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|Xiphion tenuifolium |(Pall.) Schrank }}<ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. is an accepted name |date=23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322290 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
|Xiphion tenuifolium |(Pall.) Schrank }}<ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. is an accepted name |date=23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322290 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''''Iris tenuifolia''''' is a beardless [[iris (plant)|iris]] in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', in the subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' and in the ''[[Iris series Tenuifoliae|Tenuifoliae series]]'' of the species. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]].
'''''Iris tenuifolia''''' is a beardless [[iris (plant)|iris]] in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', in the subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' and in the ''[[Iris series Tenuifoliae|Tenuifoliae series]]'' of the species. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]].


It is written as 细叶鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''xi ye yuan wei'' in [[Pinyin]] Chinese.<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 305 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id= 200028220 |publisher=efloras.org (Flora of China) |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title= Taxon: Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20429 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=fabaceae>{{cite web |title=中国豆科植物在线 (chinese name) |url=http://fabaceae.onlineflora.cn/taxonomy/term/12959 |publisher=fabaceae.onlineflora.cn |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
It is written as 细叶鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''xi ye yuan wei'' in [[Pinyin]] Chinese.<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 305 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id= 200028220 |publisher=efloras.org (Flora of China) |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title= Taxon: Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20429 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=fabaceae>{{cite web |title=中国豆科植物在线 (chinese name) |url=http://fabaceae.onlineflora.cn/taxonomy/term/12959 |publisher=fabaceae.onlineflora.cn |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>


The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''tenuifolia'' comes from the almagamtion of two latin words ''tenuis'' meaning 'fine or thin' and ''folia'' mean ''leaf''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.W. |last2=Stearn |first2=William T. |date=1972 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 | title= A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names | publisher=Cassell and Company | page=68-69 | isbn=0304937215}}</ref>
The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''tenuifolia'' comes from the almagamtion of two latin words ''tenuis'' meaning 'fine or thin' and ''folia'' mean ''leaf''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.W. |last2=Stearn |first2=William T. |date=1972 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 | title= A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names | publisher=Cassell and Company | pages=68–69 | isbn=0304937215}}</ref>


It has the common names of ''Egeria Iris''<ref name=pan>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.flph.org/s/Iris tenuifolia |publisher=flora of Pan Himalayas |accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sect. Limniris Tausch |url=http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Sect. Limniris |publisher=frps.eflora.cn |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pan>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.flph.org/s/Iris tenuifolia |publisher=flora of Pan Himalayas |accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=swewe>{{cite web |title=Egeria Iris url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris |publisher=tl.swewe.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref> Note; 'Egeria' means water buffaloes or cows pulling (in China).<ref name=fabaceae/> Another common name is ''narrow leafed iris'',<ref name=mongolmed>{{cite journal |last=Sarantsetseg |first=B. |last2=Ambaga |first2=M. |last3=Khürelbaatar |first3=L. |date=2001 |title=Narrow-leaf iris (Iris tenuifolia) kidney protection activity |url= http://www.mongolmed.mn/article/1189 |journal=Mongolian Medicine |publisher=Mongolian Association of Medical journals  |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> or ''fine leaved iris'', <ref name=exhibition>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> or ''slender-leaf iris'',<ref name=grin/> or ''silk leaves Iris''.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pan/>
It has the common names of ''Egeria Iris''<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pan>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.flph.org/s/Iris tenuifolia |publisher=flora of Pan Himalayas |accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=pan>{{cite web |title=Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.flph.org/s/Iris tenuifolia |publisher=flora of Pan Himalayas |accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sect. Limniris Tausch |url=http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Sect. Limniris |publisher=frps.eflora.cn |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=swewe>{{cite web |title=Egeria Iris url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris |publisher=tl.swewe.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref> Note; 'Egeria' means water buffaloes or cows pulling (in China).<ref name=fabaceae/> Another common name is ''narrow leafed iris'',<ref name=mongolmed>{{cite journal |last=Sarantsetseg |first=B. |last2=Ambaga |first2=M. |last3=Khürelbaatar |first3=L. |date=2001 |title=Narrow-leaf iris (Iris tenuifolia) kidney protection activity |url= http://www.mongolmed.mn/article/1189 |journal=Mongolian Medicine |publisher=Mongolian Association of Medical journals |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> or ''fine leaved iris'',<ref name=exhibition>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> or ''slender-leaf iris'',<ref name=grin/> or ''silk leaves Iris''.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pan/>


It was published and described by [[Peter Simon Pallas]] in ''Reise Russ. Reich.'' Vol.3 page714 in 1776. <ref>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439173-1|publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
It was published and described by [[Peter Simon Pallas]] in ''Reise Russ. Reich.'' Vol.3 page714 in 1776.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris tenuifolia Pall. |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439173-1|publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>


It was introduced to Russia in 1812, and was noted as growing in the front garden of Mr. A. Razumovsky near [[Moscow]].<ref name=exhibition>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>
It was introduced to Russia in 1812, and was noted as growing in the front garden of Mr. A. Razumovsky near [[Moscow]].<ref name=exhibition>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>
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In 2001, a study was carried to monitor the effects of the iris, within a herbal remedy for [[kidney]] protection was carried out.<ref name=mongolmed/>
In 2001, a study was carried to monitor the effects of the iris, within a herbal remedy for [[kidney]] protection was carried out.<ref name=mongolmed/>


