Jump to content

Kowloon Walled City: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 22°19′56.21″N 114°11′25″E / 22.3322806°N 114.19028°E / 22.3322806; 114.19028
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverted edits by 71.229.174.201 (talk) to last version by Underbar dk
Tag: blanking
Line 12: Line 12:
In January 1987, the [[government of Hong Kong|Hong Kong government]] announced plans to [[demolition|demolish]] the Walled City. After an arduous [[eviction]] process, demolition began in March 1993 and was completed in April 1994. Kowloon Walled City Park opened in December 1995 and occupies the area of the former Walled City. Some historical [[artifact (archaeology)|arte<!-- NOTE! Do not change this to "artifacts"! This article uses Hong Kong English spelling, where "artefacts" is the correct spelling. -->facts]] from the Walled City, including its [[yamen]] building and remnants of its South Gate, have been [[conservation-restoration|preserved]] there.
In January 1987, the [[government of Hong Kong|Hong Kong government]] announced plans to [[demolition|demolish]] the Walled City. After an arduous [[eviction]] process, demolition began in March 1993 and was completed in April 1994. Kowloon Walled City Park opened in December 1995 and occupies the area of the former Walled City. Some historical [[artifact (archaeology)|arte<!-- NOTE! Do not change this to "artifacts"! This article uses Hong Kong English spelling, where "artefacts" is the correct spelling. -->facts]] from the Walled City, including its [[yamen]] building and remnants of its South Gate, have been [[conservation-restoration|preserved]] there.


ok
==History==

===Military outpost===
[[Image:Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Lung Tsun Stone Bridge]] and Lung Tsun Pavilion (Pavilion for Greeting Officials) of Kowloon Walled City in 1898|alt=The front entrance of a fort with mountains in the background.]]

The history of the Walled City can be traced back to the [[Song Dynasty]] (960–1279), when an outpost was set up to manage the trade of [[salt]]. Little took place for hundreds of years afterward, although 30 guards were stationed there in 1668.<ref name="Wilkinson"/> A small coastal fort was established around 1810.<ref name="Sinn"/> In 1842, during [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] [[Daoguang Emperor|Emperor Daoguang]]'s reign, [[Hong Kong Island]] was ceded to Britain by the [[Treaty of Nanking|Treaty of Nanjing]]. As a result, the Qing authorities felt it necessary to improve the fort in order to rule the area and check further British influence. The improvements, including the formidable [[defensive wall]], were completed in 1847. The Walled City was captured by rebels during the [[Taiping Rebellion]] in 1854 before being retaken a few weeks later.<ref name="Wilkinson"/>

[[File:Victoria City and Kowloon 1915.jpg|thumb|250px|left|1915 map of the Hong Kong region with the Kowloon Walled City listed as "Chinese Town" at the upper right-hand corner]]
The [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory]] of 1898 handed additional parts of Hong Kong (the [[New Territories]]) to Britain for 99 years, but excluded the Walled City, which at the time had a population of roughly 700. China was allowed to continue to keep officials there as long as they did not interfere with the defence of [[British Hong Kong]]. The following year, the Governor, Sir [[Henry Arthur Blake|Henry Blake]], suspected that the Viceroy of Canton was using troops to aid resistance to the new arrangements. On 16 May 1899, British forces attacked the Walled City, only to find the Viceroy's soldiers gone, leaving behind only the [[mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] and 150 residents.<ref name="Wilkinson"/>

Though the British claimed ownership of the Walled City, they did little with it over the following few decades. The Protestant church established an [[Retirement home|old people's home]] in the yamen, as well as a school and [[almshouse]] in other former offices. Aside from such institutions, however, the Walled City became a mere curiosity for British colonials and tourists to visit. In 1933, the Hong Kong authorities announced plans to demolish most of the decaying Walled City's buildings, compensating the 436 squatters that lived there with new homes. By 1940 only the yamen, the school, and one house remained. During its [[World War II]] [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|occupation of Hong Kong]], [[Japan]] demolished the City's wall and used the stone to expand the nearby [[Kai Tak Airport]].<ref name="Wilkinson"/>

===Urban settlement===
{{Quote box |width=30em |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |salign=right
|quote = Here, prostitutes installed themselves on one side of the street, while a priest preached and handed out powdered milk to the poor on the other; social workers gave guidance, while drug addicts squatted under the stairs getting high; what were children's games centres by day became strip show venues by night. It was a very complex place, difficult to generalise about, a place that seemed frightening but where most people continued to lead normal lives. A place just like the rest of Hong Kong.
|source = —Leung Ping Kwan, ''City of Darkness'', p. 120<ref name = "Kwan" />}}
After [[Surrender of Japan|Japan's surrender]], China announced its intent to reclaim its rights to the Walled City. Refugees poured in to take advantage of Chinese protection, and 2,000 [[Squatting|squatters]] occupied the Walled City by 1947. After a failed attempt to drive them out in 1948, the British adopted a 'hands-off' policy in most matters concerning the Walled City.<ref name="Wilkinson" />

