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[[File:Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire.jpg|150px|left|thumb|early 19th century Khan in war regalia.]]
[[File:Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire.jpg|150px|left|thumb|early 19th century Khan in war regalia.]]


The Nasher are often referred to the ancient '''Ghaznavid''' dynasty.<ref name="unique-design.net">http://www.unique-design.net/library/mythos.html</ref><ref name="ishratturi.blogspot.de">http://ishratturi.blogspot.de</ref><ref name="afghanembassy.com">http://afghanembassy.com/viewtopic.asp?id=1331&t=Afghan%20Leaders%20Yearbook</ref><ref name="rkabuli.20m.com">http://www.rkabuli.20m.com/index_2.html</ref><ref name="afghanistanexpat.com">http://www.afghanistanexpat.com/afghan-history.htm</ref>
The Nashir are often referred to the ancient '''Ghaznavid''' dynasty.<ref name="unique-design.net">http://www.unique-design.net/library/mythos.html</ref><ref name="ishratturi.blogspot.de">http://ishratturi.blogspot.de</ref><ref name="afghanembassy.com">http://afghanembassy.com/viewtopic.asp?id=1331&t=Afghan%20Leaders%20Yearbook</ref><ref name="rkabuli.20m.com">http://www.rkabuli.20m.com/index_2.html</ref><ref name="afghanistanexpat.com">http://www.afghanistanexpat.com/afghan-history.htm</ref>
The [[Ghaznavids]] ({{lang-fa|غزنویان}}) were a [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] dynasty of mamluk origin who carved out an empire, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of [[Persia]], much of [[Transoxania]], and the northern parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from 977 to 1186 A.D.<ref>[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids "Ghaznavids"] in ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'', Online Edition 2006</ref><ref name="EI">[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], "Ghaznavids", in ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007</ref> When the Ghaznavid dynasty was defeated in 1148 by the Ghurids, the Ghaznavid Sultans continued to live in Ghazni, later known as the Nasher.<ref>Meher, Jagmohan: Afghanistan: Dynamics of Survival, p. 29 http://books.google.de/books?id=aTP1-nG0Us4C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=Q41fEws2D8&sig=KQ2vWjNVdev7DGscom4XoC_eUVQ&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false</ref><ref>International Business Publiction: Afghanistan. Country Studiy Guidy, Volume 1, Strategic Information and Developments, p. books.google.de/books?id=BXG8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=ElT79ZcsBq&sig=gCrRgE_FzFzj67r5bZJ-m6_-dtM&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=556&task=view&total=2916&start=857&Itemid=2</ref><ref>Gupta, Om: Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, p. 1444 books.google.de/books?id=5Gcj3LJDheYC&pg=PA1444&lpg=PA1444&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=oXsSWR5slr&sig=wEroi1TLFwe0R9T8ycOzDl8CzZQ&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false</ref>
The [[Ghaznavids]] ({{lang-fa|غزنویان}}) were a [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] dynasty of mamluk origin who carved out an empire, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of [[Persia]], much of [[Transoxania]], and the northern parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from 977 to 1186 A.D.<ref>[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids "Ghaznavids"] in ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'', Online Edition 2006</ref><ref name="EI">[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], "Ghaznavids", in ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007</ref> When the Ghaznavid dynasty was defeated in 1148 by the Ghurids, the Ghaznavid Sultans continued to live in Ghazni, later known as the Nasher.<ref>Meher, Jagmohan: Afghanistan: Dynamics of Survival, p. 29 http://books.google.de/books?id=aTP1-nG0Us4C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=Q41fEws2D8&sig=KQ2vWjNVdev7DGscom4XoC_eUVQ&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false</ref><ref>International Business Publiction: Afghanistan. Country Studiy Guidy, Volume 1, Strategic Information and Developments, p. books.google.de/books?id=BXG8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=ElT79ZcsBq&sig=gCrRgE_FzFzj67r5bZJ-m6_-dtM&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=556&task=view&total=2916&start=857&Itemid=2</ref><ref>Gupta, Om: Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, p. 1444 books.google.de/books?id=5Gcj3LJDheYC&pg=PA1444&lpg=PA1444&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=oXsSWR5slr&sig=wEroi1TLFwe0R9T8ycOzDl8CzZQ&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false</ref>
However, there is no evidence of a continued lineage to the Nasher.
However, there is no evidence of a continued lineage to the Nashir.
The earliest certain mention of the Nasher was in 1120 A.H (1709 A.D.),<ref name="afghanembassy.com"/><ref name="rkabuli.20m.com"/><ref name="afghanistanexpat.com"/><ref>http://www.afghanland.com/history/leaders/leaders.html</ref><ref>Runion, Meredith L.: The History of Afghanistan, p. 63 http://books.google.de/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=khan+nasher+leads+ghilzai+to+persia&source=bl&ots=jimuJkQ5kk&sig=ZG5THwD2qrFUDwxPgWu6MpUOoWs&hl=de&sa=X&ei=6SIXVPCOK8j4yQPxnIHwAQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=khan%20nasher%20leads%20ghilzai%20to%20persia&f=false</ref> when Ghilzai Pashtun tribesmen under Khan Nasher successfully overthrew [[Safavid]] rule to establish the [[Ghilzai]] [[Hotaki]] dynasty, which controlled Afghanistan and Persia from 1719-1729 A.D. until [[Nadir Shah]] of Persia seized power in the Battle of Damghan.
The earliest certain mention of the Nasher was in 1120 A.H (1709 A.D.),<ref name="afghanembassy.com"/><ref name="rkabuli.20m.com"/><ref name="afghanistanexpat.com"/><ref>http://www.afghanland.com/history/leaders/leaders.html</ref><ref>Runion, Meredith L.: The History of Afghanistan, p. 63 http://books.google.de/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=khan+nasher+leads+ghilzai+to+persia&source=bl&ots=jimuJkQ5kk&sig=ZG5THwD2qrFUDwxPgWu6MpUOoWs&hl=de&sa=X&ei=6SIXVPCOK8j4yQPxnIHwAQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=khan%20nasher%20leads%20ghilzai%20to%20persia&f=false</ref> when Ghilzai Pashtun tribesmen under Khan Nashir successfully overthrew [[Safavid]] rule to establish the [[Ghilzai]] [[Hotaki]] dynasty, which controlled Afghanistan and Persia from 1719-1729 A.D. until [[Nadir Shah]] of Persia seized power in the Battle of Damghan.


