ICARUS experiment: Difference between revisions
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'''ICARUS''' ('''I'''maging '''C'''osmic '''A'''nd '''R'''are '''U'''nderground '''S'''ignals) is a [[physics]] experiment aimed at studying [[neutrino]]s. It is located at the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] (LNGS). |
'''ICARUS''' ('''I'''maging '''C'''osmic '''A'''nd '''R'''are '''U'''nderground '''S'''ignals) is a [[physics]] experiment aimed at studying [[neutrino]]s. It is located at the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] (LNGS). |
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The ICARUS program was initiated by [[Carlo Rubbia]] in 1977, who proposed a new type of [[neutrino detector]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rubbia, C.| |
The ICARUS program was initiated by [[Carlo Rubbia]] in 1977, who proposed a new type of [[neutrino detector]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rubbia, C.|date=1977|title=The liquid-Argon time projection chamber: a new concept for neutrino detector |url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/117852/files/CERN-EP-INT-77-8.pdf |publisher=CERN |id=CERN-EP/77-08}}</ref> |
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These are called Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LAr-TPC), which should combine the advantages of [[bubble chamber]]s and electronic detectors. In the course of the ICARUS program, such detectors of considerable capacity were proposed. After first runs at [[Pavia]] in 2001, the ICARUS T600 detector at [[Gran Sasso]], filled with 760 tons of liquid [[argon]], started operation in 2010. In order to study [[neutrino oscillation]]s and various fundamental topics of [[modern physics]], neutrinos of astronomic or solar sources, and [[CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso]] (CNGS) produced 730 km away by the [[Super Proton Synchrotron]] from [[CERN]], have been detected through the reaction:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS-Collaboration| |
These are called Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LAr-TPC), which should combine the advantages of [[bubble chamber]]s and electronic detectors. In the course of the ICARUS program, such detectors of considerable capacity were proposed. After first runs at [[Pavia]] in 2001, the ICARUS T600 detector at [[Gran Sasso]], filled with 760 tons of liquid [[argon]], started operation in 2010. In order to study [[neutrino oscillation]]s and various fundamental topics of [[modern physics]], neutrinos of astronomic or solar sources, and [[CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso]] (CNGS) produced 730 km away by the [[Super Proton Synchrotron]] from [[CERN]], have been detected through the reaction:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS-Collaboration|date=2011|title=Underground operation of the ICARUS T600 LAr-TPC: first results|journal=Journal of Instrumentation|volume=6|issue=07|pages=7011|doi=10.1088/1748-0221/6/07/P07011|arxiv=1106.0975|bibcode = 2011JInst...6.7011R }}</ref> |
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:<math>{}^{40}Ar + \nu \rightarrow {}^{40}K + e^{-} \,.</math> |
:<math>{}^{40}Ar + \nu \rightarrow {}^{40}K + e^{-} \,.</math> |
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The CNGS neutrinos are also studied by the [[OPERA experiment]], therefore those experiments are also called CNGS1 (OPERA) and CNGS2 (ICARUS).<ref name=icarus12>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=713|issue=1|pages=17–22|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033|arxiv=1203.3433| |
The CNGS neutrinos are also studied by the [[OPERA experiment]], therefore those experiments are also called CNGS1 (OPERA) and CNGS2 (ICARUS).<ref name=icarus12>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=713|issue=1|pages=17–22|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033|arxiv=1203.3433|date=2012|bibcode = 2012PhLB..713...17I }}</ref> |
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The CNGS measurements also became important when the OPERA group announced in September and November 2011, that they have measured [[faster than light|superluminal]] neutrinos (see ''[[faster-than-light neutrino anomaly]]''). Shortly afterwards, the ICARUS collaboration published a paper in which they argued, that the energy distribution of the neutrinos is not compatible with superluminal particles. This conclusion was based on a theory of Cohen and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=A search for the analogue to Cherenkov radiation by high energy neutrinos at superluminal speeds in ICARUS |journal=Physics Letters B|volume=711|issue=3-4|pages=270–275|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.04.014|arxiv=1110.3763| |
