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The [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Spanish]] and, later, [[History of Mexico|Mexican]] governments encouraged settlement of territory now known as [[California]] by the establishment of large [[land grants]] called ''ranchos'', from which the English word ''ranch'' is derived. Land-grant titles (concessions) were government-issued, permanent, unencumbered property-ownership rights to land called ranchos. Devoted to raising cattle and sheep, the owners of the ranchos attempted to pattern themselves after the landed gentry of Spain. Their workers included [[Population of Native California|Californian Native Americans]] who had learned to speak Spanish, many of them former [[Spanish Missions in California|Mission]] residents. Of the 800-plus grants, Spain made about 30 between 1784 and 1821. The remainder were granted by Mexico between 1833 and 1846. The ranchos established land-use patterns that are recognizable in the California of today. Rancho boundaries became the basis for California's land survey system, and can still be found on modern maps and land titles. Ranchos were partially based on geography, such as access to river water. Land development in the 20th and 21st century often follow the boundaries of the ranchos, and often retain the original name. For example, "[[Rancho San Diego]]," an unincorporated 'rural-burb' east of [[San Diego]], or "[[Rancho Bernardo]],", a masterplan suburb in the city of San Diego.

==Spanish era==
During [[History of California through 1899#Spanish colonization and governance (1697–1821)|Spanish rule]] (1769–1821), the ranchos were concessions from the [[Crown of Castile|Spanish crown]], permitting settlement and granting grazing rights on specific tracts of land, while the crown retained the title. The ranchos, that is, the settlement by individuals of tracts of land outside [[Spanish missions in California#Military districts|presidio]], mission, and [[Cabildo (council)|pueblo]] boundaries, began in 1784, when Juan Jose Dominguez got permission from [[List of pre-statehood governors of California|Spanish Governor]] [[Pedro Fages]] to put his cattle on the {{convert|48000|acre|km2|sing=on}} [[Rancho San Pedro]].<ref name=Robinson>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=William Wilcox |authorlink= |title=Land in California|year=1979 |publisher=Ayer Co. |quote= | url= |isbn=978-0-405-11352-9 }}</ref> The land concessions were usually measured in [[League (unit)|leagues]]. A league of land would encompass a square that is one Spanish league on each side – approximately {{convert|4428|acre|km2|0}}.