The Nasher then lived as (often still referred to as ''Ghaznavid''<ref name="unique-design.net"/><ref name="ishratturi.blogspot.de"/><ref name="afghanembassy.com"/><ref name="rkabuli.20m.com"/><ref name="afghanistanexpat.com"/>) Khans of the '''Kharoti''' ([[Pashto language|Pashto]]: خروټی), a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribe of [[Ghilzai]] origin with an estimated population of about 5.5 million, making it one of the largest, if not the largest tribe in [[Afghanistan]], with significant territory throughout eastern and south-eastern Afghanistan: [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]], [[Zabul Province|Zabul]], [[Paktia Province|Paktia]], [[Khost Province|Khost]], [[Logar Province|Logar]], [[Wardak Province|Wardak]], [[Kabul Province|Kabul]] and [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]].<ref>Personalities: An Examination of the Tribes and the Significant People of a Traditional Pashtun Province - Timothy S. Timmons and Rashid Hassanpoor (2007)</ref><ref>http://www.watan-afghanistan.de/unsereStaemme.html</ref>
The Nasher then lived as (often still referred to as ''Ghaznavid''<ref name="unique-design.net"/><ref name="ishratturi.blogspot.de"/><ref name="afghanembassy.com"/><ref name="rkabuli.20m.com"/><ref name="afghanistanexpat.com"/>) Khans of the '''Kharoti''' ([[Pashto language|Pashto]]: خروټی), a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribe of [[Ghilzai]] origin with an estimated population of about 5.5 million, making it one of the largest, if not the largest tribe in [[Afghanistan]], with significant territory throughout eastern and south-eastern Afghanistan: [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]], [[Zabul Province|Zabul]], [[Paktia Province|Paktia]], [[Khost Province|Khost]], [[Logar Province|Logar]], [[Wardak Province|Wardak]], [[Kabul Province|Kabul]] and [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]].<ref>Personalities: An Examination of the Tribes and the Significant People of a Traditional Pashtun Province - Timothy S. Timmons and Rashid Hassanpoor (2007)</ref><ref>http://www.watan-afghanistan.de/unsereStaemme.html</ref>
Line 39: Line 39:


