided that he maintained consistent camera perspectives. "What we found was as long as we didn't change the point of view too much, the camera position, we could get something very understandable".[55]

The portrayal of what a wormhole would look like is considered scientifically correct. Rather than a two-dimensional hole in space, it is depicted as a sphere, showing a distorted view of the target galaxy.[56] The accretion disk of the black hole was described by Thorne as "anemic and at low temperature—about the temperature of the sun," allowing it to emit appreciable light, but not enough gamma- and X-rays to threaten nearby astronauts and planets.[57]

Early in the process, Thorne laid down two guidelines: "First, that nothing would violate established physical laws. Second, that all the wild speculations... would spring from science and not from the fertile mind of a screenwriter."[9] Nolan accepted these terms as long as they did not get in the way of the making of the movie. At one point, Thorne spent two weeks trying to talk Nolan out of an idea about a character traveling faster than light before Nolan finally gave up.[9][58] According to Thorne, the element which has the highest degree of artistic freedom is the clouds of ice on one of the planets they visit, which are structures that probably go beyond the material strength that ice would be able to support.[9]

Astrobiologist David Grinspoon points out that even with a voracious blight it would have taken millions of years to draw down the atmosphere's content of oxygen. He also notes that the ice clouds should have been pulled down by gravity and the planet orbiting the black hole had sunlight in the film when it should not.[59] However, as Kip Thorne mentioned above, this kind of rotating black hole has an accretion disk that has a temperature similar to that of the sun, so that the emission of light reaching the planet is likely due to an energetic/radiating accretion disk of matter approaching the black hole's event horizon. Additionally, a neutron star is mentioned as part of the system.

Marketing

Actor Matthew McConaughey was the focus of TV spots in Paramount's marketing campaign due to his performances in Dallas Buyers Club and True Detective

The teaser trailer for Interstellar debuted December 14, 2013 and featured clips related to space exploration, accompanied by a voiceover by Matthew McConaughey's character of Cooper.[60] The theatrical trailer debuted May 5, 2014 at the Lockheed Martin IMAX Theater at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.[61] It was made available online later that month, and for the week ending May 19 it was the most-viewed movie trailer, with over 19.5 million views on YouTube.[62] The studio began airing TV spots for the film at the end of September 2014, expanding the early focus on McConaughey, who the Los Angeles Times said had high visibility to the public after winning an Academy Award for Dallas Buyers Club and for an acclaimed performance on the TV series True Detective. A TV spot aired during Sunday Night Football to appeal to a broad audience.[63]

Christopher Nolan and Matthew McConaughey made their first appearances at Comic-Con in July 2014 to promote Interstellar. The Hollywood Reporter said that prior to Nolan's appearance, he had "not spoken about his new movie at all".[64] The pair participated in a brief discussion and screened a new trailer of the film.[65] In the same month, Paramount Pictures launched a complex interactive Interstellar website in July 2014.[66] The Hollywood Reporter said the website was "both cryptic and, just maybe, filled with hidden meaning". It reported that online users uncovered a star chart related to the Apollo 11 moon landing.[67]

By October 2014, Paramount partnered with Google to promote Interstellar across multiple platforms.[68] The film's website was relaunched to be a digital hub hosted on a Google domain.[69] The website debuted the film's final trailer, and allowed visitors to navigate theater locations and schedules to help them plan to see Interstellar in certain formats.[70] It also provided navigation of film-related content across Google platforms, collected feedback from film audiences, and linked to a mobile app.[69] The app, initially released by Paramount Digital Entertainment in September 2014, featured a game in which players could build solar system models and use a flight simulator for space travel.[71] The Paramount-Google partnership also included a virtual time capsule compiled with user-generated content to be available in 2015. Through the partnership, the cast of Interstellar will also talk about the film through the video chat platform Google Hangouts. The initiative Google for Education will also use the film as a basis for promoting lesson plans for math science in schools around the United States.[68]

Paramount is providing a virtual reality walkthrough of the Endurance spacecraft using Oculus Rift technology. It is hosting the walkthrough sequentially in four theaters, in New York City, Houston, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C., from October 6, 2014 through November 19, 2014.[72][73] The publisher Running Press will release Interstellar: Beyond Time and Space, a book by Mark Cotta Vaz about the making of the film, on November 11, 2014.[74] On November 7, 2014, W. W. Norton & Company released The Science of Interstellar, a book by Kip Thorne.[75]

On November 18, 2014 Wired released a tie-in online comic titled Absolute Zero, written by Christopher Nolan and drawn by Sean Gordon Murphy. The comic serves as a prequel to the film following Mann.[76]