It is included in the [[IUCN]] 'Red Data Book' of the [[Chita Oblast]] of 2002, listed as 'rare'. It is now protected in Dauria and Khopyor reserves.<ref name=exhibition/>
It is included in the [[IUCN]] 'Red Data Book' of the [[Chita Oblast]] of 2002, listed as 'rare'. It is now protected in Dauria and Khopyor reserves.<ref name=exhibition/>


The Iris genus has been used as a traditional folk medicine, used to treat a variety of diseases, such as [[cancer]], inflammation, bacterial and viral infections.<ref name=patent>{{cite web |title=Extract from Iris tenuifolia, preparation method and application thereof |url=http://www.google.com/patents/CN101716262B?cl=en |publisher=google.com |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> It was found that compounds isolated from ''[[Iris germanica]]'' have anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-malarial parasite and anti-TB and other positive effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rahman |first=A.U. |last2=Nasim |first2=S. |last3=Baig |first3=I. |last4=Jalil |first4=S. |last5=Orhan |first5=I. |last6=Sener |first6=B. |last7=Choudhary |first7=M.I. |date=June 2003 |title=Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738083 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |publisher= |volume=86 |issue=2-3 |pages=177-180 |doi= |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref>
The Iris genus has been used as a traditional folk medicine, used to treat a variety of diseases, such as [[cancer]], inflammation, bacterial and viral infections.<ref name=patent>{{cite web |title=Extract from Iris tenuifolia, preparation method and application thereof |url=http://www.google.com/patents/CN101716262B?cl=en |publisher=google.com |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> It was found that compounds isolated from ''[[Iris germanica]]'' have anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-malarial parasite and anti-TB and other positive effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rahman |first=A.U. |last2=Nasim |first2=S. |last3=Baig |first3=I. |last4=Jalil |first4=S. |last5=Orhan |first5=I. |last6=Sener |first6=B. |last7=Choudhary |first7=M.I. |date=June 2003 |title=Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738083 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |publisher= |volume=86 |issue=2-3 |pages=177–180 |doi= |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref>


The roots, seeds and flowers of the iris, are used as ingredients in herbal medicines. They have been used as [[tocolysis]] (also called anti-contraction medications or labor repressants) and to treat [[fetal]] [[metrorrhagia]].<ref name=swewe> title=Egeria Iris url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris |publisher=tl.swewe.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>
The roots, seeds and flowers of the iris, are used as ingredients in herbal medicines. They have been used as [[tocolysis]] (also called anti-contraction medications or labor repressants) and to treat [[fetal]] [[metrorrhagia]].<ref name=swewe>title=Egeria Iris url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris |publisher=tl.swewe.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>


In 2003, it was listed as an endemic [[vascular]] species of the temperate [[steppe]] region of [[Inner Mongolia]], China, along with ''[[Stipa grandis]]'', ''[[Artemisia frigida]]'', ''[[Festuca ovina]]'', ''[[Thymus serpyllum]]'', ''[[Caragana microphylla]]'', ''[[Koeleria cristata]]'' and others.<ref name=forest> Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor){{Google books|VmtPnUbH-uIC|Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (2003)| page=80}}</ref>
In 2003, it was listed as an endemic [[vascular]] species of the temperate [[steppe]] region of [[Inner Mongolia]], China, along with ''[[Stipa grandis]]'', ''[[Artemisia frigida]]'', ''[[Festuca ovina]]'', ''[[Thymus serpyllum]]'', ''[[Caragana microphylla]]'', ''[[Koeleria cristata]]'' and others.<ref name=forest>Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor){{Google books|VmtPnUbH-uIC|Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (2003)| page=80}}</ref>


In 2005, it was noted that the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia are the source of the largest number of new 2’-O-substituted simple [[flavanone]]s within a single species. <ref>{{cite book |first=Oyvind M. |last=Andersen |first2=Kenneth R. |last2=Markham |title=Flavonoids: chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. |date=9 December 2005 |publisher=CRC Press |url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849320217 |isbn= 9780849320217 |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>
In 2005, it was noted that the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia are the source of the largest number of new 2’-O-substituted simple [[flavanone]]s within a single species.<ref>{{cite book |first=Oyvind M. |last=Andersen |first2=Kenneth R. |last2=Markham |title=Flavonoids: chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. |date=9 December 2005 |publisher=CRC Press |url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849320217 |isbn= 9780849320217 |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


Between 2007 and 2011, a study was carried out on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of ''Iris tenuifolia'' and ''[[Iris halophila]]''. Using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The irises have been used in various tradition herbal remedy’s, such as traditional Mongolian herb medicine and [[Uighur]] herb medicine.<ref name=metapop>{{cite web |title=Hui Wang (PhD) http://www.metapop.univ-montp2.fr/?page_id=532 |publisher=metapop.univ-montp2.fr |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
Between 2007 and 2011, a study was carried out on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of ''Iris tenuifolia'' and ''[[Iris halophila]]''. Using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The irises have been used in various tradition herbal remedy’s, such as traditional Mongolian herb medicine and [[Uighur]] herb medicine.<ref name=metapop>{{cite web |title=Hui Wang (PhD) http://www.metapop.univ-montp2.fr/?page_id=532 |publisher=metapop.univ-montp2.fr |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>