===List of Spanish era concessions===
''(Listed chronologically by date of concession)''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Concession
! Date
! Grantor
! Grantee
! Size
! Location
! County
|-
| [[Rancho San Pedro|San Pedro]]
| 1784
| [[Pedro Fages]]
| [[Manuel Dominguez#Juan José Domínguez|Juan Jose Dominguez]]
| {{convert|48000|acre|km2|0}}
| [[San Pedro, Los Angeles, California|San Pedro]], [[Torrance, California|Torrance]], [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]], [[Hermosa Beach, California|Hermosa Beach]], [[Manhattan Beach, California|Manhattan Beach]], [[Lomita, California|Lomita]], [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], [[Harbor City, Los Angeles, California|Harbor City]], [[Wilmington, Los Angeles, California|Wilmington]], [[Carson, California|Carson]], [[Compton, California|Compton]]
| [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho Los Nietos|Los Nietos]]
| 1784
| [[Pedro Fages]]
| [[Manuel Nieto]]
| {{convert|167000|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[Lakewood, California|Lakewood]], [[Downey, California|Downey]], [[Norwalk, California|Norwalk]], [[Santa Fe Springs, California|Santa Fe Springs]], [[Whittier, California|Whittier]], [[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]], [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]], [[Seal Beach, California|Seal Beach]], [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], [[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]], [[Garden Grove, California|Garden Grove]], [[Artesia, California|Artesia]], [[Cerritos, California|Cerritos]]
| [[Orange County, California|Orange]] and Los Angeles
|-
| [[Rancho San Rafael|San Rafael]]
| 1784
| [[Pedro Fages]]
| [[Jose Maria Verdugo|José María Verdugo]]
| {{convert|36403|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Atwater Village, Los Angeles, California|Atwater Village]], [[Eagle Rock, Los Angeles, California|Eagle Rock]], [[Glassell Park, Los Angeles, California|Glassell Park]], [[Glendale, California|Glendale]], [[Highland Park, Los Angeles, California|Highland Park]]
| [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio|Nuestra Señora del Refugio]]
| 1794
|
| [[José Francisco Ortega]]
| {{convert|26529|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Refugio State Beach]]
| [[Santa Barbara County|Santa Barbara]]
|-
| [[Rancho Los Feliz|Los Feliz]]
| 1795
| [[Pedro Fages]]
| Jose Vicente Feliz
| {{convert|6647|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Los Angeles]], [[Los Feliz, Los Angeles, California|Los Feliz]]
| [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho Simi|Simi]]
| 1795
| [[Diego de Borica]]
| Patrico, Miguel, and Francisco Javier Pico
| {{convert|113009|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Simi Valley, California|Simi Valley]], [[Moorpark, California|Moorpark]]
| [[Ventura County, California|Ventura]]
|-
| [[Rancho Buena Vista (Soberanes)|Buena Vista]]
| 1795
|
| José María Soberanes & Joaquín Castro
| {{convert|8446|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Spreckels, California|Spreckels]]
| [[Monterey County, California|Monterey]]
|-
| [[Rancho Las Salinas|Las Salinas]]
| 1795
|
| Antonio Aceves and Antonio Romero
| {{convert|17712|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], [[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
| [[Monterey County, California|Monterey]]
|-
| [[Rancho de las Pulgas|Las Pulgas]]
| 1795
| [[Diego de Borica]]
| [[José Dario Argüello]]
| {{convert|35000|acre|km2|0}}
| [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], [[Belmont, California|Belmont]], [[San Carlos, California|San Carlos]], [[Redwood City, California|Redwood City]], [[Atherton, California|Atherton]], [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]]
| [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]]
|-
| [[Rancho Las Virgenes|Las Vírgenes]]
| 1802
| [[José Joaquín de Arrillaga]]
| Miguel Ortega
| {{convert|17760|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Agoura Hills, California|Agoura Hills]], [[Oak Park, California|Oak Park]], [[Westlake Village, California|Westlake Village]]
| [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho El Conejo|El Conejo]]
| 1802
|
| Ygnacio Rodríguez and José Polanco
| {{convert|48672|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Newbury Park, California|Newbury Park]], [[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]], [[Lake Sherwood, California|Lake Sherwood]], [[Westlake Village, California|Westlake Village]], [[Oak Park, California|Oak Park]]
| [[Ventura County, California|Ventura]]
|-
| [[Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit|Topanga Malibu Sequit]]
| 1802
|
| [[Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit#Tapia family|José Bartolomé Tapia]]
| {{convert|13300|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Malibu, California|Malibu]]
| [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho Las Animas|Las Ánimas]]
| 1803
| [[Félix Berenguer de Marquina|Feliz Berenguer]]
| Mariano Castro
| {{convert|24066|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Gilroy, California|Gilroy]]
| [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]]
|-
| [[Rancho de los Palos Verdes|Los Palos Verdes]]
| 1809
|
| [[Juan Jose Sepulveda|José Dolores Sepúlveda]]
| {{convert|31629|acre|km2|0}}
| Part of [[Rancho San Pedro]]
| [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho San Ysidro|San Ysidro]]
| 1809
| [[José Joaquín de Arrillaga]]
| Ygnacio Ortega
| {{convert|13066|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Gilroy, California|Gilroy]]
| [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]]
|-
| [[Rancho San Antonio (Lugo)|San Antonio]]
| 1810
|
| [[José del Carmen Lugo#Antonio Maria Lugo|Antonio María Lugo]]
| {{convert|29513|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Bell, California|Bell]], [[Bell Gardens, California|Bell Gardens]], [[Commerce, California|Commerce]], [[Cudahy, California|Cudahy]], [[East Los Angeles, California|East Los Angeles]], [[Lynwood, California|Lynwood]], [[Montebello, California|Montebello]], [[South Gate, California|South Gate]], [[Vernon, California|Vernon]]
| [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana|Santiago de Santa Ana]]
| 1810
|
| [[José Antonio Yorba]] & Juan Pablo Peralta (Nephew)
| {{convert|63414|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]], [[El Modena, California|El Modena]], [[Orange, California|Orange]], [[Irvine, California|Irvine]], [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]], [[Tustin, California|Tustin]], [[Olive, California|Olive]].
| [[Orange County, California|Orange]]
|-
| [[Rancho La Ballona|La Ballona]]
| 1819
|
| [[Rancho La Ballona#Machado family|Machado]] and [[Rancho La Ballona#Talamantes family|Talamantes]] families
| {{convert|13920|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Culver City, California|Culver City]], [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]], [[Marina del Rey, California|Marina del Rey]], [[Palms, Los Angeles, California|Palms]], [[Playa del Rey, Los Angeles, California|Playa del Rey]], [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] (Ocean Park Dist), [[Venice, Los Angeles, California|Venice]]
| [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho San Antonio (Peralta)|San Antonio]]
| 1820
| [[Pablo Vicente de Solá]]
| [[Luís María Peralta]]
| {{convert|44800|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Albany, California|Albany]], [[Alameda, California|Alameda]], [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[Piedmont, California|Piedmont]], [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]]
| [[Alameda County|Alameda]]
|-
| [[Rancho Rincon de los Bueyes|Rincón de los Bueyes]]
| 1821
| [[Pablo Vicente de Solá]]
| Bernardo Higuera and Cornelio López
| {{convert|3127|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Cheviot Hills, Los Angeles, California|Cheviot Hills]], [[Rancho Park, Los Angeles, California|Rancho Park]], [[Culver City, California|Culver City]], [[Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles, California|Baldwin Hills]]
| [[Los Angeles County|Los Angeles]]
|-
| [[Rancho Vega del Rio del Pajaro|Vega del Río del Pájaro]]
| 1821
| [[Pablo Vicente de Solá]]
| Antonio Maria Castro
| {{convert|4310|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], [[Watsonville, California|Watsonville]]
| [[Monterey County, California|Monterey]]
|-
| [[Rancho Los Tularcitos|Los Tularcitos]]
| 1821
| [[Pablo Vicente de Solá]]
| José Higuera
| {{convert|4394|acre|km2|0}}
| [[Milpitas, California|Milpitas]]
| [[Santa Clara County|Santa Clara]]
|-
|}