==In modern history==
==In modern history==
Sher Khan's nephew and stepson [[Gholam Serwar Nasher|Ghulam Sarwar Nasher]] developed Spinzar further, employing over 20,000 people and maintaining construction companies, a porcelain factory and hotels in Kunduz and throughout Afghanistan.<ref name="spiegel.de">Reuter, Christoph: Power Plays in Afghanistan: Laying the Groundwork for Civil War, 49/2011 (Dec. 5, 2011) of DER SPIEGEL http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/power-plays-in-afghanistan-laying-the-groundwork-for-civil-war-a-801820-2.html</ref>
Sher Khan's nephew and stepson [[Gholam Serwar Nashir|Ghulam Sarwar Nashir]] developed Spinzar further, employing over 20,000 people and maintaining construction companies, a porcelain factory and hotels in Kunduz and throughout Afghanistan.<ref name="spiegel.de">Reuter, Christoph: Power Plays in Afghanistan: Laying the Groundwork for Civil War, 49/2011 (Dec. 5, 2011) of DER SPIEGEL http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/power-plays-in-afghanistan-laying-the-groundwork-for-civil-war-a-801820-2.html</ref>
Long before he became a radical, Nashir sent fellow Kharoti [[Hekmatyar]] to Kabul's famed Mahtab Qala military academy in 1968, as he considered him to be a promising young man.<ref name="books.google.de"/><ref>Killing the Cranes: A Reporter's Journey through Three Decades of War in ...von Edward Girardet, p. 183 http://books.google.de/books?id=OClphN8UbZUC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=nasher+afghanistan+kgb&source=bl&ots=MxpS4BVr52&sig=u7Ui8JE_iRgcMWt-MavanUvR7w8&hl=de&sa=X&ei=WaEWVM3DLIL8ygPjyYLgAw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=nasher%20afghanistan%20kgb&f=false</ref> After he was expelled from the Mahtab Qala, Nasher imprisoned him briefly for toying with Communist ideology.
Long before he became a radical, Nashir sent fellow Kharoti [[Hekmatyar]] to Kabul's famed Mahtab Qala military academy in 1968, as he considered him to be a promising young man.<ref name="books.google.de"/><ref>Killing the Cranes: A Reporter's Journey through Three Decades of War in ...von Edward Girardet, p. 183 http://books.google.de/books?id=OClphN8UbZUC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=nasher+afghanistan+kgb&source=bl&ots=MxpS4BVr52&sig=u7Ui8JE_iRgcMWt-MavanUvR7w8&hl=de&sa=X&ei=WaEWVM3DLIL8ygPjyYLgAw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=nasher%20afghanistan%20kgb&f=false</ref> After he was expelled from the Mahtab Qala, Nasher imprisoned him briefly for toying with Communist ideology.
On a hunting trip, Nasher discovered ancient artefacts and invited Princeton-archaeologist Daniel Schlumberger with his team to examine [[Ai-Khanoum]].<ref>Bernard, Paul: Aï Khanoum en Afghanistan hier (1964-1978) et aujourd'hui (2001), p. 971 www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_2001_num_145_2_16315?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard&</ref> It was soon found to be the historical Alexandria on the Oxus, also possibly later named اروکرتیه or Eucratidia), one of the primary cities of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.
On a hunting trip, Nashir discovered ancient artefacts and invited Princeton-archaeologist Daniel Schlumberger with his team to examine [[Ai-Khanoum]].<ref>Bernard, Paul: Aï Khanoum en Afghanistan hier (1964-1978) et aujourd'hui (2001), p. 971 www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_2001_num_145_2_16315?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard&</ref> It was soon found to be the historical Alexandria on the Oxus, also possibly later named اروکرتیه or Eucratidia), one of the primary cities of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.