In January 1950, a fire broke out that destroyed over 2,500 huts, home to nearly 3,500 families and 17,000 total people.<ref name = "Smart2006" /> The disaster highlighted the need for proper [[fire prevention]] in the largely wooden-built squatter areas, complicated by the lack of political ties with the colonial and Chinese governments.<ref name="Smart2006_2" /> The ruins gave new arrivals to the Walled City the opportunity to build anew, causing speculation that the fire may have been intentionally set.<ref name = "Smart2006_2" /><ref name="Booth2006" />

With no government enforcement from the Chinese or the British aside from a few raids by the [[Hong Kong Police]], the Walled City became a haven for crime and drugs. It was only during a 1959 trial for a murder that occurred within the Walled City that the Hong Kong government was ruled to have jurisdiction there. By this time, however, the Walled City was virtually ruled by the organised crime syndicates known as [[Triad (underground societies)|Triads]].<ref name ="Wilkinson" />

Beginning in the 1950s, Triad groups such as the [[14K Triad|14K]] and [[Sun Yee On]] gained a stranglehold on the Walled City's countless [[brothel]]s, [[Casino|gambling parlors]], and [[opium den]]s. The Walled City had become such a haven for criminals that police would venture into it only in large groups.<ref name = scmp>{{cite news|last=Carney|first=John|title=Kowloon Walled City: Life in the City of Darkness| url = http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1191748/kowloon-walled-city-life-city-darkness | accessdate = 29 January 2014 | newspaper = [[South China Morning Post]] | date = 16 March 2013}}</ref> It was not until 1973–74, when a series of more than 3,500 police raids resulted in over 2,500 arrests and over {{convert |1800|kg}} of seized drugs, that the Triads' power began to wane. With public support, particularly from younger residents, the continued raids gradually eroded drug use and violent crime. In 1983, the police commander of [[Kowloon City District]] declared the Walled City's crime rate to be under control.<ref name="Wilkinson" />

[[File:Kowloon Walled City - 1991.jpg|left|thumb|225px|One of the outer edges of the City]]
[[Image:KowloonWalledCityAlley2.jpg|right|thumb|195px|A rare patch of sunlight in an alley of the City|alt=A view of a dark alley angled up toward the sky, with a pinpoint of light at the top.]]
The City also underwent massive construction during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name = "p48" /> Eight municipal pipes provided water to the entire structure (although more could have come from wells).<ref name = "Water"/> A few of the streets were illuminated by [[fluorescent light]]s, as sunlight rarely reached the lower levels.<ref name = "Wilkinson" /> Although the rampant crime of earlier decades diminished in later years, the Walled City was still known for its high number of unlicensed doctors and [[dentist]]s, who could operate there without threat of prosecution.<ref name = "Vines" />

Although the Walled City was for many years a hotbed of criminal activity, most residents were not involved in any crime and lived peacefully within its walls. Numerous small factories and businesses thrived inside the Walled City, and some residents formed groups to organise and improve daily life there.<ref name= "Basler" /> An attempt by the government in 1963 to demolish some shacks in a corner of the City gave rise to an "antidemolition committee" that served as the basis for a [[Kaifong association]]. Charities, religious societies, and other welfare groups were gradually introduced to the City. While medical clinics and schools went unregulated, the Hong Kong government did provide some services, such as water supply and mail delivery.<ref name="Wilkinson" />

===Eviction and demolition===
Over time, both the British and the Chinese governments found the City to be increasingly intolerable, despite a reduction in the reported crime rate.<ref name="DailyMail"/> The quality of life in the City — sanitary conditions in particular — remained far behind the rest of Hong Kong. The [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] in 1984 laid the groundwork for the City's demolition.<ref name="Wilkinson"/> The mutual decision by the two governments to tear down the Walled City was announced on 14{{nbsp}}January 1987.<ref name="Goddard"/>

The government distributed some {{HKD|2.7 billion}} ({{USD|350 million}}) in compensation to the estimated 33,000 residents and businesses in a plan devised by a special committee of the [[Hong Kong Housing Authority]].<ref name="Lau" /> Some residents were not satisfied with the compensation, and were forcibly evicted between November 1991 and July 1992.<ref name="Families"/><ref name="Braude"/> After four months of planning,<ref name="Chung"/> demolition of the Walled City began on 23{{nbsp}}March 1993<ref name="Vines"/> and concluded in April 1994. Construction work on Kowloon Walled City Park started the following month.<ref name="History"/>
{{-}}

===Current status as park===
[[File:Kowloon Walled City Park 九龍寨城 02.jpg|left|thumb|225px|Lung Nam Pavilion in the southwest corner of the park|alt=A pagoda on a pond with a waterfall.]]