==Mexican era==
(See also: [[List of Ranchos of California]])
[[File:Scott Tract Burbank.png|right|250px|thumb|Sketch map or ''diseño'' of Rancho Providencia, 1840s.]]
It was not until the [[History of California through 1899#Mexican era (1821–1846)|Mexican era]] (1821–1846) that the titles to the plots of land were granted to individuals. In 1821, Mexico achieved its [[Mexican War of Independence|independence]] from Spain, and California came under control of the Mexican government. The 1824 Mexican Colony Law established rules for petitioning for land grants in California; and by 1828, the rules for establishing land grants were codified in the Mexican Reglamento (Regulation). The Acts sought to break the land monopoly of the missions and also paved the way for luring additional settlers to California by making land grants easier to obtain. The procedure included a 'diseño' – a hand-drawn topological map - to define the area.<ref>Cleland, Robert, 1975, ''The Cattle on a Thousand Hills: Southern California, 1850–1880'', The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.</ref> The [[List of pre-statehood governors of California#Mexican Governors of Alta California, 1822-1847|Mexican Governors of Alta California]] gained the power to grant state lands, and many of the Spanish concessions were subsequently patented under Mexican law—frequently to local "friends" of the governor.

Through the Secularization Act of 1833, the Mexican government repossessed most of the lands initially "granted" to the [[Franciscan]] [[Spanish missions in California|missions]] (about {{convert|1000000|acre|ha}} per mission) by the Spanish crown who had "appropriated" the land "for the [[Mission Indians]]".<ref>[http://www.oldandsold.com/articles17/california-missions-5.shtml Secularization Of The Missions]</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/history/hb75yap5.htm Davis, William Heath. (1929) ''Seventy-five Years in San Francisco – Missions and their Wealth; Hacendados and Their Property'']</ref> [[Secularization]] was implemented between 1834 and 1836. The Mexican government allowed the padres to keep only the church, priest's quarters and priest's garden. The army troops guarding each Mission were dismissed. A commissioner would oversee the mission's crops and herds, while the land was divided up as communal pasture, a town plot, and individual plots for each Indian family. The [[Mission Indians]] without the discipline supplied by the Franciscan friars and the troops assigned to each mission usually soon abandoned their fields (if granted) and joined other interior tribes or sought work on the new ranchos and expanding pueblos.