The current governor of the Kunduz district is [[Nizamuddin Nasher]] Khan, considered to be the "last scion of a legendary Afghan dynasty" still living in Kunduz,<ref name="spiegel.de"/><ref>http://warincontext.org/2012/07/03/how-the-u-s-has-handed-control-of-afghanistan-to-lawless-militias/</ref> as members of the family are now mostly living in England, Germany, and the United States.
The current governor of the Kunduz district is [[Nizamuddin Nasher]] Khan, considered to be the "last scion of a legendary Afghan dynasty" still living in Kunduz,<ref name="spiegel.de"/><ref>http://warincontext.org/2012/07/03/how-the-u-s-has-handed-control-of-afghanistan-to-lawless-militias/</ref> as members of the family are now mostly living in England, Germany, and the United States.


The most populer Afghan singer, [[Farhad Darya]] Nasher, is a grandson of Sher Khan.<ref name="barnesandnoble.com"/><ref>http://www.farhaddarya.info/biography_english.html</ref>
The most populer Afghan singer, [[Farhad Darya]] Nasher, is a grandson of Shir Khan.<ref name="barnesandnoble.com"/><ref>http://www.farhaddarya.info/biography_english.html</ref>


==Notable Family Members==
==Notable Family Members==
Line 54: Line 54:
*[[Gholam Rabani Nashir]] Khan (1940–), member of the Loya Jirga
*[[Gholam Rabani Nashir]] Khan (1940–), member of the Loya Jirga
*[[Nizamulldin Nashir]] Khan (1960–), Governor of the Kunduz District
*[[Nizamulldin Nashir]] Khan (1960–), Governor of the Kunduz District
*[[Nadia Nasher]] Khanum (1955–), Philanthropist, founder of Afghanischer Frauenverein
*[[Nadia Nashir]] Khanum (1955–), Philanthropist, founder of Afghanischer Frauenverein
*[[Farhad Darya Nashir]] Khan (1962–), singer and composer
*[[Farhad Darya Nashir]] Khan (1962–), singer and composer
*[[Jack Nashir]] Khan (1979-), business psychologist
*[[Jack Nashir]] Khan (1979-), business psychologist


==Cities and places named after the Nasher==
==Cities and places named after the Nashir==
*[[Sher Khan Bandar]], largest port of Afghanistan
*[[Shir Khan Bandar]], largest port of Afghanistan
*[[Qal`eh-ye Nasher]]
*[[Qal`eh-ye Nashir]]
*[[Sher Khan High School]], Kunduz
*[[Shir Khan High School]], Kunduz
*[[Sher Khan Dry Port School]], Northern Kunduz province
*[[Shir Khan Dry Port School]], Northern Kunduz province
*[[Nasher Museum]], Kunduz
*[[Nashir Museum]], Kunduz


==Further reading==
==Further reading==

Revision as of 00:24, 8 January 2015

House of Nashir
File:Nasher Calligraphy.jpg
Nasher Crest
Parent houseKharoti
CountryAfghanistan
Founded977 / 1709
Current headMohammad Faraidoon Nashir
Titles

The Nasher (also: Nashir) (Dari: الناشر, Persian: الناشر, Arabic: الناشر) are a noble Afghan family and Khans of the Kharoti (Ghilzai) tribe.[1] The family is originally from Qarabagh, Ghazni but founded modern day Kunduz in the early 20th century and lived there until the end of the Durrani monarchy in the late 20th century. Members of the family now live in the United States, England and Germany.