In 2008, several chemical compounds were extracted from ''Iris tenuifolia''. These included; 'izalpinin', 'alpinone', 'arborinone', 'irilin B', 'irisone A', 'irisone B', 'betavulgarin', 'beta-sitosterol' '5,7-dihydroxy-2', '6-dimethoxy-isoflavone' , 2',5-dihdroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanone , 'irisoid A' and 'ethyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside'. Also 2 new compounds were found, ''tenuifodione'' and ''tenuifone''. All found using [[spectroscopic]] methods.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Choudhary |first=Muhammad Iqbal |last2=Hareem |first2=Sumaira |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Hina |last4=Anjum |first4=Shazia |last5=Ali |first5=Shamsher |last6=Zaidi |first6=Mudassir Israr |date=1 June 2008 |title=A benzil and isoflavone from Iris tenuifolia. |url=http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/18472117 |journal=Phytochemistry |publisher=sigmaaldrich.com |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1880-1885 |doi= |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>
In 2008, several chemical compounds were extracted from ''Iris tenuifolia''. These included; 'izalpinin', 'alpinone', 'arborinone', 'irilin B', 'irisone A', 'irisone B', 'betavulgarin', 'beta-sitosterol' '5,7-dihydroxy-2', '6-dimethoxy-isoflavone' , 2',5-dihdroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanone , 'irisoid A' and 'ethyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside'. Also 2 new compounds were found, ''tenuifodione'' and ''tenuifone''. All found using [[spectroscopic]] methods.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Choudhary |first=Muhammad Iqbal |last2=Hareem |first2=Sumaira |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Hina |last4=Anjum |first4=Shazia |last5=Ali |first5=Shamsher |last6=Zaidi |first6=Mudassir Israr |date=1 June 2008 |title=A benzil and isoflavone from Iris tenuifolia. |url=http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/18472117 |journal=Phytochemistry |publisher=sigmaaldrich.com |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1880–1885 |doi= |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


On 24 December 2009, a [[patent]] was granted, for the extraction of Iris tenuifolia. Due to it's chemical compounds being used in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=patent/>
On 24 December 2009, a [[patent]] was granted, for the extraction of Iris tenuifolia. Due to it's chemical compounds being used in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=patent/>


In 2011, 2 flavans and a flavanone, were extracted from the rhizomes of ''Iris tenuifolia'' and then tested against [[stem cell]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cui |first=Yan-Mei |last2=Wang |first2=Hui |last3=Liu |first3=Quan-Ru |last4=Han |first4=Mei |last5=Lu |first5=Yang |last6=Zhao |first6=Chang-Qi |date=17 August 2011 |title=Flavans from Iris tenuifolia and their effects on β-amyloid aggregation and neural stem cells proliferation in vitro. |url=http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/21737268/Flavans-from-Iris-tenuifolia-and-their-effects-on-%CE%B2-amyloid-aggregation-and-neural-stem-cells-proli |journal=Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. |publisher= |volume=21 |issue=15 |pages=4400-4403 |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>
In 2011, 2 flavans and a flavanone, were extracted from the rhizomes of ''Iris tenuifolia'' and then tested against [[stem cell]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cui |first=Yan-Mei |last2=Wang |first2=Hui |last3=Liu |first3=Quan-Ru |last4=Han |first4=Mei |last5=Lu |first5=Yang |last6=Zhao |first6=Chang-Qi |date=17 August 2011 |title=Flavans from Iris tenuifolia and their effects on β-amyloid aggregation and neural stem cells proliferation in vitro. |url=http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/21737268/Flavans-from-Iris-tenuifolia-and-their-effects-on-%CE%B2-amyloid-aggregation-and-neural-stem-cells-proli |journal=Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. |publisher= |volume=21 |issue=15 |pages=4400–4403 |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


In 2014, the characteristics of phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptation of ''Iris tenuifolia'' from various habitats in [[Xinjiang]], China, were studied.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lu |first=Zhuo |last2=Guan |first2=Kai-Yun |last3=Li |first3=Wen-Jun |last4=Duan |first4=Shi-Min |date=2014 |title=Phenotypic plasticity and biomass allocation of Iris tenuifolia Pall. in different habitats. |url=http://www.cje.net.cn/EN/abstract/abstract6909.shtml |journal=Chinese Journal of Ecology |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=618-623 |doi= |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>
In 2014, the characteristics of phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptation of ''Iris tenuifolia'' from various habitats in [[Xinjiang]], China, were studied.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lu |first=Zhuo |last2=Guan |first2=Kai-Yun |last3=Li |first3=Wen-Jun |last4=Duan |first4=Shi-Min |date=2014 |title=Phenotypic plasticity and biomass allocation of Iris tenuifolia Pall. in different habitats. |url=http://www.cje.net.cn/EN/abstract/abstract6909.shtml |journal=Chinese Journal of Ecology |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=618–623 |doi= |accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref>


It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 2 October 2014.<ref name=grin/>
It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 2 October 2014.<ref name=grin/>


As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]]. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite web| first=Claire | last=Austin | title=Irises A Garden Encyclopedia| pages=274-275 | url=https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20of%20Irises.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=worldtracker.org | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]]. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite web| first=Claire | last=Austin | title=Irises A Garden Encyclopedia| pages=274–275 | url=https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20of%20Irises.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=worldtracker.org | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=14<ref name=efloras/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yan Limei |last2=Wei |first2=Yan Sha |date=January 1999 |title=Karyotype Analysis in Iris Tenuifolia |url= |journal=Journal Of Qiqihar University ( Natural Science Edition ) |publisher=Qiqihar University |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate= 28 January 2015}}</ref>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=14<ref name=efloras/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yan Limei |last2=Wei |first2=Yan Sha |date=January 1999 |title=Karyotype Analysis in Iris Tenuifolia |url= |journal=Journal Of Qiqihar University ( Natural Science Edition ) |publisher=Qiqihar University |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate= 28 January 2015}}</ref>