The number of Mexican land grants greatly increased after the secularization of the missions in 1834. Although the original intent of the secularization legislation was to have the property divided among former surviving [[Mission Indians]], most of the grants were made to local [[Californio]]s.(See: [[List of Ranchos of California]])

The Mexican rancho grants were provisional. The boundaries, on paper, had to be "officially" surveyed and marked. Since there were very few surveyors this requirement was seldom met. The grantee could not initially subdivide or rent out the land. The land had to be used for grazing or cultivated. Some kind of residential house had to be built within a year—most were initially simple adobe walled cabins. Public roads crossing through the property could not be closed. Most rancho grants boundaries and other requirements were not checked by the poorly paid and organized "government" of California who had little interest in land that brought in no taxes—money to run the government came from tariffs collected at [[Monterey, California]].

==American era==
The United States (US) declared [[Mexican-American War|war against Mexico]] on May 13, 1846. Action in California began with the [[Bear Flag Revolt]] on June 15, 1846. On July 7, 1846, US forces took possession of [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], the capital of California, and terminated the authority and jurisdiction of Mexican officials that day.<ref>[http://supreme.justia.com/us/127/70/case.html ''More v. Steinbach'', U.S. Supreme Court, 127 U.S. 70 (1888)]</ref> Armed resistance ended in California with the [[Treaty of Cahuenga]] signed on January 13, 1847. The [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]], ending the war, was signed February 2, 1848 and California became a Territory of the United States. Between 1847–1849, California was run by the U.S. military. A [[1849 California Constitutional Convention|constitutional convention]] met in Monterey in September 1849, and set up a state government. It operated for 10 months before California was admitted to the [[United States of America|Union]] as the 31st State by [[United States Congress|Congress]], as part of the [[Compromise of 1850]], enacted on September 9, 1850.

===California Gold Rush===
While the end of the 1840s saw the close of Mexican control over Alta California, this period also marked the beginning of the rancheros’ greatest prosperity. Cattle had been raised primarily for their hides and for the tallow, as there was no market for large quantities of beef. This dramatically changed with the onset of the [[California Gold Rush|Gold Rush]], as thousands of miners and other fortune seekers flooded into northern California. These newcomers needed meat, and cattle prices soared with demand. The rancheros enjoyed the halcyon days of Hispanic California.<ref>[http://www.mchsmuseum.com/cattle.html "The California Cattle Boom, 1849–1862"]</ref>

===Land claims===
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the Mexican land grants would be honored. In order to investigate and confirm titles in California, American officials acquired the provincial records of the Spanish and Mexican governments in Monterey.<ref>Beck, Warren A. and Ynez D. Haase, ''Historical Atlas of California'', first edition, p.24</ref><ref>[http://www.sos.ca.gov/archives/collections/ussg/grant-list.htm "Spanish and Mexican Land Grant Maps, 1855–1875"], California State Archives</ref>

Sponsored by California Senator [[William M. Gwin]], in 1851 the [[United States Congress]] passed "An Act to Ascertain and Settle Private Land Claims in the State of California". The Act required all holders of Spanish and Mexican [[land grant]]s to present their titles for confirmation before the [[Public Land Commission|Board of California Land Commissioners]].<ref>Paul W Gates, 1971, ''The California Land Act of 1851'', California Historical Society, Vol. 50, No. 4 (Dec., 1971), pp. 395–430</ref> Contrary to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, this Act placed the burden of proof of title on landholders.<ref>[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/rancho.html "Ranchos of California"]: Extracts from Cris Perez, ''Grants of Land in California Made by Spanish or Mexican Authorities''</ref> In many cases, the land grants had been made without clearly defining the exact boundaries. Even in cases where the boundaries were more specific, many markers had been destroyed before accurate surveys could be made. Aside from indefinite survey lines, the Land Commission had to determine whether the grantees had fulfilled the requirements of the Mexican colonization laws. While the Land Commission confirmed 604 of the 813 claims it reviewed, most decisions were appealed to [[US District Court]] and some to the [[US Supreme Court|Supreme Court]].<ref>[http://www.slc.ca.gov/Misc_Pages/Historical/Surveyors_General/reports/Willey_1884_1886.pdf ''Report of the Surveyor General 1844–1886'']</ref> The confirmation process required lawyers, translators, and surveyors, and took an average of 17 years (with [[American Civil War]], 1861–1865) to resolve. It proved expensive for landholders to defend their titles through the court system. In many cases, they had to sell their land to pay for defense fees or gave attorneys land in lieu of payment.<ref>[http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb109nb422&doc.view=entire_text "Adjudication of Private Land Claims in California, circa 1852–1892"]</ref><ref>[http://www.upress.pitt.edu/htmlSourceFiles/pdfs/9780822959397exr.pdf ''Ranchos and the Politics of Land Claims'']</ref>

