Levente (organization): Difference between revisions
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[[File:Pennant of the Levente Headquarters of Miklósvár District.svg|305px|right|thumb|Pennant of the Levente Headquarters of [[Miklósvár]] District ([[Háromszék County]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]) from 1940 to 1944]] |
[[File:Pennant of the Levente Headquarters of Miklósvár District.svg|305px|right|thumb|Pennant of the Levente Headquarters of [[Miklósvár]] District ([[Háromszék County]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]) from 1940 to 1944]] |
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'''Levente Associations''' ({{lang-hu|Levente Egyesületek}}) or simply ''"levente"''<ref>''"Levente"'' is an [[Old Hungarian]] word for "[[knight]]; see also "[[Levente]]" |
'''Levente Associations''' ({{lang-hu|Levente Egyesületek}}) or simply ''"levente"''<ref>''"Levente"'' is an [[Old Hungarian]] word for "[[knight]]; see also "[[Levente]]" |
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</ref> were [[paramilitary]] [[youth organization]]s in [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] in the [[Hungary between the World Wars|interwar period]] and [[Hungary during the Second World War|during the Second World War]]. It was established in 1921 with the declared purpose of physical and health training.<ref name=OT/> Since mid-1930s they have de facto become an attempt to circumvent the ban for [[conscription]] imposed by the [[Treaty of Trianon#Other consequences|Treaty of Trianon]] and over the time it had openly become a pre-military organization under the leadership of [[veteran]]s.<ref>Ernst Christian Helmreich (1957) "Hungary", ''[[Praeger]]'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=GPohAAAAMAAJ&q=levente+youth&dq=levente+youth&lr=&ei=0Gi_R6HXDJ6MjAHineX0Aw&pgis=1 p. 45]</ref><ref name=horvath/> Since 1939, by the Act of Defense, all boys of ages 12–21 were required to take part in ''levente''.<ref name=horvath>Attila Horvath, "War and Peace: the Effects of the World War II on Hungarian Education" in: Roy Lowe (ed.) (1992) "Education & the Second World War: Studies in Schooling & Social Change", ISBN 0-7507-0054-8</ref> |
</ref> were [[paramilitary]] [[youth organization]]s in [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] in the [[Hungary between the World Wars|interwar period]] and [[Hungary during the Second World War|during the Second World War]]. It was established in 1921 with the declared purpose of physical and health training.<ref name=OT/> Since mid-1930s they have de facto become an attempt to circumvent the ban for [[conscription]] imposed by the [[Treaty of Trianon#Other consequences|Treaty of Trianon]] and over the time it had openly become a pre-military organization under the leadership of [[veteran]]s.<ref>Ernst Christian Helmreich (1957) "Hungary", ''[[Praeger]]'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=GPohAAAAMAAJ&q=levente+youth&dq=levente+youth&lr=&ei=0Gi_R6HXDJ6MjAHineX0Aw&pgis=1 p. 45]</ref><ref name=horvath/> Since 1939, by the Act of Defense, all boys of ages 12–21 were required to take part in ''levente''.<ref name=horvath>Attila Horvath, "War and Peace: the Effects of the World War II on Hungarian Education" in: Roy Lowe (ed.) (1992) "Education & the Second World War: Studies in Schooling & Social Change", ISBN 0-7507-0054-8</ref> |
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It is usually compared to [[Hitler Jugend]] of [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]] of [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. While having a common trait of military training with the latter two, ''levente'' was neither openly [[fascist]] nor particularly politicized, although it was not isolated of political influences of the time.<ref name=horvath/> |
It is usually compared to [[Hitler Jugend]] of [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Opera Nazionale Balilla]] of [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. While having a common trait of military training with the latter two, ''levente'' was neither openly [[fascist]] nor particularly politicized, although it was not isolated of political influences of the time.<ref name=horvath/> |
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Levente had also a smaller female branch, initiated as a voluntary association in June 1942. [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Under the rule]] of [[Ferenc Szálasi]] [[Operation Panzerfaust|installed by Nazis]] in Hungary in October 1944 obligatory ''levente'' duties were imposed unto girls of ages 12–19 despite the strong opposition of the [[Catholic Church]]. However the latter was not actually implemented because of the advance of the [[Red Army]].<ref name=horvath/> |