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==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
Iris tenuifolia is rare in cultivation in the UK.<ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.|last2=Linnegar |first2=Sidney |date=1987 |edition=Revised |title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley |publisher=Christopher Helm | page=139 |isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref><ref name=blight> Samuel Hereman {{Google books|D6tWAAAAcAAJ|Blight on flowers; or figures and descriptions of the insects infesting the flower garden (1840)|page=142}}</ref> It is rare in cultivation in the US as well.<ref name=hort>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Murrain |title=Subject: Iris tenuifolia |date=3 June 2010 |url=https://www.hort.net/lists/iris-species/jun10/msg00026.html publisher=hort.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>
Iris tenuifolia is rare in cultivation in the UK.<ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.|last2=Linnegar |first2=Sidney |date=1987 |edition=Revised |title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley |publisher=Christopher Helm | page=139 |isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref><ref name=blight>Samuel Hereman {{Google books|D6tWAAAAcAAJ|Blight on flowers; or figures and descriptions of the insects infesting the flower garden (1840)|page=142}}</ref> It is rare in cultivation in the US as well.<ref name=hort>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Murrain |title=Subject: Iris tenuifolia |date=3 June 2010 |url=https://www.hort.net/lists/iris-species/jun10/msg00026.html publisher=hort.net |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>


They are more grown by specialised collectors or for scientific and research purposes.<ref name=hort/><ref name=swewe/>
They are more grown by specialised collectors or for scientific and research purposes.<ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/>


It was sometimes used as [[annual plant]] and only planted during the summer (in the UK, in 1800s).<ref name=blight/>
It was sometimes used as [[annual plant]] and only planted during the summer (in the UK, in 1800s).<ref name=blight/>


It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]], if sited in a northern continental climate. Similar to Nebraska, North Dakota or South Dakota.<ref name=hort/> It is hardy in parts of Russia. It has been grown in Moscow, St Petersburg and [[Chita Oblast|Chita]].<ref name=onego>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved irises |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_ten.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>
It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]], if sited in a northern continental climate. Similar to Nebraska, North Dakota or South Dakota.<ref name=hort/> It is hardy in parts of Russia. It has been grown in Moscow, St Petersburg and [[Chita Oblast|Chita]].<ref name=onego>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved irises |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_ten.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>


It prefers sandy or sandy loam soils, similar to the desert habitat.<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=rainbow>{{cite web |title=Rainbow |date=9 December 2014 |url=http://wdtns.ru/?p=586 |publisher=wdtns.ru |accessdate=24 January 2015}}</ref> It prefers alkaline soils.<ref name=knigi>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved iris |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/64/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>
It prefers sandy or sandy loam soils, similar to the desert habitat.<ref name=swewe/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=rainbow>{{cite web |title=Rainbow |date=9 December 2014 |url=http://wdtns.ru/?p=586 |publisher=wdtns.ru |accessdate=24 January 2015}}</ref> It prefers alkaline soils.<ref name=knigi>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved iris |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/64/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate= 29 January 2015}}</ref>


They prefer positions in full sun.<ref name=knigi/>
They prefer positions in full sun.<ref name=knigi/>


It needs to be kept dry during winter, needing the protection of [[Bulb frame|bulb frames]] (in the UK). It only needs water during the growing period.<ref name=cassidy/>
It needs to be kept dry during winter, needing the protection of [[bulb frame]]s (in the UK). It only needs water during the growing period.<ref name=cassidy/>
The plant loses its foliage during the winter, as it is removed by the forces of wind, snow and other bad weather conditions. It then re-grows leaves, in April and May.<ref name=hort/>
The plant loses its foliage during the winter, as it is removed by the forces of wind, snow and other bad weather conditions. It then re-grows leaves, in April and May.<ref name=hort/>


It has high drought and heat tolerance (desert-like conditions).<ref name=knigi/><ref name=hort/><ref name=rainbow/>
It has high drought and heat tolerance (desert-like conditions).<ref name=hort/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=knigi/>


==Propagation==
==Propagation==
Line 95: Line 95:
Iris tenuifolia is very similar in form to the [[Mediterranean]] ''[[Iris unguicularis]]''. As they both have very small stems and the seed capsules are often hidden within the leaves of the plant.<ref name=dykesonirises/>
Iris tenuifolia is very similar in form to the [[Mediterranean]] ''[[Iris unguicularis]]''. As they both have very small stems and the seed capsules are often hidden within the leaves of the plant.<ref name=dykesonirises/>


It has a dark brown, thin, short, knobbly, tough, wood-like rhizomes.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=ussrflora>{{cite web |first=V.L. | last=Komarov | year=1935 | title=Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV |publisher=archive.org | url=http://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=swewe/> Underneath, it has a network of fibrous roots.<ref name=swewe/>
It has a dark brown, thin, short, knobbly, tough, wood-like rhizomes.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora>{{cite web |first=V.L. | last=Komarov | year=1935 | title=Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV |publisher=archive.org | url=http://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> Underneath, it has a network of fibrous roots.<ref name=swewe/>
On top of the rhizome, at the base of the leaves, are the brown or red-brown, fibrous remains of the previous seasons leaves. Which act as sheaths, for the new leaves.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) |page=259}}</ref><ref name=ussrflora/> The sheaths can be up to {{convert|6|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=swewe/>
On top of the rhizome, at the base of the leaves, are the brown or red-brown, fibrous remains of the previous seasons leaves. Which act as sheaths, for the new leaves.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) |page=259}}</ref> The sheaths can be up to {{convert|6|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/>