Land from titles not confirmed became part of the public domain, and available for homesteaders, who could claim up to {{convert|160|acre|km2|sing=on}} plots in accordance with federal [[Homestead Act|homestead law]]. Rejected land claims resulted in claimants, squatters, and settlers pressing [[United States Congress|Congress]] to change the rules. Under the Pre-emption Act of 1841, owners were able to "pre-empt" their portions of the grant, and acquire title for $1.25 an acre up to a maximum of {{convert|160|acre|km2|2}}. Beginning with [[Rancho Suscol]] in 1863, special acts of Congress were passed that allowed certain claimants to pre-empt their land – without regard to acreage. By 1866 this privilege was extended to all owners of rejected claims.<ref>Paul W Gates, 2002,''Land and Law in California: Essays on Land Policies'', Purdue University Press, ISBN 978-1-55753-273-2</ref><ref>Gordon Morris Bakken, 2000, ''Law in the western United States'', University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-3215-0</ref>

A number of ranchos remained in whole or in part in the sliver of territory of Alta California left to Mexico by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, that then became part of [[Baja California]]. [[Rancho Tía Juana]] (partially in San Diego County, California) lost its claim to title to its land in San Diego County but the balance of the rancho was confirmed by the Mexican government in the 1880s. [[Rancho El Rosario]], [[Rancho Cueros de Venado]] and [[Rancho Tecate]] were each granted to citizens of San Diego in the 1820s or 1830s and lay wholly in what is now Baja California as was the [[Rancho San Antonio Abad]], whose origin and title is more obscure. Their titles were never subjected to dispute in U. S. courts.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=QOsNAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Hubert Howe Bancroft, Henry Lebbeus Oak, Frances Fuller Victor, William Nemos, '''History of California, Volume 20''', History Company, Chicago, 1886, pp.611-612 n.7]</ref>

===Disintegration===
The rancheros became land rich and cash poor, and the burden of attempting to defend their claims was often financially overwhelming. Grantees lost their lands as a result of mortgage default, payment of attorney fees, or payment of other personal debts. Land was also lost as a result of fraud. A sharp decline in cattle prices, the floods of 1861–1862, and droughts of 1863–1864, also forced many of the overextended rancheros to sell their properties to Americans. They often quickly subdivided the land and sold it to new settlers, who began farming individual plots.<ref>Leonard Pitt, Ramon A. Gutierrez, 1999,''Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californias, 1846–1890'', University of California Press,ISBN 978-0-520-21958-8</ref>

A shift in the economic dominance of grain farming over cattle raising was marked by the passage of the California "No-Fence Law" in 1874. This repealed the Trespass Act of 1850, which had required farmers to protect their planted fields from free-ranging cattle. The repeal of the Trespass Act required that ranchers fence stock in, rather than farmers fencing cattle out. The ranchers were faced with either the high expense of fencing large grazing tracts or selling their cattle at ruinous prices.<ref>Ludeke, John. "The No Fence Law of 1874: Victory for San Joaquin Valley Farmers," ''California History'' 59, no. 2 (1980): 98–115.</ref><ref>[https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/65january/cattle.htm "Decimation of the Herds, 1870–1912"], ''San Diego History Journal'', January 1965</ref>

===Legacy===
The ranchos established land-use patterns that are still recognizable in contemporary California.<ref>David Hornbeck, "Land tenure and rancho expansion in Alta California, 1784–1846", ''Journal of Historical Geography,'' Volume 4, Issue 4, October 1978, pp. 371–390</ref> Many communities still retain their Spanish rancho name. For example, [[Rancho Penasquitos]], the first land grant by the Spanish in today's San Diego County, is now a suburb within the city of San Diego. Modern communities often follow the original boundaries of the rancho, based on geographic features and abstract straight lines. Today, most of the original rancho land grants have been dismantled and sold off to become suburbs and rural-burbs. A very small number of ranchos are still owned by descendants of the original owners, retain their original size, or remain undeveloped.