The area where the Walled City once stood is now '''Kowloon Walled City Park''' ({{zh|t=九龍寨城公園|j=gau2 lung4 zaai6 seng4 gung1 jyun4<!--p=Jiǔlóng zhài chéng gōngyuán-->}}), located in today's Kowloon City District. The {{convert|31000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} [[park]] was completed in August 1995 and handed over to the [[Urban Services Department]]. It was opened officially by Governor [[Chris Patten]] a few months later on 22 December.<ref>{{cite news|last=Flint|first=John|title=Walled City's transformation sparks hopes for other sites|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/143914/walled-citys-transformation-sparks-hopes-other-sites|accessdate=28 January 2014|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=23 December 1995}}</ref> Construction of the park cost a total of {{HKD|76 million}}.<ref name="History"/> It is adjacent to Carpenter Road Park.<ref name="Film"/>

The park's design is modelled on [[Jiangnan]] [[Chinese garden|gardens]] of the early [[Qing Dynasty]]. It is divided into eight landscape features,<ref name="History"/> with the fully restored [[yamen]] as its centrepiece. The park's paths and [[pavilions]] are named after streets and buildings in the Walled City.<ref name="YamenPark"/> Arte<!-- NOTE! Do not change this to "Artifacts"! This article uses Hong Kong English spelling, where "Artefacts" is the correct spelling. -->facts from the Walled City, such as five inscribed stones and three old wells, are also on display in the park.<ref name="Film"/> The park was designed by the [[Architectural Services Department]], who won a "prestigious award" from the Central Society of Horticulture of Germany for the redevelopment.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ng|first1=Kang-Chung|title=Walled City park project wins top award|work=South China Morning Post|date=12 January 1994}}</ref>

[[Image:Image-Kowloon Walled City southgate.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Remnants of the City's South Gate and its entrance plaques|alt=On a green lawn surrounded by a brick wall lie broken engraved stones and stone foundations.]]

Components of the park include:
* The Eight Floral Walks, each named after a different plant or flower<ref name="Walks"/>
* The Chess Garden, featuring four {{convert|3|by|5|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Chinese chess]]boards<ref name="Chess"/>
* The Garden of [[Chinese zodiac]], containing stone statues of the 12 [[Chinese zodiac]] animals<ref name="Zodiac"/>
* The Garden of Four Seasons (named Guangyin Square after the small open area in the Walled City), a {{convert|300|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} garden with plants that symbolise the four seasons<ref name="Seasons"/>
* The Six Arts Terrace, a {{convert|600|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} wedding area containing a garden and the Bamboo Pavilion<ref name="Film"/>
* The Kuixing Pavilion, including a [[moon gate]] framed by two stone tablets and the towering Guibi Rock, which represents Hong Kong's return to China<ref name="Guibi"/>
* The Mountain View Pavilion, a two-storey structure resembling a docked boat that provides a good view of the entire park<ref name="Film"/><ref name="Mountain"/>
* The Lung Tsun, Yuk Tong, and Lung Nam Pavilions<ref name="Layout"/>
* The yamen and the remains of the South Gate (see below).

====Declared monuments====
[[File:KWC Yamen1.JPG|left|thumb|225px|Front of the restored [[yamen]] building with one of the original cannons|alt=The front entrance of a building labelled "Almshouse" with a cannon in front of it.]]
[[File:Kowloon Walled City2.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Children of early 20th century Kowloon Walled City residents playing on the yamen cannons]]
The [[Antiquities and Monuments Office]] conducted archaeological examinations as the Walled City was being demolished, and several cultural remains were discovered.<ref name="GIS"/> Among them were the Walled City's yamen and remnants of its South Gate, which were officially designated [[declared monuments of Hong Kong]] on 4 October 1996.<ref name="Monuments"/>

The South Gate had originally served as the Walled City's main entrance. Along with its foundation, other remains included two stone plaques inscribed with "South Gate" and "Kowloon Walled City" from the South Gate and a flagstone path that had led up to it. The foundations of the City's wall and East Gate were also discovered.<ref name="History"/> The Hong Kong government preserved the South Gate remnants next to a square in front of the yamen.<ref name="GatePark"/>

