Jump to content

Peanut butter: Difference between revisions

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,382,584 edits
m [579]Alter: issue. Add: isbn, pmc, pmid, author pars. 2-3. Formatted dashes. You can use this bot yourself. Report bugs here.
Bigrich (talk | contribs)
96 edits
Removed "actually a legume and not a nut". This parenthetical reference makes the introduction harder to read by breaking up the opening sentence, without adding any real value. This article is about peanut butter, not peanuts per se.
Line 19: Line 19:
| other =
| other =
}}
}}
'''Peanut butter''' is a food paste made primarily from ground [[dry roasting|dry roasted]] [[peanut]] (actually a [[legume]] and not a [[nut (fruit)|nut]]) and is popular in [[North America]], the [[Netherlands]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and parts of Asia, particularly the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} It is mainly used as a [[sandwich]] [[Spread (food)|spread]], sometimes in combination with other spreads such as jam, chocolate (in various forms), vegetables or cheese. The United States<ref>[http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/naics/naicsctry/exports/e311911.html U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries] US Census Bureau, April 2005</ref> is a leading exporter of peanut butter. Nuts are also prepared comparably as [[nut butter]]s.
'''Peanut butter''' is a food paste made primarily from ground [[dry roasting|dry roasted]] [[peanut]] and is popular in [[North America]], the [[Netherlands]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and parts of Asia, particularly the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} It is mainly used as a [[sandwich]] [[Spread (food)|spread]], sometimes in combination with other spreads such as jam, chocolate (in various forms), vegetables or cheese. The United States<ref>[http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/naics/naicsctry/exports/e311911.html U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries] US Census Bureau, April 2005</ref> is a leading exporter of peanut butter. Nuts are also prepared comparably as [[nut butter]]s.


==History==
==History==
Cultivated peanuts are native to the eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes. The origin of peanut butter can be traced back to the [[Aztecs]], who ground roasted peanuts into a paste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/22/peanut-butter-history_n_1222585.html|title=The History of Peanut Butter|date=January 23, 2012|accessdate=February 2, 2014|work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> A number of [[peanut paste]] products have been used over the centuries and the distinction between peanut paste and peanut butter is not always clear in ordinary use. Modern processing machines allow for very smooth products to be made, which often include [[vegetable oil]]s to aid in its spreadability.
Cultivated peanuts, a [[legume]] rather than a true [[nut (fruit)|nut]], are native to the eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes. The origin of peanut butter can be traced back to the [[Aztecs]], who ground roasted peanuts into a paste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/22/peanut-butter-history_n_1222585.html|title=The History of Peanut Butter|date=January 23, 2012|accessdate=February 2, 2014|work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> A number of [[peanut paste]] products have been used over the centuries and the distinction between peanut paste and peanut butter is not always clear in ordinary use. Modern processing machines allow for very smooth products to be made, which often include [[vegetable oil]]s to aid in its spreadability.


Canadian '''Marcellus Gilmore Edson''' (February 7, 1849 – March 6, 1940) of [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] was the first to patent peanut butter, in 1884. Peanut flour already existed. His cooled product had "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment" according to his patent application. He included the mixing of sugar into the paste so as to harden its consistency.
Canadian '''Marcellus Gilmore Edson''' (February 7, 1849 – March 6, 1940) of [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] was the first to patent peanut butter, in 1884. Peanut flour already existed. His cooled product had "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment" according to his patent application. He included the mixing of sugar into the paste so as to harden its consistency.

Revision as of 23:50, 24 February 2015

Peanut butter
"Smooth" peanut butter in a jar
TypeSpread
Main ingredientsPeanuts

Peanut butter is a food paste made primarily from ground dry roasted peanut and is popular in North America, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Australia and parts of Asia, particularly the Philippines and Indonesia.[citation needed] It is mainly used as a sandwich spread, sometimes in combination with other spreads such as jam, chocolate (in various forms), vegetables or cheese. The United States[1] is a leading exporter of peanut butter. Nuts are also prepared comparably as nut butters.