Release

Pre-release screenings

Prior to Interstellar's public release, Paramount CEO Brad Grey hosted a private screening on October 19, 2014 at an IMAX theater in Lincoln Square, Manhattan.[77] Paramount then showed Interstellar to some of the industry's filmmakers and actors in a first-look screening at the California Science Center on October 22, 2014.[78] On the following day, the film was screened at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California for over 900 members of the Screen Actors Guild. Actors McConaughey, Chastain, and Hathaway appeared afterward for a Q&A session.[79] The film officially premiered on October 26, 2014 at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los, Angeles, California.[80] It premiered in Europe on October 29, 2014 at Leicester Square in London.[81]

Paramount imposed a review embargo for the advance screenings until October 27, 2014. Aside from the embargo, very positive messages about the film were posted on Twitter.[82]

Box office forecast

In North America, Interstellar and Big Hero 6 opened the same weekend (November 7–9, 2014). Both were forecast to earn between $55 million and $60 million. TheWrap said the pairing was "potentially a close race". It said Interstellar would appeal to men while Big Hero 6 would appeal to families.[83] Scott Mendelson of Forbes called the race between the two films a "tight one" and compared it to competitions between Shrek 2 and The Day After Tomorrow as well as Monsters University and World War Z.[84] Fandango reported that pre-sales for Interstellar were outpacing Christopher Nolan's earlier film Inception, as well as Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, released earlier in 2014. Interstellar also became the biggest pre-seller at the TCL Chinese Theatre.[85]

Theatrical run

The TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California had a 70 mm IMAX projector installed to show Interstellar.

Interstellar was released early on November 4 at the Museum of Science & Industry IMAX Dome theater, and had a limited release in North America (United States and Canada) on November 5, 2014 and a wide release on November 7, 2014.[86] The film was released in Belgium, France, and Switzerland on November 5, 2014 and in additional territories in the following days, including the United Kingdom on November 7, 2014.[87] For the limited North America release, Interstellar is projected from 70 mm and 35 mm film in 249 theaters that still support those formats, including at least 41 70 mm IMAX theaters.[nb 1] A 70 mm IMAX projector was installed at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California to display the format. The film's wide release expanded to theaters that show it digitally.[70] Paramount Pictures is distributing the film in North America, and Warner Bros. will distribute it in the remaining territories.[4] The film is expected to be released in over 770 IMAX screens worldwide, which is the widest global release ever in IMAX cinemas.[88][89]

Interstellar is an exception to Paramount Pictures's goal to stop releasing films on film stock and to distribute them only in digital format.[90] According to The Hollywood Reporter, the initiative to project Interstellar from film would help preserve an endangered format,[70] an initiative supported by Christopher Nolan, J. J. Abrams, Quentin Tarantino, Judd Apatow, Paul Thomas Anderson, and other filmmakers.[91] The Reporter said that several theater owners saw the initiative as "backward", as nearly all theaters in the United States have been converted to digital projection.[92]

Box office

As of December 7, 2014, Interstellar has grossed $158,657,000 in the United States and Canada and $434,400,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $593,057,000. The film had a worldwide opening of $132.6 million which is the tenth largest opening of 2014 and the seventy sixth largest overall.[93] It reached a milestone of $200 million in 6 days, $300 million in 10 days,[94] $400 million in 17 days[95] and $500 million in 24 days[96] and is currently the 9th highest-grossing film of 2014 worldwide.[97]

North America

Interstellar had a limited release in the United States and Canada in selected theatres at 8:00 pm on November 4, coinciding with the 2014 US midterm elections.[98] The film topped the box office the following day on Wednesday earning $1.35 million (which includes its gross from Tuesday night) from 249 theatres (42 of which were IMAX screens) for which IMAX accounted for 62% of its total gross.[99] 240 of those theatres played in 35mm, 70mm, and IMAX 70mm film formats.[100] The film earned $3.6 million from Thursday late night preview for a previews total of $4.9 million (Tuesday - Thursday).[101][102][103] The film was widely released on November 7 and topped the box office on its opening day earning $17 million (which includes the Thursday preview haul but not the Tuesday-Wednesday gross which would make up to $19.15 million) ahead of Big Hero 6 ($15.8 million).[104] The film played 52% male and 75% over 25 years old.[105]

In its opening weekend the film earned $47,510,360[nb 2] from 3,561 theatres ($13,342 per theatre) debuting in second place after a neck-and-neck competition with Disney's Big Hero 6 ($56.2 million).[107][108][109] IMAX comprised $13.2 million (28%) of its opening weekend gross,[110] while other premium large format screens comprised $5.25 million (10.5%) of the gross. It is Nolan's first film to not debut at number one since 2002, when Insomnia debuted at number two.[111][112] Commenting about the heat of competition between the two films and their subsequent results, Phil Contrino, vice president and chief analyst at BoxOffice.com said, "It's good for the marketplace". He added: "The programming this weekend was very intelligent, and we didn't have a lot of that this year. Neither movie hurt the other one. They were both operating in separate camps and they both found an audience."[113] In its second weekend the film fell to number three behind old rival Big Hero 6 ($36 million) and newcomer Dumb and Dumber To ($38.1 million) and dropped 39% earning $29.12 million for a two weekend total of $97.8 million.[114][115] It earned $7.4 million from IMAX theatres from 368 screens in its second weekend.[116][117] In its third week the film earned $15.1 million and still remained at number three yet again halted by newcomer The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 ($121.9 million) and old rival Big Hero 6 ($20. 1 million).[118]