It can be either a single plant or can grow into thick clumps of plants.<ref name=knigi/><ref name=ussrflora/>
It can be either a single plant or can grow into thick clumps of plants.<ref name=knigi/><ref name=ussrflora/>


It has greyish-green, linear, twisted, leaves, that can grow between {{convert|20|-|60|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1.5–2&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=hort/><ref name=European/>
It has greyish-green, linear, twisted, leaves, that can grow between {{convert|20|-|60|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1.5–2&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=hort/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=European/>
They do not have a mid-vein but paralled veins,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/> and are acuminate (ending in a point).<ref name=ussrflora/>
They do not have a mid-vein but paralled veins,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/> and are acuminate (ending in a point).<ref name=ussrflora/>
They continue to grow after blooming, and can end up as a mass of twisted leaves.<ref name=hort/>
They continue to grow after blooming, and can end up as a mass of twisted leaves.<ref name=hort/>
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The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.<ref name=ussrflora/>
The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.<ref name=ussrflora/>


It has a very short flowering stem or [[Scape (botany)|scape]], {{convert|10|-|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=onego/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=handbook>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie1-106517062.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=European/>
It has a very short flowering stem or [[Scape (botany)|scape]], {{convert|10|-|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=European/><ref name=handbook>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie1-106517062.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref>
Although, sometimes the stems do not emerge above ground.<ref name=efloras/>
Although, sometimes the stems do not emerge above ground.<ref name=efloras/>


It has 2 to 4, pointed (acuminate), [[membranous]], green, between {{convert|5|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 8–10&nbsp;mm wide, [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=European/><ref name=swewe/>
It has 2 to 4, pointed (acuminate), [[membranous]], green, between {{convert|5|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 8–10&nbsp;mm wide, [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=European/>


The stems hold normally 1–3, terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=European/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=rainbow/> blooming in spring, between April and May,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=hort/> or late as earl June (in Russia).<ref name=onego/>
The stems hold normally 1–3, terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=European/> blooming in spring, between April and May,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/><ref name=irisbotanique/> or late as earl June (in Russia).<ref name=onego/>


The scented flowers,<ref name=ussrflora/> are {{convert|4|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=European/> and come in shades of pale violet,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=pacific/> lilac,<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=rainbow/> pale blue,<ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=rainbow/>or purple.<ref name=onego/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=rainbow/>
The scented flowers,<ref name=ussrflora/> are {{convert|4|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=European/> and come in shades of pale violet,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=pacific/> lilac,<ref name=rainbow/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/> pale blue,<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=irisbotanique/> or purple.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=irisbotanique/>
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> The falls are spatulate (spoon shaped) or obovate-lanceolate,<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/> {{convert|4.5|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=European/><ref name=swewe/> They have a thin central yellow crest or mid-vein, dark veins (on a pale colour), and a band of papillose (or small hairs).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/>
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> The falls are spatulate (spoon shaped) or obovate-lanceolate,<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/> {{convert|4.5|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=European/> They have a thin central yellow crest or mid-vein, dark veins (on a pale colour), and a band of papillose (or small hairs).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/>
The narrower, oblanceolate, erect standards are {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 5–9&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/>
The narrower, oblanceolate, erect standards are {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 5–9&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/>


It has a long, slender thread-like, perianth tube, {{convert|4.5|-|8|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=European/>
It has a long, slender thread-like, perianth tube, {{convert|4.5|-|8|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=European/>


It has 3 single coloured, style branches, {{convert|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 4–5&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/> They [[attenuate]] (narrow slightly) and at the tips, are toothed.<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/>
It has 3 single coloured, style branches, {{convert|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 4–5&nbsp;mm wide.<ref name=efloras/> They [[attenuate]] (narrow slightly) and at the tips, are toothed.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=ussrflora/>


It has a slender 3–4&nbsp;mm long pedicel,<ref name=ussrflora/> {{convert|3|cm|0|abbr=on}} long Stamens and a cylindric {{convert|7|-|12|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2&nbsp;mm wide, Ovary.<ref name=efloras/>
It has a slender 3–4&nbsp;mm long pedicel,<ref name=ussrflora/> {{convert|3|cm|0|abbr=on}} long Stamens and a cylindric {{convert|7|-|12|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2&nbsp;mm wide, Ovary.<ref name=efloras/>


After the iris has flowered, between late July and early August (in Russia),<ref name=onego/> or between August and September (in China). It produces an ovoid or sub-globose, {{convert|3.2-4.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.2-1.8|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide, seed capsule. It has short beak-like appendage on the top.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/>
After the iris has flowered, between late July and early August (in Russia),<ref name=onego/> or between August and September (in China). It produces an ovoid or sub-globose, {{convert|3.2-4.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.2-1.8|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide, seed capsule. It has short beak-like appendage on the top.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/>


The seeds are oval (or turbinate – like a top) shaped, wrinkled and black-brown to brown.<ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/>
The seeds are oval (or turbinate – like a top) shaped, wrinkled and black-brown to brown.<ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/>


Often, the seed capsule is hidden by the long leaves.<ref name=dykesonirises/>
Often, the seed capsule is hidden by the long leaves.<ref name=dykesonirises/>
Line 135: Line 135:


===Range===
===Range===
It is found in the western Asian countries of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/>
It is found in the western Asian countries of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin/><ref name=swewe/>