Levente had also a smaller female branch, initiated as a voluntary association in June 1942. [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Under the rule]] of [[Ferenc Szálasi]] [[Operation Panzerfaust|installed by Nazis]] in Hungary in October 1944 obligatory ''levente'' duties were imposed unto girls of ages 12–19 despite the strong opposition of the [[Catholic Church]]. However the latter was not actually implemented because of the advance of the [[Red Army]].<ref name=horvath/> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery class="center" widths="200"> |
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File:Levente movement.JPG|Levente members in [[Újtusnád]], [[Northern Transylvania]] after the [[Second Vienna Award]] |
File:Levente movement.JPG|Levente members in [[Újtusnád]], [[Northern Transylvania]] after the [[Second Vienna Award]] |
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File:Velodrom - 1928.10.07 (5).tif|Leventes participating in the First National Levente Sports Festival |
File:Velodrom - 1928.10.07 (5).tif|Leventes participating in the First National Levente Sports Festival |
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File:Velodrom, Baranya vármegye - 1928.10.07 (3).tif|Leventes from [[Baranya County (former)|Baranya County]] participating in the First National Levente Sports Festival |
File:Velodrom, Baranya vármegye - 1928.10.07 (3).tif|Leventes from [[Baranya County (former)|Baranya County]] participating in the First National Levente Sports Festival |
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</gallery |
</gallery> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 03:09, 29 December 2014
| Levente Associations | |
|---|---|
 The symbol of the Levente Associations | |
| Active | 31 December 1921[1] – 17 March 1945[2] |
| Disbanded | 17 March 1945[2] |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Hungary |
| Type | Paramilitary |
| Size | 1,300,000 (in January 1944)[3] |
| Garrison/HQ | Budapest, Hungary |
| March | Salus Hungaria[4] |
| Engagements | World War II |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Alajos Béldy |
Levente Associations (Template:Lang-hu) or simply "levente"[5] were paramilitary youth organizations in Hungary in the interwar period and during the Second World War. It was established in 1921 with the declared purpose of physical and health training.[1] Since mid-1930s they have de facto become an attempt to circumvent the ban for conscription imposed by the Treaty of Trianon and over the time it had openly become a pre-military organization under the leadership of veterans.[6][7] Since 1939, by the Act of Defense, all boys of ages 12–21 were required to take part in levente.[7]
It is usually compared to Hitler Jugend of Nazi Germany and Opera Nazionale Balilla of Italy. While having a common trait of military training with the latter two, levente was neither openly fascist nor particularly politicized, although it was not isolated of political influences of the time.[7]
Levente had also a smaller female branch, initiated as a voluntary association in June 1942. Under the rule of Ferenc Szálasi installed by Nazis in Hungary in October 1944 obligatory levente duties were imposed unto girls of ages 12–19 despite the strong opposition of the Catholic Church. However the latter was not actually implemented because of the advance of the Red Army.[7]
By the end of World War II Levente members had to actually serve in auxiliary forces.
During the Soviet occupation many levente activists were tried by Soviet tribunals, convicted of "anti-Soviet activities" and deported to the Soviet Union for penal labor.
Gallery
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Leventes participating in the First National Levente Sports Festival -
Leventes from Baranya County participating in the First National Levente Sports Festival
References
- ^ a b "1921. évi LIII. törvénycikk a testnevelésről: kihirdettetett az Országos Törvénytárban 1921. évi december hó 31. napján". Országos Törvénytár. 53. 1921.
- ^ a b "Az Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány 529/1945. M.E. számu rendelete a fasiszta politikai és katonai jellegü szervezetek feloszlatásáról". Magyar Közlöny. 1 (9): 3. 1945.
- ^ Kerepeszky, Róbert (2010). "A leventemozgalom". Rubicon. 20 (205–206): 111.
- ^ Salus Hungaria (Magyar Levente Induló)
- ^ "Levente" is an Old Hungarian word for "knight; see also "Levente"
- ^ Ernst Christian Helmreich (1957) "Hungary", Praeger, p. 45
- ^ a b c d Attila Horvath, "War and Peace: the Effects of the World War II on Hungarian Education" in: Roy Lowe (ed.) (1992) "Education & the Second World War: Studies in Schooling & Social Change", ISBN 0-7507-0054-8
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Levente Movement.
- Deutsche Jugend, a youth organization of ethnic Germans in Hungary
- Great Japan Youth Party
- Hitler Jugend
- Opera Nazionale Balilla
- National Youth Organisation
- Nationale Jeugdstorm (NJS), a Dutch far right youth group of World War II times [1]