Other territories

The film was released in France and Belgium on November 5 and accounted 50% of the marketshare of the top five films in the two territories. In its opening day it earned $743,000 debuting at number 1 at the French box office.[119][120][121] Warner Bros. said that it was "comfortable with given its a non-holiday and point to that the drop otherwise would be in the 40% range."[122][123] The film was released in 35 markets on November 6 including major markets like Germany, Russia, Australia and Brazil and earned $8.7 million in total.[123]

In its opening weekend Interstellar earned $82.9 million from 11.1 admissions on over 14,800 screens in 62 markets.[124] It earned $7.2 million from 206 IMAX screens, at an average of 35,000 per theatre.[125] In total the film earned $20.6 million from IMAX theates globally surpassing the $17.1 million record of The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. Worldwide, Interstellar is also the best bow for an IMAX 2D, non-sequel, and IMAX 2D release. The film went number one in South Korea ($14.4 million),[126] Russia ($8.9 million) and France ($5.3 million). Other high openings include Germany ($4.6 million), Italy ($3.7 million), Australia ($3.7 million), Spain ($2.7 million), Mexico ($3.1 million) and Brazil ($1.9 million).[127] In the United Kingdom the film debuted at number one earning £5.37 million ($8.6 million) in its opening weekend which was lower than the openings of The Dark Knight Rises (£14.36 million), Gravity (£6.24 million) and Inception (£5.91 million).[128] Interstellar was released in China on November 12 and earned $5.4 million on its opening day on Wednesday which is Nolan's biggest opening in China surpassing the $4.61 million opening record of The Dark Knight Rises.[129][130] It went on to earn $42.3 million in its opening weekend, accounting 55% of the market shares (although Warner Bros. reported a $41.7 million opening in China).[131] It is Nolan's biggest opening in China, Warner Bros' biggest 2D opening[132] and the studio's second biggest opening of all time behind Pacific Rim ($45.2 million).[133][134]

In its second weekend, the film earned $106 million (down 22%), but still retaining the No. 1 spot for a two weekend international total of $224.1 million. It earned $12.4 million from IMAX which is down 10%.[132] It also passed the $300 million mark in its second weekend earning $321.9 million worldwide.[133][135] In its third weekend the film added $71.1 miliion and was No. 2 worldwide behind The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1 ($154.3 million).[136] In its fourth weekend the film was No. 2 for a second week in a row earning earning over $44 million pushing its international gross to more than $395 million and added $18.1 from IMAX screen.[96][137]

Reception

Critical response

Interstellar received generally positive reviews from critics. The film has a "certified fresh" score of 73% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 253 reviews with an average rating of 7.1 out of 10. The film has a score of 67% among top critics on Rotten Tomatoes. The critical consensus states "Interstellar represents more of the thrilling, thought-provoking, and visually resplendent filmmaking moviegoers have come to expect from writer-director Christopher Nolan, even if its intellectual reach somewhat exceeds its grasp."[138] The film also has a score of 74 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 46 critics indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[139]

The Los Angeles Times reported, "Film critics largely agree that 'Interstellar' is an entertaining, emotional and thought-provoking sci-fi saga, even if it can also be clunky and sentimental at times."[140] Scott Foundas, chief film critic at Variety, called Interstellar "as visually and conceptually audacious as anything Nolan has yet done". Foundas said the film also felt more personal than Nolan's previous films.[141] James Dyer, reviewing the film for Empire, awarded the film a full five stars, describing it as "Brainy, barmy and beautiful to behold ... a mind-bending opera of space and time with a soul wrapped up in all the science."[142] Time Out London's Dave Calhoun also granted the film a maximum score of five stars, stating that it is "a bold, beautiful cosmic adventure story with a touch of the surreal and the dreamlike".[143] New York Post critic Lou Lumenick deemed Interstellar "a soulful, must-see masterpiece, one of the most exhilarating film experiences so far this century."[144] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars and wrote, "This is one of the most beautiful films I have ever seen — in terms of its visuals, and its overriding message about the powerful forces of the one thing we all know but can't measure in scientific terms. Love."[145]