In the middle Asian countries of (the former [[Soviet Union]] republics of); [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=onego/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/><ref name=ussrflora/>
In the middle Asian countries of (the former [[Soviet Union]] republics of); [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/>
Also found in regions of Russia, including [[Agin-Buryat Okrug]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Chelyabinsk]], Chita and [[Siberia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=onego/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/><ref name=ussrflora/>
Also found in regions of Russia, including [[Agin-Buryat Okrug]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Chelyabinsk]], Chita and [[Siberia]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=hort/><ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=pacific/>


It is found within central China,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=onego/><ref name=hort/> in the [[Provinces of China|provinces]] of [[Gansu]], [[Hebei]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]], [[Nei Mongol]], [[Ningxia]], [[Qinghai]], ([[Shangdong]]<ref name=efloras/>), [[Shanxi]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Xizang]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/>
It is found within central China,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=hort/><ref name=onego/><ref name=pacific/> in the [[Provinces of China|provinces]] of [[Gansu]], [[Hebei]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]], [[Nei Mongol]], [[Ningxia]], [[Qinghai]], ([[Shangdong]]<ref name=efloras/>), [[Shanxi]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Xizang]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/>


One reference mentions Turkey.<ref name=swewe/>  One reference mentions Iran.<ref name=hort/> Since most others do not mention these countries, they are not regarded as valid.
One reference mentions Turkey.<ref name=swewe/> One reference mentions Iran.<ref name=hort/> Since most others do not mention these countries, they are not regarded as valid.


===Habitat===
===Habitat===
It is grown in semi-desert, desert or mild mountainous areas.<ref name=rainbow/>
It is grown in semi-desert, desert or mild mountainous areas.<ref name=rainbow/>


On sandy [[steppe]]s, on dunes, beside sandy riverine grasslands or river banks, on dry coastal sand regions, on gravelly desert-like slopes and in the crevices of rocks.<ref name=onego/><ref name=ussrflora/> <ref name=efloras/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=knigi/><ref name=fabaceae/>
On sandy [[steppe]]s, on dunes, beside sandy riverine grasslands or river banks, on dry coastal sand regions, on gravelly desert-like slopes and in the crevices of rocks.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=fabaceae/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rainbow/><ref name=knigi/><ref name=ussrflora/>


It is also grown at altitudes of 1000 to 4200m above sea level.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=knigi/><ref name=irisbotanique/>
It is also grown at altitudes of 1000 to 4200m above sea level.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=swewe/><ref name=knigi/><ref name=irisbotanique/>
Line 154: Line 154:


==Hybrids and Cultivars==
==Hybrids and Cultivars==
Due to its high drought and heat resistance, it could be useful in breeding purposes.<ref name=onego/><ref name=exhibition/>
Due to its high drought and heat resistance, it could be useful in breeding purposes.<ref name=exhibition/><ref name=onego/>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]

Revision as of 08:01, 9 February 2015

Iris tenuifolia
flower head of Iris tenuifolia in Kazakhstan.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Subgenus:
Limniris
Series:
Iris series Tenuifoliae
Species:
I. tenuifolia
Binomial name
Iris tenuifolia
Synonyms
  • Cryptobasis tenuifolia (Pall.) Nevski
  • Iris acaulis Pall.
  • Iris regelii Maxim. ex Regel
  • Joniris tenuifolia (Pall.) Klatt
  • Neubeckia tenuifolia (Pall.) Alef.
  • Xiphion tenuifolium (Pall.) Schrank
[1]

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the Tenuifoliae series of the species. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial.

It is written as 细叶鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as xi ye yuan wei in Pinyin Chinese.[2][3][4]

The Latin specific epithet tenuifolia comes from the almagamtion of two latin words tenuis meaning 'fine or thin' and folia mean leaf.[5]

It has the common names of Egeria Iris[4][6][6][7][8] Note; 'Egeria' means water buffaloes or cows pulling (in China).[4] Another common name is narrow leafed iris,[9] or fine leaved iris,[10] or slender-leaf iris,[3] or silk leaves Iris.[4][6]

It was published and described by Peter Simon Pallas in Reise Russ. Reich. Vol.3 page714 in 1776.[11]

It was introduced to Russia in 1812, and was noted as growing in the front garden of Mr. A. Razumovsky near Moscow.[10]

It was later published with an illustration in The Gardeners' Chronicle 3rd. Series Vol.59 page196 on 8 April 1916.[12]

In February 1997, a study was published in which 6 new flavanones, isolated from the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia, using high resolution mass spectrometry.[13] In 2001, a study was carried to monitor the effects of the iris, within a herbal remedy for kidney protection was carried out.[9]

It is included in the IUCN 'Red Data Book' of the Chita Oblast of 2002, listed as 'rare'. It is now protected in Dauria and Khopyor reserves.[10]

The Iris genus has been used as a traditional folk medicine, used to treat a variety of diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections.[14] It was found that compounds isolated from Iris germanica have anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-malarial parasite and anti-TB and other positive effects.[15]

The roots, seeds and flowers of the iris, are used as ingredients in herbal medicines. They have been used as tocolysis (also called anti-contraction medications or labor repressants) and to treat fetal metrorrhagia.[8]

In 2003, it was listed as an endemic vascular species of the temperate steppe region of Inner Mongolia, China, along with Stipa grandis, Artemisia frigida, Festuca ovina, Thymus serpyllum, Caragana microphylla, Koeleria cristata and others.[16]

In 2005, it was noted that the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia are the source of the largest number of new 2’-O-substituted simple flavanones within a single species.[17]

Between 2007 and 2011, a study was carried out on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Iris tenuifolia and Iris halophila. Using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The irises have been used in various tradition herbal remedy’s, such as traditional Mongolian herb medicine and Uighur herb medicine.[18]

