Minoxidil: Difference between revisions
Undid revision 643236274 by 81.131.172.95 (talk) this is now vandalism. am seeking page protection. |
Jytdog, read the reference: minoxodil can "exacerbate alopecia/hair loss" - what is the problem? Suggest a mediator please. |
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==Side effects== |
==Side effects== |
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Minoxidil is generally well tolerated, but common side effects include burning or irritation of the eye, itching, redness or irritation at the treated area, as well as unwanted hair growth elsewhere on the body.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.drugs.com/pro/minoxidil.html | title = Minoxidil Official FDA information, side effects and uses | publisher = Drugs.com}}</ref> Users should discontinue treatment and seek medical attention right away if they experience any of the following serious side effects: severe allergic reactions (e.g. rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest, or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue), chest pain, dizziness, fainting, tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), sudden and unexplained weight gain, or swelling of the hands and feet.<ref>[http://www.drugs.com/sfx/rogaine-side-effects.html Rogaine Side Effects | Drugs.com]</ref> |
Minoxidil is generally well tolerated, but common side effects include burning or irritation of the eye, itching, redness or irritation at the treated area, as well as unwanted hair growth elsewhere on the body. Exacerbation of hair loss/alopecia has been reported.<ref>http://www.drugs.com/sfx/rogaine-side-effects.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.drugs.com/pro/minoxidil.html | title = Minoxidil Official FDA information, side effects and uses | publisher = Drugs.com}}</ref> Users should discontinue treatment and seek medical attention right away if they experience any of the following serious side effects: severe allergic reactions (e.g. rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest, or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue), chest pain, dizziness, fainting, tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), sudden and unexplained weight gain, or swelling of the hands and feet.<ref>[http://www.drugs.com/sfx/rogaine-side-effects.html Rogaine Side Effects | Drugs.com]</ref> |
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Temporary hair loss is a common side effect of minoxidil treatment.<ref>[http://www.rogaine.com/men/faq#question-9 FAQs | Rogaine]</ref> Manufacturers note that minoxidil-induced hair loss is a common side effect and describe the process as "shedding". |
Temporary hair loss is a common side effect of minoxidil treatment.<ref>[http://www.rogaine.com/men/faq#question-9 FAQs | Rogaine]</ref> Manufacturers note that minoxidil-induced hair loss is a common side effect and describe the process as "shedding". |
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Revision as of 18:36, 19 January 2015
Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Rogaine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
Pregnancy category |
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Routes of administration | Oral / topical |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Metabolism | Primarily hepatic |
Elimination half-life | 4.2 h |
Excretion | renal |
Identifiers | |
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CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
PDB ligand | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.048.959 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C9H15N5O |
Molar mass | 209.251 g/mol g·mol−1 |
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(what is this?) (verify) |
Minoxidil is an antihypertensive vasodilator medication. It also slows or stops hair loss and promotes hair regrowth in some patients. Now off-patent, it is available over-the-counter for the treatment of androgenic alopecia.
Medical uses
Minoxidil is widely used for the treatment of hair loss. It has been proven clinically effective in both the prevention of loss and in establishing varying degrees of hair re-growth in males and females suffering pattern baldness, with about 40% of men experiencing hair regrowth after 3-6 months.[2][3][4] Minoxidil must be used indefinitely for continued support of existing hair follicles and the maintenance of any experienced hair regrowth.[3][5]
Side effects
Minoxidil is generally well tolerated, but common side effects include burning or irritation of the eye, itching, redness or irritation at the treated area, as well as unwanted hair growth elsewhere on the body. Exacerbation of hair loss/alopecia has been reported.[6][7] Users should discontinue treatment and seek medical attention right away if they experience any of the following serious side effects: severe allergic reactions (e.g. rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest, or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue), chest pain, dizziness, fainting, tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), sudden and unexplained weight gain, or swelling of the hands and feet.[8] Temporary hair loss is a common side effect of minoxidil treatment.[9] Manufacturers note that minoxidil-induced hair loss is a common side effect and describe the process as "shedding".