Describing Nolan as a "merchant of awe", Tim Robey of The Telegraph felt Interstellar was "agonisingly" close to a masterpiece, highlighting the conceptual boldness and the "deep-digging intelligence" of the film.[146] Todd McCarthy, reviewing for The Hollywood Reporter, said, "This grandly conceived and executed epic tries to give equal weight to intimate human emotions and speculation about the cosmos, with mixed results, but is never less than engrossing, and sometimes more than that."[147] Claudia Puig of USA Today called it a "flawed masterpiece", praising the visual spectacle and powerful themes, while criticizing the "dull" dialogue and "tedious patches inside the space vessel".[148] Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review, calling it "a must-take ride with a few narrative bumps". He further expressed his admiration for Nolan's "ambition to make great statements on a grand scale, and the vision and guts to realize them." He conceded that "Nolan's reach occasionally exceeds his grasp" but accepted this occurrence.[149] In his review for The Associated Press, Jake Coyle praised the film for its "big-screen grandeur", while finding some of the dialogue "clunky". He further described it as "an absurd endeavor" and "one of the most sublime movies of the decade".[150]

David Stratton of At the Movies rated the film four and a half stars out of five, praising the film's ambition, effects and 70mm IMAX presentation, though critiquing the sound for being so loud as to make some of the dialogue inaudible, drawing parallels to Gravity and 2001: A Space Odyssey for its mix of technical accomplishment and metaphysical themes. Conversely, cohost Margaret Pomeranz rated the film three out of five, as she felt the human drama got lost amongst the film's scientific concepts.[151] The Guardian scored the film three out of five stars, calling it "a glorious spectacle, but a slight drama, with few characters and too-rare flashes of humour."[152] Steve Pulaski of Influx Magazine gave the film a B+ grade, saying: "Interstellar, even in a state that feels like an homage crossed with an extremely-ambitious tale of space and time, is a film that caters to the basic idea of why we go to the movies as a medium of entertainment."[153]

Accolades

Interstellar was nominated for Original Score for the Hollywood Music in Media Awards, contending with six other films. The advisory board received a five-minute trailer for the film that included Hans Zimmer's music.[154]

List of Accolades
Award / Film Festival Category Recipient(s) Result
American Film Institute Top 10 Film of the Year Paramount Pictures/Warner Bros. Won
Satellite Awards Best Cinematography Hoyte Van Hoytema Pending
Best Original Score Hans Zimmer Pending
Best Visual Effects Andrew Lockley, Ian Hunter, Paul Franklin, Scott Fisher Pending

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The sequences shot on 65 mm IMAX film are displayed in their full 1.43:1 aspect ratio on 70 mm IMAX screens (the 5 mm difference is due to the addition of the audio track on the film print), but are cropped down to as large as 1.9:1 on digital IMAX screens, down to 2.20:1 on regular 70 mm screens, and down to 2.35:1 to match the 35 mm anamorphic footage on 35 mm film and all other digital screenings.
  2. ^ The opening weekend gross does not include the revenue it earned from Tuesday and Wednesday night previews. In total the film earned $2,151,453 from the two late night showings which would bring its opening weekend gross to $49,661,813.[106]