The yamen building is made up of three halls. Originally the middle hall served the Assistant Magistrate of Kowloon's administrative office, and the rear block was his residence. After the government officials left the area in 1899, it was used for several other purposes, including an old people's home, a refuge for widows and orphans, a school, and a clinic. It was restored in 1996 and is now found near the centre of the park.<ref name="Yamen"/> It contains a photo gallery of the Walled City, and two [[cannon]]s dating back to 1802 sit at the sides of its entrance.<ref name="YamenPark"/>
{{-}}


==Layout and architecture==
==Layout and architecture==

Revision as of 06:32, 12 March 2015

Kowloon Walled City
A large solid block of ramshackle buildings varying in height, with many taller buildings and some mountains in the background.
An aerial view of Kowloon Walled City in 1989
Traditional Chinese九龍城寨
Simplified Chinese九龙城寨
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiǔlóng Chéng Zhài
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpinggau2 lung4 seng4 zaai6
Original name
Traditional Chinese九龍寨城
Simplified Chinese九龙寨城
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiǔlóng Zhài Chéng
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpinggau2 lung4 zaai6 seng4

Kowloon Walled City was a densely populated, largely ungoverned settlement in New Kowloon, Hong Kong. Originally a Chinese military fort, the Walled City became an enclave after the New Territories were leased to Britain in 1898. Its population increased dramatically following the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong during World War II. In 1987, the Walled City contained 33,000 residents within its 2.6-hectare (6.4-acre) borders. From the 1950s to the 1970s, it was controlled by Triads and had high rates of prostitution, gambling, and drug use.

In January 1987, the Hong Kong government announced plans to demolish the Walled City. After an arduous eviction process, demolition began in March 1993 and was completed in April 1994. Kowloon Walled City Park opened in December 1995 and occupies the area of the former Walled City. Some historical artefacts from the Walled City, including its yamen building and remnants of its South Gate, have been preserved there.

ok

Layout and architecture

Kowloon Walled City is located in Hong Kong
Kowloon Walled City
Kowloon Walled City
class=notpageimage|
The City's former location within Hong Kong

The Walled City was located in what became known as the Kowloon City area of Kowloon. In spite of its transformation from a fort into an urban enclave, the Walled City retained the same basic layout. The original fort was built on a slope[1] and consisted of a 2.6-hectare (0.010 sq mi) plot measuring about 210 by 120 metres (690 by 390 ft). The stone wall surrounding it had four entrances and measured 4 metres (13 ft) tall and 4.6 metres (15 ft) thick before it was dismantled in 1943.[2][3]

Construction surged dramatically during the 1960s and 1970s, until the formerly low-rise City consisted almost entirely of buildings with 10 storeys or more (with the notable exception of the yamen in its centre).[4][5] However, due to the Kai Tak Airport's position 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) south of the City, buildings did not exceed 14 storeys.[6] The two-storey Sai Tau Tsuen settlement bordered the Walled City to the south and west until it was cleared in 1985 and replaced with Carpenter Road Park.[7][8]

The City's dozens of alleyways were often only 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) wide, and had poor lighting and drainage.[9] An informal network of staircases and passageways also formed on upper levels, which was so extensive that one could travel north to south through the entire City without ever touching solid ground.[4] Construction in the City went unregulated, and most of the roughly 350 buildings were built with poor foundations and few or no utilities.[10] Because apartments were so small — a typical unit was 23 m2 (250 sq ft) — space was maximised with wider upper floors, caged balconies, and rooftop additions.[11][5][12] Roofs in the City were full of television antennae, clothes lines, water tanks, and rubbish, and could be crossed using a series of ladders.[13][14]

Population

Kowloon Walled City's early population fluctuated between zero and a few hundred, and began growing steadily shortly after World War II. However, there is no accurate population information available for much of the Walled City's later existence. Official census numbers estimated the Walled City's population at 10,004 in 1971 and 14,617 in 1981, but these figures were commonly considered to be much too low. Informal estimates, on the other hand, often mistakenly included the neighbouring squatter village of Sai Tau Tsuen.[9][15] Population figures of about 50,000 were also reported.[16]

A thorough government survey in 1987 gave a clearer picture: an estimated 33,000 people resided within the Walled City. Based on this survey, the Walled City had a population density of approximately 1,255,000 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,250,000/sq mi) in 1987.[5]