Alcohol and propylene glycol present in some topical preparations may dry the scalp, resulting in dandruff and contact dermatitis.[10] Some formulations of minoxidil substitute lipid Nanosomes in order to reduce contact dermatitis from the alcohol and propylene glycol vehicle.[11][12]
Side effects of oral minoxidil may include swelling of the face and extremities, rapid and irregular heartbeat, lightheadedness, cardiac lesions, and focal necrosis of the papillary muscle and subendocardial areas of the left ventricle.[13] There have been cases of allergic reactions to minoxidil or the non-active ingredient propylene glycol, which is found in some topical minoxidil formulations. Pseudoacromegaly is an extremely rare side effect reported with large doses of oral minoxidil.[14]
Minoxidil is highly toxic to cats.[15][16]
Mechanism of action
The mechanism by which minoxidil promotes hair growth is not fully understood. Minoxidil is a potassium channel opener, causing hyperpolarization of cell membranes. Minoxidil is less effective when there is a large area of hair loss. In addition, its effectiveness has largely been demonstrated in younger men who have experienced hair loss for less than 5 years. Minoxidil use is indicated for central (vertex) hair loss only.[17] Minoxidil is also a vasodilator.[18] Hypothetically, by widening blood vessels and opening potassium channels, it allows more oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the follicle. This may cause follicles in the telogen phase to shed, which are then replaced by thicker hairs in a new anagen phase. Minoxidil is a pro-drug activated by sulfation via the sulfotransferase (SULT1A1). Several studies demonstrated that the activity of sulfotransferase in hair follicles predict minoxidil response in the treatment of hair loss.[19][20][21] Two clinical studies are being conducted in the US for a medical device that may allow patients to determine if they are likely to fail minoxidil therapy.[22]
History
Originally, minoxidil was used exclusively as an oral drug (with the trade name 'Loniten') to treat high blood pressure. However, it was discovered to have an interesting side effect: hair growth.[23] Minoxidil may cause increased growth or darkening of fine body hairs, or in some cases, significant hair growth. When the medication is discontinued, the hair loss will return to a normal rate within 30 to 60 days. Upjohn Corporation produced a topical solution that contained 2% minoxidil to be used to treat baldness and hair loss, under the brand name Rogaine in the United States and Canada, and Regaine in Europe and the Asia-Pacific. The patent on minoxidil expired February 11, 1996. Treatments usually include a 5% concentration solution that is designed for men, and a 2% concentration solution for women.[24] While the drug is available in the United Kingdom, it cannot be prescribed on the NHS, so patients must either buy it over-the-counter, or have a private prescription for it.[25]
Application
Minoxidil needs to be applied twice daily, and may be used indefinitely for continued support of existing hair follicles and the maintenance of any experienced hair regrowth. To achieve maximum effect, the solution should be in contact with the scalp for at least 4 hours before allowing hair to get wet.[26] Minoxidil stimulates hair follicles and growth, but does not reduce dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the enzyme responsible for its accumulation around the hair follicle, 5-alpha reductase, which is the primary mediator of male pattern baldness in genetically susceptible individuals.[27] Therefore, when treatment is stopped, the DHT has its expected effect of shrinking and ultimately destroying the genetically predisposed hair follicles.
Trade names
Minoxidil is marketed under many trade names, including Amexidil, Avacor Physician's Formulation, Avogain, Keranique, Kirkland Signature (Costco's private label brand), Lipogaine, Loniten (oral), Mintop, Neocapil, Obabo, Regaine, Rogaine, Tugain, Up & Up (Target's private label brand), and Vanarex.
See also
- Kopexil, an analog of minoxidil missing the piperidine substituent
- Pinacidil
- Diazoxide
- Finasteride
References
- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25112173
- ^ a b Olsen, Elise A.; Dunlap, Frank E.; Funicella, Toni; Koperski, Judith A.; Swinehart, James M.; Tschen, Eduardo H.; Trancik, Ronald J. (2002). "A randomized clinical trial of 5% topical minoxidil versus 2% topical minoxidil and placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 47 (3): 377–385. doi:10.1067/mjd.2002.124088. ISSN 0190-9622.
- ^ Price, Vera H.; Menefee, Emory; Strauss, Paul C. (1999). "Changes in hair weight and hair count in men with androgenetic alopecia, after application of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil, placebo, or no treatment". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 41 (5): 717–721. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70006-X. ISSN 0190-9622.
- ^ Olsen, Elise A.; Weiner, Madeline S.; Amara, Ingrid A.; DeLong, Elizabeth R. (1990). "Five-year follow-up of men with androgenetic alopecia treated with topical minoxidil". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 22 (4): 643–646. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70089-Z. ISSN 0190-9622.
- ^ http://www.drugs.com/sfx/rogaine-side-effects.html
- ^ "Minoxidil Official FDA information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com.
- ^ Rogaine Side Effects | Drugs.com
- ^ FAQs | Rogaine
- ^ "Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis". Medscape.com. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- ^ Balakrishnan P, Shanmugam S, Lee WS, Lee WM, Kim JO, Oh DH, Kim DD, Kim JS, Yoo BK, Choi HG, Woo JS, Yong CS (1 February 2009). "Formulation and in vitro assessment of minoxidil Nanosomes for enhanced skin delivery". International Journal of Phermaceutics. 377 (1–2): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.020. PMID 19394413.
{{cite journal}}
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Padois K, Cantiéni C, Bertholle V, Bardel C, Pirot F, Falson F (16 June 2011). "Solid lipid nanoparticles suspension versus commercial solutions for dermal delivery of minoxidil". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 416 (1): 300–304. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.014. PMID 21704140.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Minoxidil Official FDA information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com.
- ^ Nguyen, K.; Marks Jr, J. (2003). "Pseudoacromegaly induced by the long-term use of minoxidil". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 48 (6): 962–965. doi:10.1067/mjd.2003.325. PMID 12789195.
- ^ Camille DeClementi; Keith L. Bailey; Spencer C. Goldstein; Michael Scott Orser (December 2004). "Suspected toxicosis after topical administration of minoxidil in 2 cats". Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 14 (4): 287–292. doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04014.x.
- ^ "Minoxidil Warning". ShowCatsOnline.com. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
Very small amounts of Minoxidil can result [in] serious problems or death
- ^ Scow, DT; Nolte, RS; Shaughnessy, AF (April 1999). "Medical treatments for balding in men". Am Fam Physician. 59 (8): 2189–94. PMID 10221304.
- ^ Vasodilators | MayoClinic.com
- ^ . doi:10.1111/dth.12164.
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(help) - ^ Minoxidil Response Testing in Males With Androgenetic Alopecia
- ^ MINOXIDIL - ORAL (Loniten) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions | MedicineNet
- ^ "Grant v. Pharmacia & Upjohn Co". Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ Drug Tariff, 2009/04/11 [full citation needed]
- ^ minoxidil (Rogaine) - drug class, medical uses, medication side effects, and drug interactions by MedicineNet.com
- ^ American Hair Loss Association | Men's Hair Loss | Causes of Hair Loss