References

  1. ^ "INTERSTELLAR". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Interstellar (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d Jagernauth, Keith (August 28, 2013). "Exclusive: Matt Damon Joins Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar,' Lines Up Directorial Debut 'The Foreigner'". The Playlist. Indiewire Network. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Fleming, Mike (August 13, 2013). "Christopher Nolan Starts 'Interstellar'". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jolin, Dan (November 2014). "The Ultimate Trip". Empire.
  6. ^ "How Building A Black Hole For 'Interstellar' Led To An Amazing Scientific Discovery - Wired". WIRED.
  7. ^ Fernandez, Jay A. (March 28, 2007). "Writer with real stars in his eyes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  8. ^ Fleming, Michael (June 14, 2006). "Space chase pic on Par launch pad". Variety. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d "Physicist who inspired Interstellar spills the backstory—and the scene that makes him cringe".
  10. ^ Fernandez, Jay (March 24, 2007). "Spielberg, Nolan plan sci-fi project". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  11. ^ a b c d e Jensen, Jeff (October 16, 2014). "Inside 'Interstellar,' Christopher Nolan's emotional space odyssey". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Galloway, Stephen (October 22, 2014). "'Interstellar's' Christopher Nolan, Stars Gather to Reveal Secrets of the Year's Most Mysterious Film". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  13. ^ Sneider, Jonathan (January 9, 2013). "Nolan in talks for 'Interstellar'". Variety. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  14. ^ Fritz, Ben (July 24, 2014). "Director Christopher Nolan Causes Stir While Promoting 'Interstellar' at Comic-Con". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  15. ^ Fleming, Mike (January 10, 2013). "The Migratory Habits Of 800-Pound Gorilla Oscar Directors And The Films They Make". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  16. ^ Hayden, Erik (March 8, 2013). "It's Official: Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' to be Warner Bros., Paramount Co-Production". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  17. ^ Staff (October 2, 2014). "Hollywood Salaries Revealed, From Movie Stars to Agents (and Even Their Assistants)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  18. ^ Kit, Borys; Masters, Kim (June 5, 2013). "Warner Bros. Gives Up 'Friday the 13th' Rights to Board Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  19. ^ a b Siegel, Tatiana; Galloway, Stephen (August 14, 2013). "Legendary Scores Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' in Warner Bros. Divorce". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  20. ^ What Does A Showrunner Bring To A Deserted Island? (Television production). Larry King Now. Ora TV. April 15, 2014. Event occurs at 3:48. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  21. ^ Stephen Galloway. "'Interstellar's' Christopher Nolan, Stars Gather to Reveal Secrets of the Year's Most Mysterious Film". The Hollywood Reporter.
  22. ^ "Christopher Nolan Uncut: On 'Interstellar,' Ben Affleck's Batman, and the Future of Mankind". The Daily Beast.
  23. ^ Rosenberg, Alyssa (November 6, 2014). "How Ken Burns' surprise role in 'Interstellar' explains the movie". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  24. ^ a b McClintock, Pamela (March 26, 2014). "CinemaCon: Christopher Nolan Talks 'Interstellar,' Plugs Film Over Digital in Hollywood Reporter Q&A". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  25. ^ a b Itzkoff, Dave (October 22, 2014). "Flight Club: Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway and Jessica Chastain on 'Interstellar'". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  26. ^ Fleming, Mike (April 9, 2013). "Anne Hathaway To Star With Matthew McConaughey in Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar'". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  27. ^ McClintock, Pamela (March 26, 2014). "CinemaCon: Christopher Nolan Talks 'Interstellar,' Plugs Film Over Digital in Hollywood Reporter Q&A". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  28. ^ Sullivan, Kevin P. (August 13, 2013). "Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' Begins Filming With All-Star Cast". MTV Movies Blog. MTV. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  29. ^ Vyavahare, Renuka (August 22, 2013). "Why Irrfan missed out on a Christopher Nolan film". The Times of India. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  30. ^ "Siddharth auditioned for Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar'". The Times of India. November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  31. ^ Jagernauth, Keith (April 23, 2013). "'The Fighter' DoP Hoyte Van Hoytema Is Wally Pfister's Replacement On Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar'". The Playlist. Indiewire. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  32. ^ Lussier, Germain (November 18, 2013). "Christopher Nolan Installed an IMAX Camera on a Learjet for 'Interstellar'". /Film. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  33. ^ Fritz, Ben (October 13, 2013). "Hollywood Steps Up Security to Keep Scripts Secret". The Wall Street Journal.
  34. ^ a b c Volmers, Eric (August 22, 2013). "Matthew McConaughey, John Lithgow on Okotoks set of Christopher Nolan's Interstellar". Calgary Herald. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  35. ^ McTighe, Frank (August 28, 2013). "Hollywood star Matthew McConaughey in Fort Macleod to film scene from 'Interstellar'". Macleod Gazette. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  36. ^ Verrier, Richard; Horn, John (April 2, 2014). "Hollywood is hot for Iceland". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  37. ^ Staff (September 21, 2013). "Interstellar shots finished in Iceland". News of Iceland. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  38. ^ Staff (September 9, 2013). "Hiking Paths to be Closed for Nolan Film Shoot". IcelandReview. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  39. ^ Verrier, Richard (November 27, 2013). "Westin Bonaventure Hotel hosts 'Interstellar' movie filming". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  40. ^ Zeitchik, Steven (December 19, 2013). "Star of Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' notes film's 'major scope'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  41. ^ Desowitz, Bill (September 12, 2014). "Oscar Watch: Three Movies Will Dominate the Crafts Awards". Thompson on Hollywood. Indiewire. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  42. ^ Hammond, Pete (March 26, 2014). "CinemaCon: Christopher Nolan Warns Theatre Owners: How 'Interstellar' Is Presented Will Be More Important Than Any Film He's Done Before". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  43. ^ "Interstellar Technical Specifications". interstellarmovie.com. Paramount Pictures. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  44. ^ Chitwood, Adam (October 14, 2013). "Hans Zimmer Talks Christopher Nolan's Interstellar and the Influence of the Dark Knight Trilogy Score on Blockbuster Filmmaking". Collider.com. Demand Film. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  45. ^ Khatchatourian, Maane (April 5, 2014). "Christopher Nolan Kept 'Interstellar' Plot Secret from Composer Hans Zimmer". Variety. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  46. ^ Giardina, Carolyn (June 25, 2014). "VFX Shakeup: Prime Focus World, Double Negative to Merge". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  47. ^ "Interstellar: Creating the Various Aircrafts". Emanuel Levy. October 27, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  48. ^ Jensen, Jeff (April 6, 2013). "To 'Room 237' and Beyond: Exploring Stanley Kubrick's 'Shining' influence with Christopher Nolan, Edgar Wright, more". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  49. ^ Jolin, Dan (October 9, 2014). "Five Films You Should See Before Interstellar". Empire. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  50. ^ Mueller, Matt (October 29, 2014). "'Interstellar' Q & A: Nolan Set Out To Make Modern-Day 'Close Encounters'". Indiewire. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  51. ^ Jensen, Jeff (October 15, 2014). "This week's cover: Your exclusive all-access pass to Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  52. ^ Stern, Marlow. "Christopher Nolan Uncut: On ‘Interstellar,’ Ben Affleck’s Batman, and the Future of Mankind", The Daily Beast, November 10, 2014.
  53. ^ "New 'Interstellar' Trailer Goes Deep; Plus Kip Thorne Featurette". /Film. October 1, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  54. ^ "WRINKLES IN SPACETIME: The Warped Astrophysics of Interstellar". Wired. October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  55. ^ "Does new film Interstellar have the most realistic black hole EVER? Movie's special effects may result in important scientific discovery". The Daily Mail. October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  56. ^ "The Science of 'Interstellar': Black Holes, Wormholes and Space Travel". Space.com.
  57. ^ "Were Online Critics Too Harsh With Interstellar's Science?".
  58. ^ For Christopher Nolan, Making 'Interstellar' Was A Childhood Dream
  59. ^ Corn, David (November 12, 2014). "What's Wrong With the Science of "Interstellar"?". Mother Jones. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  60. ^ McIntyre, Gina (December 14, 2013). "'Interstellar' trailer: McConaughey ponders space travel, human spirit". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  61. ^ Hornaday, Ann (May 5, 2014). "'Interstellar' trailer premieres at D.C.'s Air & Space Museum". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  62. ^ Lewis, Andy (May 23, 2014). "Trailer Report: 'Interstellar' Soars With 19.5 Million Views in First Week". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  63. ^ Gettell, Oliver (September 29, 2014). "'Interstellar' shoots for the stars, and broad appeal, in new TV spots". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  64. ^ Kit, Borys (July 24, 2014). "Comic-Con: Christopher Nolan Makes Surprise Appearance to Promote 'Interstellar'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  65. ^ Buchanan, Kyle (July 24, 2014). "Christopher Nolan Just Brought a New Interstellar Trailer to Comic-Con". Vulture (New York). Retrieved July 25, 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  66. ^ Staff (July 30, 2014). "New Trailer Debuts for Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  67. ^ McMillan, Graeme (July 30, 2014). "'Interstellar' Website Invites Users to Look Around and Find Answers". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  68. ^ a b Sneider, Jeff (October 3, 2014). "Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' at Center of Unique Google Deal". TheWrap. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  69. ^ a b Jarvey, Natalie (October 3, 2014). "Google Promotes Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' With Interactive Digital Hub". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  70. ^ a b c McClintock, Pamela (October 1, 2014). "How Christopher Nolan's Crusade to Save Film is Working". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  71. ^ Watercutter, Angela (September 18, 2014). "Explore Black Holes and Destroy Planets in the Awesome New Interstellar Game". Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  72. ^ Lussier, Germain (October 3, 2014). "'Interstellar' Oculus Rift Experience Coming To Select Theaters". /Film. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  73. ^ "Interstellar: Oculus Rift Immersive Experience". interstellarmovie.com. Paramount Pictures. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  74. ^ Kramer, Miriam (May 13, 2014). "New 'Interstellar' Book Will Go Behind the Scenes of Sci-Fi Film". Space.com. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  75. ^ Staff (September 17, 2014). "Science adviser to 'Interstellar' writing book". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