History

Cultivated peanuts, a legume rather than a true nut, are native to the eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes. The origin of peanut butter can be traced back to the Aztecs, who ground roasted peanuts into a paste.[2] A number of peanut paste products have been used over the centuries and the distinction between peanut paste and peanut butter is not always clear in ordinary use. Modern processing machines allow for very smooth products to be made, which often include vegetable oils to aid in its spreadability.

Canadian Marcellus Gilmore Edson (February 7, 1849 – March 6, 1940) of Montreal, Quebec was the first to patent peanut butter, in 1884. Peanut flour already existed. His cooled product had "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment" according to his patent application. He included the mixing of sugar into the paste so as to harden its consistency.

Edson, a chemist (pharmacist), developed the idea of peanut paste as a delicious and nutritious staple for people who could hardly chew on solid food, a not uncommon state back in those days. Peanut paste was initially sold for six cents per pound.[3]

Edson was issued United States patent #306727[4] in 1884. The patent describes a process of milling roasted peanuts until the peanuts reached "a fluid or semi-fluid state."

John Harvey Kellogg was issued a patent for a "Process of Producing Alimentary Products" in 1898[5] and used peanuts, although he boiled the peanuts rather than roasting them. Kellogg served peanut butter to the patients at his Battle Creek Sanitarium.[6] Other makers of modern peanut butter include George Bayle, a snack-food maker in St. Louis, Missouri, who was making peanut butter with roasted peanuts as early as 1894, and George Washington Carver, who is often mistakenly credited as the inventor due to his extensive work in cultivating peanut crops and disseminating recipes.

Early peanut-butter-making machines were developed by Joseph Lambert, who had worked at John Harvey Kellogg's Battle Creek Sanitarium, and Ambrose Straub.[7]

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day in the United States.[8]

Health

Peanut butter,
smooth style, without salt
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,462 kJ (588 kcal)
20 g
Starch4.8 g
Sugars9.2 g
Dietary fiber6 g
50 g
25 g
Vitamins and minerals
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Sodium
0%
0 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water1.8 g
Alcohol (ethanol)0 g
Caffeine0 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[9] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[10]

Crunchy/chunky vs. smooth

Both crunchy/chunky and smooth peanut butter are good sources of unsaturated fats. However, crunchy/chunky peanut butter has slightly more unsaturated and less saturated fat than smooth. Smooth peanut butter doesn't have as much fiber in it as crunchy/chunky.[11]

Health benefits

Peanuts, being about half oil, are half fat. Peanut oil is about one-half monounsaturated fats and one-third polyunsaturated fats, with the remaining 15 percent saturated fats. Peanut butter also contains saturated fat and some sodium.[12] Peanut butter provides protein, vitamins B3 and E, magnesium, folate, dietary fiber, resveratrol[13] arginine,[14] and high levels of the antioxidant p-coumaric acid.

Health concerns

For people with a peanut allergy, peanut butter can cause severe reactions, including anaphylactic shock, which can lead to death if not treated immediately. This has led to its being banned in some schools.[15]

The peanut plant is susceptible to the mold Aspergillus flavus which produces a carcinogenic substance called aflatoxin.[16] Since it is impossible to completely remove all aflatoxin, contamination of peanuts and peanut butter is monitored in many countries to ensure safe levels of this carcinogen. In 1990, a study showed that average American peanut butter contained an average of 5.7 parts per billion of aflatoxins, well below the U.S. Food and Drug Administration limit of 20 parts per billion.[17][18]

Hydrogenated peanut butter contains a small amount of hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are high in saturated fats, thought to be a cause of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and stroke; these oils are added to prevent the peanut oil from separating from the ground peanuts. Peanuts and natural peanut butter, i.e., ground, dry roasted peanuts without added oils, do not contain hydrogenated oils or trans fats. A U.S. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) survey of commercial peanut butters in the U.S. showed that trans fats were undetectable, i.e., below the detection limit of 0.01% of the sample weight.[19]