Origins and history

Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan

The palace of the emir in 1839
Timeline
Ancient
Indus Valley civilisation 2200–1800 BC
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Seleucid Empire 312–150 BC
Maurya Empire 305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian kingdom 256–125 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek kingdom 180–90 BC
Indo-Scythian kingdom 155–80? BC
Kushan Empire 135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian kingdom 20 BC – 50? AD
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Medieval
Kabul Shahi 565–879
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Modern
Mughals 1501–1738
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Kunduz Khanate ?–1859
Hotak dynasty 1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate 1716–1732
Afsharid Iran 1738–1747
Durrani Empire 1747–1823
Maimana Khanate 1747–1892
Herat 1793–1863
Principality of Qandahar1818–1855
Emirate 1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate 1929
Kingdom 1926–1973
Daoud coup 1973
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Saur Revolution 1978
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Tanai coup attempt 1990
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Islamic Emirate 1996–2001
US invasion 2001
Islamic State (reinstated) 2001
Interim/Transitional Administration 2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics) 2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated) since 2021
Related historical regions
Related topics
early 19th century Khan in war regalia.

The Nashir are often referred to the ancient Ghaznavid dynasty.[2][3][4][5][6] The Ghaznavids (Template:Lang-fa) were a Turko-Persian dynasty of mamluk origin who carved out an empire, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of Persia, much of Transoxania, and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186 A.D.[7][8] When the Ghaznavid dynasty was defeated in 1148 by the Ghurids, the Ghaznavid Sultans continued to live in Ghazni, later known as the Nasher.[9][10][11][12] However, there is no evidence of a continued lineage to the Nashir. The earliest certain mention of the Nasher was in 1120 A.H (1709 A.D.),[4][5][6][13][14] when Ghilzai Pashtun tribesmen under Khan Nashir successfully overthrew Safavid rule to establish the Ghilzai Hotaki dynasty, which controlled Afghanistan and Persia from 1719-1729 A.D. until Nadir Shah of Persia seized power in the Battle of Damghan.

The Nasher then lived as (often still referred to as Ghaznavid[2][3][4][5][6]) Khans of the Kharoti (Pashto: خروټی), a Pashtun tribe of Ghilzai origin with an estimated population of about 5.5 million, making it one of the largest, if not the largest tribe in Afghanistan, with significant territory throughout eastern and south-eastern Afghanistan: Ghazni, Zabul, Paktia, Khost, Logar, Wardak, Kabul and Nangarhar.[15][16]

In the 19th century

File:Nasher Khan.png
Nasher Khan, ca. 1880
File:Alam Khan Nasher.png
Alam Khan Nasher, during the Second Anglo–Afghan War, 1879
Sher Khan Nasher, Loe Khan, ca. 1910

After the great Ghilzai rebellion in 1885-1886, led by Alam Khan Nasher, the Nasher family was exiled by the ruling Durrani King Amir Abdur Rahman Khan in order to weaken his nemesis.[17] Sher Khan Nasher, Khan of the Kharoti soon became governor of the Kunduz district launched an industrialisation campaign, founding the Spinzar Company, with major urban development and construction programmes.[18][19] Economic development transformed Kunduz into a thriving city with new residential housing, schools, and hospitals for the factory workers.[20] Sher Khan Nasher also implemented Qizel Qala harbour that was later named Sher Khan Bandar in his honor.[21] As his power grew and he eventually controlled the whole north of Afghanistan, the throne was within his reach, which is why there are theories that he was poisoned by the Durrani king.[22] Several schools were named after him,[23][24][25] with many high-profile graduates, such as Hekmatyar,[26][27] Farhad Darya Nasher,[24] Dr. Saddrudin Sahar[28] and Suleman Kakar[29] Muhammad Nasher Khan was the governor of Badakshan in the 1930s.