In 2008, several chemical compounds were extracted from Iris tenuifolia. These included; 'izalpinin', 'alpinone', 'arborinone', 'irilin B', 'irisone A', 'irisone B', 'betavulgarin', 'beta-sitosterol' '5,7-dihydroxy-2', '6-dimethoxy-isoflavone' , 2',5-dihdroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanone , 'irisoid A' and 'ethyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside'. Also 2 new compounds were found, tenuifodione and tenuifone. All found using spectroscopic methods.[19]

On 24 December 2009, a patent was granted, for the extraction of Iris tenuifolia. Due to it's chemical compounds being used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[14]

In 2011, 2 flavans and a flavanone, were extracted from the rhizomes of Iris tenuifolia and then tested against stem cells.[20]

In 2014, the characteristics of phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptation of Iris tenuifolia from various habitats in Xinjiang, China, were studied.[21]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014.[3]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[22] It has a chromosome count: 2n=14[2][23]

As of January 2015, it is listed as a tentativily accepted name by the RHS.[24]

Cultivation

Iris tenuifolia is rare in cultivation in the UK.[25][26] It is rare in cultivation in the US as well.[27]

They are more grown by specialised collectors or for scientific and research purposes.[8][27]

It was sometimes used as annual plant and only planted during the summer (in the UK, in 1800s).[26]

It is hardy, if sited in a northern continental climate. Similar to Nebraska, North Dakota or South Dakota.[27] It is hardy in parts of Russia. It has been grown in Moscow, St Petersburg and Chita.[28]

It prefers sandy or sandy loam soils, similar to the desert habitat.[8][25][29] It prefers alkaline soils.[30]

They prefer positions in full sun.[30]

It needs to be kept dry during winter, needing the protection of bulb frames (in the UK). It only needs water during the growing period.[25] The plant loses its foliage during the winter, as it is removed by the forces of wind, snow and other bad weather conditions. It then re-grows leaves, in April and May.[27]

It has high drought and heat tolerance (desert-like conditions).[27][29][30]

Propagation

The seed of Iris tenuifolia is rarely used by western horticulturists, as the plants rarely flower.[27] William Rickatson Dykes notes that it made no satisfactory growth and never flowered.[31]

In other flowering regions, the seed can be harvested in autumn, washed, fresh or dried.[8]

Description

Iris tenuifolia is very similar in form to the Mediterranean Iris unguicularis. As they both have very small stems and the seed capsules are often hidden within the leaves of the plant.[31]

It has a dark brown, thin, short, knobbly, tough, wood-like rhizomes.[2][4][8][32] Underneath, it has a network of fibrous roots.[8] On top of the rhizome, at the base of the leaves, are the brown or red-brown, fibrous remains of the previous seasons leaves. Which act as sheaths, for the new leaves.[2][32][33] The sheaths can be up to 6–20 cm (2–8 in) long.[8][32]

It can be either a single plant or can grow into thick clumps of plants.[30][32]

It has greyish-green, linear, twisted, leaves, that can grow between 20–60 cm (8–24 in) long and 1.5–2 mm wide.[2][4][8][25][27][28][32][33] They do not have a mid-vein but paralled veins,[2][4][8] and are acuminate (ending in a point).[32] They continue to grow after blooming, and can end up as a mass of twisted leaves.[27]

The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.[32]

It has a very short flowering stem or scape, 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long.[4][8][25][28][29][33][34][35][36] Although, sometimes the stems do not emerge above ground.[2]

It has 2 to 4, pointed (acuminate), membranous, green, between 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 8–10 mm wide, spathes (leaves of the flower bud).[2][4][8][33]

The stems hold normally 1–3, terminal (top of stem) flowers,[4][8][25][28][29][32][33] blooming in spring, between April and May,[2][8][27][35] or late as earl June (in Russia).[28]

The scented flowers,[32] are 4–7 cm (2–3 in) in diameter,[33] and come in shades of pale violet,[2][36] lilac,[29][32][36] pale blue,[4][25][28][29][32][35] or purple.[4][25][28][29][35] It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[22] The falls are spatulate (spoon shaped) or obovate-lanceolate,[4][8] 4.5–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 1.5 cm (1 in) wide.[2][8][33] They have a thin central yellow crest or mid-vein, dark veins (on a pale colour), and a band of papillose (or small hairs).[2][32][36] The narrower, oblanceolate, erect standards are 5 cm (2 in) long and 5–9 mm wide.[2][4][8][32]

It has a long, slender thread-like, perianth tube, 4.5–8 cm (2–3 in) long.[2][4][8][28][32][33]

It has 3 single coloured, style branches, 4 cm (2 in) long and 4–5 mm wide.[2] They attenuate (narrow slightly) and at the tips, are toothed.[4][8][32]

It has a slender 3–4 mm long pedicel,[32] 3 cm (1 in) long Stamens and a cylindric 7–12 cm (3–5 in) long and 2 mm wide, Ovary.[2]

After the iris has flowered, between late July and early August (in Russia),[28] or between August and September (in China). It produces an ovoid or sub-globose, 3.2–4.5 cm (1–2 in) long and 1.2–1.8 cm (0–1 in) wide, seed capsule. It has short beak-like appendage on the top.[2][4][8][27][28][32]

The seeds are oval (or turbinate – like a top) shaped, wrinkled and black-brown to brown.[4][8][28][32]

Often, the seed capsule is hidden by the long leaves.[31]

Native

Iris tenuifolia on the left bank of Syr-Darya river in Kazakhstan

Iris tenuifolia is native to a wide region, of various temperate areas of Central Asia.[3][24] Which extends from the Volga through Turkestan into Mongolia,[34] and China.