==List of Ranchos of California==
{{Main|List of Ranchos of California}}

==See also==
*[[California hide trade]]
*[[History of California through 1899]]
*[[Spanish missions in California]]
*[[United States Court of Private Land Claims]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Avina, Rose H. (1976). ''Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in California'', Arno Press, New York.
*Baker, Charles C. (1914). ''Mexican Land Grants in California'', Historical Society of Southern California, Vol IX, pp.&nbsp;236–243
*{{cite book |last=Beck |first=Warren A. |authorlink= |author2=Ynez D. Haase |title= Historical Atlas of California|year=1974 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |quote= | url= |isbn=0-8061-1212-3 }}
*Becker, Robert H. (1969). ''Designs on the land : disenos of California ranchos and their makers''. San Francisco, Book Club of California.
*{{cite book |last=Beers |first=Henry Putney |authorlink= |title=Spanish & Mexican records of the American Southwest : a bibliographical guide to archive and manuscript sources |year=1979 |publisher=University of Arizona Press, Tucson |quote= | url= |isbn= }}
*{{cite book |last=Cowan |first=Robert G. |authorlink= |title= Ranchos of California |year=1956 |publisher=Academy Library Guild, Fresno, Calif.|quote= | url= |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last=Perez |first=Cris |authorlink= |author2=California State Lands Commission |title=Grants of Land in California Made by Spanish Or Mexican Authorities |publisher=California State Lands Commission |quote= | url=http://www.californiacentralvalleysurveyors.org/chapter_library/library/Grants_of_Land_in_California_Made_by_Spanish_or_Mexican_Authorities_State_Lands_Commission.pdf |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last=Perez |first=Crisostomo N. |authorlink= |title= Land Grants in Alta California |year=1996 |publisher=Landmark Enterprises |quote= | url= |isbn=978-0-910845-55-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Hayes |first=Derek |title=Historical Atlas of California|publisher=University of California Press |year=2007|isbn=978-0-520-25258-5}}

==External links==
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/AlamedaRanchos.html Alameda County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/ContraCostaRanchos.html Contra Costa County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://digarc.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/view/search/CHS-13060 Los Angeles County Spanish and Mexican ranchos]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/MarinRanchos.html Marin County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.co.marin.ca.us/depts/lb/main/crm/maps/MarinRanchosMap.swf Marin County's Original Ranchos]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/MontereyRanchos.html Monterey County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/NapaRanchos.html Napa County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://egov.ocgov.com/vgnfiles/ocgov/Clerk-Recorder/Docs/Archives/Spanish_and_Mexican_Ranchos.pdf Orange County Spanish and Mexican Ranchos]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/SanBenitoRanchos.html San Benito County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/SanFranciscoRanchos.html San Francisco County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/SanMateoRanchos.html San Mateo County Mexican Land Grants]
*[https://www.countyofsb.org/pwd/Surveyor/downloads/Ranchos.pdf Santa Barbara County Rancho Map]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/SantaClaraRanchos.html Santa Clara County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.cagenweb.com/santaclara/landgrants.html Santa Clara Ranchos, Grants, Patents and Maps]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/SantaCruzRanchos.html Santa Cruz CountyMexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/SonomaRanchos.html Sonoma County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.sonomacountyhistory.org/grants.htm Sonoma County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://tcghsoc.org/MexicanLandGrantsTC.pdf Tehama County Mexican Land Grants]
*[http://www.venturacogensoc.org/SpanGrants.htm Ventura County Spanish and Mexican Land Grants]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}

{{California history}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchos Of California}}
[[Category:California ranchos| ]]
[[Category:Cultural landscapes]]
[[Category:History of California]]
[[Category:Land law]]

Revision as of 19:09, 10 December 2014

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