In modern history

Sher Khan's nephew and stepson Ghulam Sarwar Nashir developed Spinzar further, employing over 20,000 people and maintaining construction companies, a porcelain factory and hotels in Kunduz and throughout Afghanistan.[30] Long before he became a radical, Nashir sent fellow Kharoti Hekmatyar to Kabul's famed Mahtab Qala military academy in 1968, as he considered him to be a promising young man.[23][31] After he was expelled from the Mahtab Qala, Nasher imprisoned him briefly for toying with Communist ideology. On a hunting trip, Nashir discovered ancient artefacts and invited Princeton-archaeologist Daniel Schlumberger with his team to examine Ai-Khanoum.[32] It was soon found to be the historical Alexandria on the Oxus, also possibly later named اروکرتیه or Eucratidia), one of the primary cities of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.

The current governor of the Kunduz district is Nizamuddin Nasher Khan, considered to be the "last scion of a legendary Afghan dynasty" still living in Kunduz,[30][33] as members of the family are now mostly living in England, Germany, and the United States.

The most populer Afghan singer, Farhad Darya Nasher, is a grandson of Shir Khan.[24][34]

Notable Family Members

Cities and places named after the Nashir

Further reading

  • Dupree, Louis: Afghanistan
  • Emadi, Hafizullah: Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan. The British, Russian, and American Invasions
  • Meher, Jagmohan: Afghanistan: Dynamics of Survival
  • Runion, Meredith L.: The History of Afghanistan
  • Tanwir, Halim M.: AFGHANISTAN: History, Diplomacy and Journalism
  • An Introduction to the Commercial Law of Afghanistan, Second Edition, Afghanistan Legal Education Project (ALEP) at Stanford Law School
  • http://www.royalark.net/Afghanistan/telai.htm