Range

It is found in the western Asian countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan.[2][3][8]

In the middle Asian countries of (the former Soviet Union republics of); Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia.[2][3][4][8][27][28][32][36] Also found in regions of Russia, including Agin-Buryat Okrug, Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk, Chita and Siberia.[2][3][4][8][27][28][32][35][36]

It is found within central China,[25][27][28][36] in the provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, (Shangdong[2]), Shanxi, Xinjiang and Xizang.[2][3][4][8]

One reference mentions Turkey.[8] One reference mentions Iran.[27] Since most others do not mention these countries, they are not regarded as valid.

Habitat

It is grown in semi-desert, desert or mild mountainous areas.[29]

On sandy steppes, on dunes, beside sandy riverine grasslands or river banks, on dry coastal sand regions, on gravelly desert-like slopes and in the crevices of rocks.[2][4][8][28][29][30][32]

It is also grown at altitudes of 1000 to 4200m above sea level.[2][8][30][35]

In north east China, it is found growing on poor soils on open tree-less plains.[27]

Hybrids and Cultivars

Due to its high drought and heat resistance, it could be useful in breeding purposes.[10][28]

References

  1. ^ "Iris tenuifolia Pall. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x 200028220 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 305". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 28 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Taxon: Iris tenuifolia Pall". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "中国豆科植物在线 (chinese name)". fabaceae.onlineflora.cn. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  5. ^ Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). pp. 68–69. ISBN 0304937215.
  6. ^ a b c tenuifolia "Iris tenuifolia Pall". flora of Pan Himalayas. Retrieved 24 October 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  7. ^ Limniris "Sect. Limniris Tausch". frps.eflora.cn. Retrieved 19 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Egeria Iris url=http://tl.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?181704_1&Egeria_Iris". tl.swewe.net. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Missing pipe in: |title= (help) Cite error: The named reference "swewe" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Sarantsetseg, B.; Ambaga, M.; Khürelbaatar, L. (2001). "Narrow-leaf iris (Iris tenuifolia) kidney protection activity". Mongolian Medicine. Mongolian Association of Medical journals. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d "The exhibition "Iris Russia"". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  11. ^ "Iridaceae Iris tenuifolia Pall". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  12. ^ Franco, Alain (30 November 2013). "(Spec) Iris tenuifolia Pall". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  13. ^ Kojima, Keisuke; Gombosurengyin, Purevsuren; Ondognyi, Purev; Begzsurengyin, Dagvatseren; Zevgeegyin, Oyun; Hatano, Keiichiro; Ogihara, Yukio (February 1997). "Flavanones from Iris tenuifolia". Phytochemistry. 44 (4). Elsevier Ltd.: 711–714. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00596-1. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  14. ^ a b "Extract from Iris tenuifolia, preparation method and application thereof". google.com. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  15. ^ Rahman, A.U.; Nasim, S.; Baig, I.; Jalil, S.; Orhan, I.; Sener, B.; Choudhary, M.I. (June 2003). "Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 86 (2–3): 177–180. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  16. ^ Jirí Kolbek, Miroslav Srutek and Elgene E. O. Box (Editor)Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (2003), p. 80, at Google Books
  17. ^ Andersen, Oyvind M.; Markham, Kenneth R. (9 December 2005). Flavonoids: chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849320217. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  18. ^ "Hui Wang (PhD) http://www.metapop.univ-montp2.fr/?page_id=532". metapop.univ-montp2.fr. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  19. ^ Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal; Hareem, Sumaira; Siddiqui, Hina; Anjum, Shazia; Ali, Shamsher; Zaidi, Mudassir Israr (1 June 2008). "A benzil and isoflavone from Iris tenuifolia". Phytochemistry. 69 (9). sigmaaldrich.com: 1880–1885. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  20. ^ Cui, Yan-Mei; Wang, Hui; Liu, Quan-Ru; Han, Mei; Lu, Yang; Zhao, Chang-Qi (17 August 2011). "Flavans from Iris tenuifolia and their effects on β-amyloid aggregation and neural stem cells proliferation in vitro". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21 (15): 4400–4403. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  21. ^ Lu, Zhuo; Guan, Kai-Yun; Li, Wen-Jun; Duan, Shi-Min (2014). "Phenotypic plasticity and biomass allocation of Iris tenuifolia Pall. in different habitats". Chinese Journal of Ecology. 33 (3). Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing: 618–623. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  22. ^ a b Austin, Claire. "Irises A Garden Encyclopedia" (pdf). worldtracker.org. pp. 274–275. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  23. ^ Wang, Yan Limei; Wei, Yan Sha (January 1999). "Karyotype Analysis in Iris Tenuifolia". Journal Of Qiqihar University ( Natural Science Edition ). Qiqihar University. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  24. ^ a b "Iris tenuifolia". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 139. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  26. ^ a b Samuel Hereman Blight on flowers; or figures and descriptions of the insects infesting the flower garden (1840), p. 142, at Google Books
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Murrain, Jim (3 June 2010). publisher=hort.net "Subject: Iris tenuifolia". Retrieved 29 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help)
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved irises". flower.onego.ru. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Rainbow". wdtns.ru. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d e f "Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved iris". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  31. ^ a b c Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf". beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV". archive.org. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) , p. 259, at Google Books
  34. ^ a b Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  35. ^ a b c d e f "Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.

Other sources

  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
  • Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:175.
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 123–124.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.
  • Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

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