The CNGS measurements also became important when the OPERA group announced in September and November 2011, that they have measured [[faster than light|superluminal]] neutrinos (see ''[[faster-than-light neutrino anomaly]]''). Shortly afterwards, the ICARUS collaboration published a paper in which they argued, that the energy distribution of the neutrinos is not compatible with superluminal particles. This conclusion was based on a theory of Cohen and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=A search for the analogue to Cherenkov radiation by high energy neutrinos at superluminal speeds in ICARUS |journal=Physics Letters B|volume=711|issue=3-4|pages=270–275|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.04.014|arxiv=1110.3763|date=2012|bibcode = 2012PhLB..711..270I }}</ref> |
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In March 2012, they published a direct neutrino velocity measurement based on seven neutrinos events. The result was in agreement with the speed of light and thus special relativity, and contradicts the OPERA result.<ref name=icarus12 /> In August 2012, another neutrino velocity measurement based on 25 neutrino events was published with increased accuracy and statistics, again in agreement with the speed of light,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS collaboration|title=Precision measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector in the CNGS beam |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|issue=11|pages=49| |
In March 2012, they published a direct neutrino velocity measurement based on seven neutrinos events. The result was in agreement with the speed of light and thus special relativity, and contradicts the OPERA result.<ref name=icarus12 /> In August 2012, another neutrino velocity measurement based on 25 neutrino events was published with increased accuracy and statistics, again in agreement with the speed of light,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS collaboration|title=Precision measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector in the CNGS beam |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|issue=11|pages=49|date=2012|doi=10.1007/JHEP11(2012)049|arxiv=1208.2629|bibcode =2012JHEP...11..049A}}</ref> see ''[[measurements of neutrino speed]]''. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 19:07, 4 January 2015
ICARUS (Imaging Cosmic And Rare Underground Signals) is a physics experiment aimed at studying neutrinos. It is located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS).
The ICARUS program was initiated by Carlo Rubbia in 1977, who proposed a new type of neutrino detector.[1] These are called Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LAr-TPC), which should combine the advantages of bubble chambers and electronic detectors. In the course of the ICARUS program, such detectors of considerable capacity were proposed. After first runs at Pavia in 2001, the ICARUS T600 detector at Gran Sasso, filled with 760 tons of liquid argon, started operation in 2010. In order to study neutrino oscillations and various fundamental topics of modern physics, neutrinos of astronomic or solar sources, and CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS) produced 730 km away by the Super Proton Synchrotron from CERN, have been detected through the reaction:[2]
The CNGS neutrinos are also studied by the OPERA experiment, therefore those experiments are also called CNGS1 (OPERA) and CNGS2 (ICARUS).[3]
The CNGS measurements also became important when the OPERA group announced in September and November 2011, that they have measured superluminal neutrinos (see faster-than-light neutrino anomaly). Shortly afterwards, the ICARUS collaboration published a paper in which they argued, that the energy distribution of the neutrinos is not compatible with superluminal particles. This conclusion was based on a theory of Cohen and Sheldon Lee Glashow.[4] In March 2012, they published a direct neutrino velocity measurement based on seven neutrinos events. The result was in agreement with the speed of light and thus special relativity, and contradicts the OPERA result.[3] In August 2012, another neutrino velocity measurement based on 25 neutrino events was published with increased accuracy and statistics, again in agreement with the speed of light,[5] see measurements of neutrino speed.
References
- ^ Rubbia, C. (1977). "The liquid-Argon time projection chamber: a new concept for neutrino detector" (PDF). CERN. CERN-EP/77-08.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ ICARUS-Collaboration (2011). "Underground operation of the ICARUS T600 LAr-TPC: first results". Journal of Instrumentation. 6 (07): 7011. arXiv:1106.0975. Bibcode:2011JInst...6.7011R. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/6/07/P07011.
- ^ a b ICARUS Collaboration (2012). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam". Physics Letters B. 713 (1): 17–22. arXiv:1203.3433. Bibcode:2012PhLB..713...17I. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033.
- ^ ICARUS Collaboration (2012). "A search for the analogue to Cherenkov radiation by high energy neutrinos at superluminal speeds in ICARUS". Physics Letters B. 711 (3–4): 270–275. arXiv:1110.3763. Bibcode:2012PhLB..711..270I. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.04.014.
- ^ ICARUS collaboration (2012). "Precision measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector in the CNGS beam". Journal of High Energy Physics (11): 49. arXiv:1208.2629. Bibcode:2012JHEP...11..049A. doi:10.1007/JHEP11(2012)049.