Some commercial peanut butters advertised as "natural" are actually stabilized with palm oil, which provides the same benefit of emulsion.[20][21] But to call this "natural" is a stretch: as former Skippy plant manager Frank Delfino has observed, "That may be natural someplace, but it's not natural in nature."[22] A 2006 study supported by the National Institutes of Health and the USDA Agricultural Research Service concluded that palm oil is not a safe substitute for hydrogenated oils, because palm oil is highly saturated, causing adverse changes in the blood concentrations of LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B just as trans fat does.[23][24] A 2011 analysis of 23 countries showed that for each kilogram of palm oil added to the diet annually, there was an increase in ischemic heart disease deaths. The increase was much smaller in high-income countries.[25]

When it is stored in unsanitary conditions, peanut butter can harbor Salmonella and cause salmonellosis, as in the Salmonella outbreak in the United States in 2007.[26] In 2009, due to mishandling and possible criminal negligence at Peanut Corporation of America factories in Blakely, Georgia and Plainview, Texas, Salmonella was found in 46 states[27] in peanut-butter-based products such as crackers, peanut-butter cookies, and dog treats. It had claimed at least nine human lives as of 17 March 2009 and made at least 691 people sick in the United States.[28][29]

Other uses

Peanut butter cookies, a popular type of cookie made from peanut butter and other ingredients.

Peanut butter is included as an ingredient in many recipes, especially cookies and candies. Its flavor combines well with other flavors, such as chocolate, oatmeal, cheese, cured meats, savory sauces, and various types of breads and crackers.

Peanut butter is known to work well combined with other things, such as jelly (as the American peanut butter and jelly sandwich, which also extends to jam), banana, sambal, pickles, mayonnaise, olives, onion, horseradish, chocolate chips, bacon, honey, Marmite, or Vegemite in a sandwich. Elvis Presley is said to have liked sandwiches made with peanut butter, banana and bacon while Ernest Hemingway is said to have liked thick onion slices in a peanut butter sandwich.[30]

A flavorful, appealing snack for children is called "Ants on a Log"; a celery stick is the "log", and raisins arranged in a row along a base of peanut butter are the "ants".[31]

Plumpy'nut is a peanut butter-based food used to fight malnutrition in famine stricken countries. A single pack contains 500 calories, can be stored unrefrigerated for 2 years, and requires no cooking or preparation.[32]

By placing a medium amount of peanut butter inside the opening of a hollow sturdy chew toy, it is easy to create a toy that will keep a dog occupied for as long as an hour.[33] Most dogs enjoy the challenge of reaching the peanut butter with their tongue and extracting it.

A common, simple outdoor bird feeder can be made by coating a pine cone once with peanut butter, then again with birdseed.[34]

The oils found in peanut butter are known to allow chewing gum to be removed from hair.[35]

Research published in the Journal of the Neurological Sciences in 2013 proposed the use of peanut butter as a diagnostic test for Alzheimer's disease.[36]

Other names

A slang term for peanut butter in World War II was "monkey butter".[37]