  76. ^ Nolan, Christopher; Sean Gordon Murphy (November 18, 2014). Revealed: The Lost Chapter of Interstellar www.wired.com. Wired. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  77. ^ Smith, Emily (October 20, 2014). "Paramount chief holds private screening of 'Interstellar'". Page Six. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  78. ^ Waxman, Sharon (October 23, 2014). "Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' Explodes at Intimate, First-Look Screening". TheWrap. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  79. ^ Whipp, Glenn (October 24, 2014). "'Interstellar' makes some noise at Hollywood coming-out party". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  80. ^ Ford, Rebecca (October 26, 2014). "'Interstellar' Premiere: Christopher Nolan's 'Love Letter' Takes Flight". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  81. ^ Staff (October 30, 2014). "Interstellar: Christopher Nolan film premieres in London". BBC News. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  82. ^ Thompson, Anne (October 24, 2014). "'Interstellar' Screenings Launch Upbeat Buzz". Thompson on Hollywood. Indiewire. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  83. ^ Cunningham, Todd (October 16, 2014). "'Interstellar,' 'Big Hero 6' Tracking for Blockbuster $60 Million Box Office Openings". TheWrap. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  84. ^ Scott Mendelson (October 27, 2014). "Review: 'Interstellar' Gets Lost In Space". Forbes. Retrieved October 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  85. ^ Lang, Brent (October 22, 2014). "'Interstellar' Eyes $50 Million-Plus Launch at Box Office". Variety. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  86. ^ Vlessing, Etan (October 1, 2014). "Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' Gets Advance Screenings in Film Formats". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  87. ^ "Interstellar Movie 2014 – Worldwide Release Dates". Warner Bros. Pictures. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  88. ^ Ben Child (October 24, 2014). "Interstellar wins celebrity raves as widest-ever IMAX rollout anticipated". The Guardian. Retrieved October 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  89. ^ Etan Vlessing (October 23, 2014). "Imax Plans Biggest-Ever Theatrical Release For Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  90. ^ Verrier, Richard (January 28, 2014). "Paramount Pictures to make some exceptions to all-digital policy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  91. ^ McNary, Dave; Lang, Brent (October 1, 2014). "Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' Launching Early in Imax". Variety. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  92. ^ McClintock, Pamela (October 2, 2014). "Why Theater Owners Aren't Happy About Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' Film Initiative". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  93. ^ "Worldwide Openings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
  94. ^ Brent Lang (November 16, 2014). "'Interstellar' Global Box Office: Nolan Film Nabs $300 Million". Variety. Retrieved November 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  95. ^ Pamela McClintock (November 24, 2014). "Global Box Office: 'Interstellar' Crossing $450M; 'Mockingjay' Mammoth Overseas". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  96. ^ a b Brent Lang (November 30, 2014). "'Hunger Games' Dominates Foreign Box Office, 'Interstellar' Soars Past $500 Million". Variety. Retrieved December 1, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  97. ^ "2014 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  98. ^ "WORLDWIDE RELEASE DATES". Warner Bros. Retrieved November 7, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  99. ^ Anita Busch (November 6, 2014). "'Interstellar' Reports Grosses Before Weekend Showdown Against 'Big Hero 6′". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  100. ^ Scott Mendelson (November 6, 2014). "Box Office: Chris Nolan's 'Interstellar' Earns $1.35M Wednesday". Forbes. Retrieved November 7, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  101. ^ Anita Busch (November 7, 2014). "'Interstellar' & 'Big Hero 6′ Off To Strong Box Office Starts – Thursday B.O." Deadline.com. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  102. ^ Scott Mendelson (November 7, 2014). "Box Office: 'Interstellar' Nabs $3.5M Thursday, Has $4.9M Heading Into Weekend". Forbes. Retrieved November 8, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  103. ^ Dave MacNary (November 7, 2014). "Box Office: 'Interstellar,' 'Big Hero 6′ Soar in Thursday Previews". Variety. Retrieved November 8, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  104. ^ Maane Khatchatourian (November 8, 2014). "'Interstellar' Tops Friday Box Office, 'Big Hero 6′ Skyrocketing to Weekend Win of $56 Million". Variety. Retrieved November 9, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  105. ^ Scott Mendelson (November 8, 2014). "Box Office: 'Interstellar' Tops 'Big Hero 6' With $17M Friday". Forbes. Retrieved November 9, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  106. ^ "'Big Hero 6′ Wins B.O. As 'Interstellar' Takes Second; Monday Returns". Deadline.com. November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  107. ^ Ray Subers (November 9, 2014). "Weekend Report: Disney's 'Big Hero 6' Eclipses Nolan's 'Interstellar'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  108. ^ Pamela McClintock (November 11, 2014). "Final Box Office: 'Interstellar' Falls Short of $50M Launch". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  109. ^ Brent Lang (November 10, 2014). "'Interstellar' Final Box Office Fails to Hit $50 Million Estimates". Variety. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  110. ^ Ray Subers (November 9, 2014). "Weekend Report: Disney's 'Big Hero 6' Eclipses Nolan's 'Interstellar'". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
  111. ^ Scott Mendelson (November 9, 2014). "Box Office: 'Big Hero 6' Tops 'Interstellar' With $56.2M Weekend". Forbes. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  112. ^ Pamela McClintock (November 10, 2014). "Final Box Office: 'Interstellar' Falls Short of $50M Launch Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  113. ^ Brent Lang (November 9, 2014). "Box Office: 'Big Hero 6' Races Past 'Interstellar' With $56.2 Million". Variety. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  114. ^ Scott Mendelson (November 16, 2014). "Box Office: 'Dumb And Dumber To' Scores $38.1M Weekend, 'Interstellar' Tops $320M Global". Forbes. Retrieved November 17, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  115. ^ Pamela McClintock (November 16, 2014). "Box Office: 'Dumb and Dumber To' Laughs Past 'Big Hero 6' With $38.1M". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 17, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  116. ^ Brent Lang (November 16, 2014). "Box Office: 'Dumb and Dumber To' On Top With $38.1 Million". Variety. Retrieved November 17, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  117. ^ Scott Bowles (November 16, 2014). "'Dumb and Dumber To' Graduating Box Office Money Cum Laude". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  118. ^ Brent Lang (November 23, 2014). "Box Office: 'Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1′ Scores Year's Biggest Opening With $123 Million". Variety. Retrieved November 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  119. ^ Brent Lang (November 6, 2014). "'Interstellar' Tops Wednesday Box Office With $1.4 Million". 'Variety. Retrieved November 7, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  120. ^ Todd Cunningham (November 6, 2014). "'Interstellar' Rockets to Top in France in First Overseas Box-Office Test". The Wrap. Retrieved November 7, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  121. ^ Jeremy Kay (November 6, 2014). "Interstellar set to rule weekend". Screen Daily. Retrieved November 7, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  122. ^ Anita Busch (November 6, 2014). "French Say "Bonjour" To 'Interstellar'". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  123. ^ a b Anita Busch (November 7, 2014). "'Interstellar' Ahead Of 'Gravity' In Opening Bow – International B.O." Deadline.com. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  124. ^ Nancy Tartaglione (November 10, 2014). "'Interstellar' Lifts Off With $82.9M Overseas Open: International B.O. Final". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  125. ^ Brent Lang (November 9, 2014). "'Interstellar' Tops Global Box Office with $132 Million Haul". Variety. Retrieved November 10, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  126. ^ Catherine Shoard (November 10, 2014). "Interstellar dominates global box office but Big Hero 6 wins in US". The Guardian. Retrieved November 11, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  127. ^ Ray Subers (November 9, 2014). "Around-the-World Roundup: 'Interstellar' Opens to $82.9 Million Overseas". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  128. ^ Charles Gant (November 11, 2014). "Interstellar goes into orbit at UK box office with Mr Turner rising fast". The Guardian. Retrieved November 12, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  129. ^ Pamela McClintock (November 12, 2014). "Global Box Office: Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' Breaks Records in China". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 14, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  130. ^ Nancy Tartaglione (November 13, 2014). "'Interstellar' Blasts Off Hot In China As 'Penguins' Rev Engines: Int'l Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  131. ^ Patrick Frater (November 17, 2014). "China Box Office: 'Interstellar' on Fast Track". Variety. Retrieved November 19, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  132. ^ a b Nancy Tartaglione (November 16, 2014). "'Interstellar' Blasts Past $200M With $42M China Lift-Off: International Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  133. ^ a b Pamela McClintock (November 16, 2014). "Global Box Office: 'Interstellar' Rockets Past $300M Worldwide". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 17, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  134. ^ Pamela McClintock (August 4, 2013). "'Pacific Rim' Scores Massive $45.2 Million China Debut". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 17, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  135. ^ Brent Lang (November 16, 2014). "Box Office: 'Interstellar' Soars Past $300 Million Globally". Variety. Retrieved November 17, 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  136. ^ Nancy Tartaglione (November 24, 2014). "Katniss Hot With $154.3M, 'Interstellar' Logs $330.6M: Int'l B.O. – Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
  137. ^ Nancy Tartaglione (November 30, 2014). "'Mockingjay', 'Interstellar', 'Penguins' Lead Frame; 'Paddington' Charms UK: Int'l B.O." Retrieved Decemeber 1, 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  138. ^ "Interstellar". rottentomatoes.com. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  139. ^ "Interstellar Reviews". metacritic.com. Metacritic. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  140. ^ Gettell, Oliver (November 5, 2014). "'Interstellar' is an ambitious, imperfect sci-fi epic, reviews say". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  141. ^ Foundas, Scott (October 27, 2014). "Film Review: 'Interstellar'". Variety. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  142. ^ Dyer, James (October 28, 2014). "Interstellar: Star Trek Into Greatness". Empire Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  143. ^ Calhoun, Dave (October 27, 2014). "Interstellar". Time Out London. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  144. ^ Lumenick, Lou (November 3, 2014). "'Interstellar' is a must-see masterpiece". New York Post. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  145. ^ Roeper, Richard (November 4, 2014). "'Interstellar': Epic Beauty In Its Effects and Its Ideas". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  146. ^ Robey, Tim (October 27, 2014). "Interstellar, first-look review: 'close to a masterpiece'". The Telegraph. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  147. ^ McCarthy, Todd (October 27, 2014). "'Interstellar': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  148. ^ Puig, Claudia (October 27, 2014). "'Interstellar': Sci-fi saga gets lost in space". USA Today. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  149. ^ Corliss, Richard (October 29, 2014). "Review: Interstellar Shows the Wonder of Worlds Beyond". Time Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  150. ^ Coyle, Jake (October 30, 2014). "Review: 'Interstellar' a sublime cosmic knockout". The Associated Press. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  151. ^ "Interstellar". At the Movies. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  152. ^ Barnes, Henry (October 28, 2014). "Interstellar review: McConaughey v the whole wide world". The Guardian. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  153. ^ Pulaski, Steve. "Interstellar". Influx Magazine.
  154. ^ Tapley, Kristopher (October 8, 2014). "Guardians of the Galaxy, Gone Girl, Interstellar scores get a jump on awards season". HitFix. Retrieved October 9, 2014.

Further reading

Wikiquote has quotations related to Interstellar (film).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstellar.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Interstellar_(film)&oldid=637225270"