References

  1. ^ http://moci.gov.af/en/page/7760 http://www.khyber.org/tribes/info/Kharoti_a_Short_Note.shtml
  2. ^ a b http://www.unique-design.net/library/mythos.html
  3. ^ a b http://ishratturi.blogspot.de
  4. ^ a b c http://afghanembassy.com/viewtopic.asp?id=1331&t=Afghan%20Leaders%20Yearbook
  5. ^ a b c http://www.rkabuli.20m.com/index_2.html
  6. ^ a b c http://www.afghanistanexpat.com/afghan-history.htm
  7. ^ C.E. Bosworth, "Ghaznavids" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition 2006
  8. ^ C.E. Bosworth, "Ghaznavids", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007
  9. ^ Meher, Jagmohan: Afghanistan: Dynamics of Survival, p. 29 http://books.google.de/books?id=aTP1-nG0Us4C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=Q41fEws2D8&sig=KQ2vWjNVdev7DGscom4XoC_eUVQ&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false
  10. ^ International Business Publiction: Afghanistan. Country Studiy Guidy, Volume 1, Strategic Information and Developments, p. books.google.de/books?id=BXG8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=ElT79ZcsBq&sig=gCrRgE_FzFzj67r5bZJ-m6_-dtM&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false
  11. ^ http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=556&task=view&total=2916&start=857&Itemid=2
  12. ^ Gupta, Om: Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, p. 1444 books.google.de/books?id=5Gcj3LJDheYC&pg=PA1444&lpg=PA1444&dq=Nasher+ghaznavid+-wiki&source=bl&ots=oXsSWR5slr&sig=wEroi1TLFwe0R9T8ycOzDl8CzZQ&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jRcjVLa9BKfW7Qa6-4GQDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Nasher%20ghaznavid%20-wiki&f=false
  13. ^ http://www.afghanland.com/history/leaders/leaders.html
  14. ^ Runion, Meredith L.: The History of Afghanistan, p. 63 http://books.google.de/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=khan+nasher+leads+ghilzai+to+persia&source=bl&ots=jimuJkQ5kk&sig=ZG5THwD2qrFUDwxPgWu6MpUOoWs&hl=de&sa=X&ei=6SIXVPCOK8j4yQPxnIHwAQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=khan%20nasher%20leads%20ghilzai%20to%20persia&f=false
  15. ^ Personalities: An Examination of the Tribes and the Significant People of a Traditional Pashtun Province - Timothy S. Timmons and Rashid Hassanpoor (2007)
  16. ^ http://www.watan-afghanistan.de/unsereStaemme.html
  17. ^ Title The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers Peter Tomsen, PublicAffairs, 2011
  18. ^ Wörmer, Nils (2012). "The Networks of Kunduz: A History of Conflict and Their Actors, from 1992 to 2001" (PDF). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. Afghanistan Analysts Network. p. 8
  19. ^ Grötzbach, Erwin: Afghanistan, eine geographische Landeskunde, Darmstadt 1990, p. 263
  20. ^ Emadi, Hafizullah: Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan. The British, Russian, and American Invasions http://books.google.de/books?id=JZ1gAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT60&lpg=PT60&dq=khan+nashir+afghanistan+-nasir&source=bl&ots=A_t5NviYgi&sig=IWPkWvEPkClw-qq2dq-_SdJJP3g&hl=de&sa=X&ei=1ZcWVOiHNebqyQPC9wE&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBw#v=snippet&q=nashir&f=false
  21. ^ Tanwir, Halim: AFGHANISTAN: History, Diplomacy and Journalism Volume 1 http://books.google.de/books?id=oyQDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253&lpg=PA253&dq=sarwar+nashir&source=bl&ots=yG3tGRsBM9&sig=4bvoE1pk2lRanKTb2BKAJrmmKUI&hl=de&sa=X&ei=b54WVPChG6PMyAP2uIDwBw&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=nashir&f=false
  22. ^ del Castill, Graciana: Guilty Party: The International Community in Afghanistan http://books.google.de/books?id=iBVwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58&lpg=PT58&dq=nasher+kunduz&source=bl&ots=cMCkMY6kl6&sig=x_J3BLr9QeiEr_KaaS2UFNUxDn0&hl=de&sa=X&ei=TxUhVMWEGsPWaqzHgKAK&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=nasher%20kunduz&f=false
  23. ^ a b Roy, O.; Sfeir, A.; King, J (eds.): The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism, p. 130 http://books.google.de/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=sher+khan+high+school+kunduz+nasher&source=bl&ots=SrZITtV3Ge&sig=jq3a_dwK7ICIwjruZpqFPDZrnEc&hl=de&sa=X&ei=FWcZVLPyOub4yQP0l4CYBw&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=sher%20khan%20high%20school%20kunduz%20nasher&f=false
  24. ^ a b c http://www.barnesandnoble.com/enwiki/w/afghan-composers-books-llc/1027012611?ean=9781156384503
  25. ^ http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/03/03/school-building-constructed-kunduz
  26. ^ http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=s1.17.8;doc.view=print
  27. ^ Kakar, H.M.: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982, p. 307
  28. ^ http://moci.gov.af/en/page/7514/7523/7679
  29. ^ http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=2436&task=view&total=2916&start=1234&Itemid=2
  30. ^ a b Reuter, Christoph: Power Plays in Afghanistan: Laying the Groundwork for Civil War, 49/2011 (Dec. 5, 2011) of DER SPIEGEL http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/power-plays-in-afghanistan-laying-the-groundwork-for-civil-war-a-801820-2.html
  31. ^ Killing the Cranes: A Reporter's Journey through Three Decades of War in ...von Edward Girardet, p. 183 http://books.google.de/books?id=OClphN8UbZUC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=nasher+afghanistan+kgb&source=bl&ots=MxpS4BVr52&sig=u7Ui8JE_iRgcMWt-MavanUvR7w8&hl=de&sa=X&ei=WaEWVM3DLIL8ygPjyYLgAw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=nasher%20afghanistan%20kgb&f=false
  32. ^ Bernard, Paul: Aï Khanoum en Afghanistan hier (1964-1978) et aujourd'hui (2001), p. 971 www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_2001_num_145_2_16315?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard&
  33. ^ http://warincontext.org/2012/07/03/how-the-u-s-has-handed-control-of-afghanistan-to-lawless-militias/
  34. ^ http://www.farhaddarya.info/biography_english.html
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