In the Netherlands peanut butter is called pindakaas (peanut cheese) rather than pindaboter (peanut butter) because the word butter is only supposed to be used with products that contain actual butter.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ U.S. Exports of (NAICS 311911) Roasted Nuts & Peanut Butter With All Countries US Census Bureau, April 2005
  2. ^ "The History of Peanut Butter". The Huffington Post. January 23, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  3. ^ http://peanutbutterlovers.com/pb-lovers/pb101/history/
  4. ^ "US Patent #306727".
  5. ^ "US Patent #604493".
  6. ^ Bellis, Mary. "The History of Peanut Butter". about.com. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  7. ^ Innovate St. Louis (August 25, 2011). "Innovation in St. Louis History - Innovate St. Louis". Innovatestl.org. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  8. ^ "American Holidays - United States National Holidays". Statesymbolsusa.org. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  9. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
  10. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  11. ^ Hoven, Maria (August 19, 2011). "Health Factors of Crunchy Peanut Butter".
  12. ^ Harvard Health Publications. "Is Peanut Butter Healthy?". http://www.health.harvard.edu/press_releases/Is-peanut-butter-healthy, July 2009
  13. ^ Sci Tech The Hindu, December 14, 2006
  14. ^ "WH Foods". WH Foods. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  15. ^ James Barron (September 27, 1998). "Dear Mr. Carver. This Is a Cease and Desist Order". New York Times.
  16. ^ "Aflatoxins in Your Food - and their Effect on Your Health". Environment, Health and Safety Online.
  17. ^ "FDA Chemical Contaminants and Pesiticides".
  18. ^ "Consumer Reports: Peanut Problems in a Nutshell".
  19. ^ "Peanut butter is trans fat free". Foodnavigator.com. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  20. ^ "Jif® | Products | Details | Creamy Peanut Butter Spread Contains 90% Peanuts". Jif.com. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  21. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  22. ^ Krampner, Jon (2013). Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food. Columbia University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-231-16232-6.
  23. ^ "Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects". Ajcn.org. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  24. ^ "Palm Oil Not A Healthy Substitute For Trans Fats, Study Finds". Sciencedaily.com. May 11, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  25. ^ "Multi-Country analysis of palm oil consumption... [Global Health. 2011] - PubMed - NCBI". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. March 25, 2013. PMID 22177258. Retrieved October 19, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ Dennis G. Maki, M.D. (February 11, 2009). "Coming to Grips with Foodborne Infection — Peanut Butter, Peppers, and Nationwide Salmonella Outbreaks". The New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (10). New England Journal of Medicine: 949–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0806575. PMID 19213675. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  27. ^ Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar (January 17, 2009). "People urged to avoid peanut butter products". AP via Yahoo News. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  28. ^ Investigation Update: Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections, 2008–2009, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  29. ^ "US peanut boss refuses testimony". BBC News. February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  30. ^ Dwight Garner (October 22, 2012). "Peanut Butter Takes On an Unlikely Best Friend". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  31. ^ "Kids' Recipe: Ants on a Log". Fit.webmd.com. April 24, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  32. ^ Michael Wines (August 8, 2005). "Hope for Hungry Children, Arriving in a Foil Packet". The New York Times.
  33. ^ "KONG and Other Food Puzzle Toys for Dogs: Usage and Recipes". Pets.webmd.com. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  34. ^ "Pine Cone Bird Feeder". Wisconsin State Environmental Education for Kids!.
  35. ^ "Home Remedies For Gum Removal, via LiveStrong.com".
  36. ^ Stamps JJ, Bartoshuk LM, Heilman KM; Bartoshuk; Heilman (October 2013). "A brief olfactory test for Alzheimer's disease". J. Neurol. Sci. 333 (1–2): 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.06.033. PMC 3823377. PMID 23927938.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Jacobs, Jay (1995). The Eaten Word: The Language of Food, the Food in Our Language. Carol Publishing Corporation. ISBN 1-55972-285-1.

References

  • Erlbach, Arlene (1993). Peanut Butter. Lerner Publications.
  • Patrick, Jr., Coyle, L. (1982). The World Encyclopedia of Food. Facts on File.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lapedes, Daniel (1977). McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Food, 4th ed. Agriculture and Nutrition. McGraw-Hill.
  • Woodroof, Jasper Guy (1983). Peanuts: Production, Processing, Products. Avi Publishing Company.
  • Zisman, Honey (1985). The Great American Peanut Butter Book: A Book of Recipes, Facts, Figures, and Fun. St. Martin's Press.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Peanut_butter&oldid=648708146"