Culture

A close-up the Walled City's mass of tall buildings.
Numerous dental clinics at an edge of the Walled City in 1991

Contrary to what many outsiders believed, most residents of the Walled City behaved similarly to other Hong Kong natives.[17] In response to difficult living conditions, the residents formed a tightly knit community, helping one another endure various hardships.[18] Within families, wives often did housekeeping, while grandmothers cared for their grandchildren and other children from surrounding households.[19] The City's rooftops were an important gathering place, especially for residents who lived on upper floors. Parents used them to relax, and children would play or do homework there after school.[20]

The yamen in the heart of the City was also a major social centre, a place for residents to talk, have tea or watch television, and to take classes such as calligraphy. The Old People's Centre also held religious meetings for Christians and others.[21] Other religious institutions included the Fuk Tak and Tin Hau temples, which were used for a combination of Buddhist, Taoist, and animist practices.[22]

Cultural depictions

The Walled City of Kowloon has no visible wall around it, but it is as clearly defined as if there were one made of hard, high steel. It is instantly sensed by the congested open market that runs along the street in front of the row of dark run-down flats—shacks haphazardly perched on top of one another giving the impression that at any moment the entire blighted complex will collapse under its own weight, leaving nothing but rubble where elevated rubble had stood.

A few people who spent time in Kowloon Walled City have written accounts of their experiences. Evangelist Jackie Pullinger wrote a 1989 memoir, Crack in the Wall, about her involvement in treating drug addicts within the Walled City.[24] In his 2004 autobiography Gweilo, Martin Booth describes his exploration of the Walled City as a child in the 1950s.[25]

In addition to such accounts, many authors, game designers, and filmmakers have used the Walled City to convey a sense of oppressive urbanisation or unfettered criminality. In literature, Robert Ludlum's novel The Bourne Supremacy uses the Walled City as one of its settings.[23] The City appears as a virtual reality environment (described by Steven Poole as an "oasis of political and creative freedom") in William Gibson's Bridge trilogy, and as a contrast with Singapore in his Wired article "Disneyland with the Death Penalty".[26][27] In the manga Crying Freeman, the titular character's wife travels to the Walled City to master her swordsmanship and control a cursed sword.[28] The manga Blood+: Kowloon Nights uses the Walled City as the setting for a series of murders.[29]

The 1982 Shaw Brothers film Brothers from the Walled City is set in Kowloon Walled City.[30] The 1984 gangster film Long Arm of the Law features the Walled City as a refuge for gang members before they are gunned down by police.[25] In the 1988 film Bloodsport, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, the Walled City is the setting for a martial arts tournament.[31] The 1992 non-narrative film Baraka features several highly detailed shots of the Walled City shortly before its demolition. The 1993 film Crime Story starring Jackie Chan was partly filmed in the deserted Walled City, and includes real scenes of building explosions.[32] A walled neighbourhood called the Narrows in the 2005 film Batman Begins was inspired by the Walled City.[33] The 2006 Hong Kong horror film Re-cycle features a decrepit, nightmarish version of the Walled City, complete with tortured souls from which the protagonist must flee.[34]

Hive of dream. Those mismatched, uncalculated windows. How they seemed to absorb all the frantic activity of Kai Tak airport, sucking in energy like a black hole.

Kowloon Walled City is also featured in several games, including Kowloon's Gate,[25] Shenmue II[35] and Call of Duty: Black Ops. The game Stranglehold, a sequel to the film Hard Boiled, features a version of the Walled City filled with hundreds of Triad members.[35] In the games Fear Effect and Fear Effect 2, photographs of the Walled City were used as inspiration "for moods, camera angles and lighting."[36] Concept art for the MMORPG Guild Wars: Factions depicts massive, densely packed structures inspired by the Walled City.[37] The pen-and-paper RPG Shadowrun includes a crime-ridden, rebuilt version of the Walled City set in 2070.[38]

A partial recreation of the Kowloon Walled City exists in the Kawasaki Warehouse, an amusement arcade that opened in 2009 in the Japanese suburb of Kawasaki, Kanagawa. The designer's desire to accurately replicate the atmosphere of the Walled City is reflected in the arcade's narrow corridors, electrical wires, pipes, postboxes, sign boards, neon lights, frayed posters, and various other small touches that provide an air of authenticity.[39]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Lambot 2007, p. 18
  2. ^ Sinn, Elizabeth. "Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 27: 30–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  3. ^ Benedetti, Paul (18 September 1982). "A nervy tour of Kowloon's Walled City". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 27 November 2009. (subscription required)
  4. ^ a b Lambot 2007, p. 48
  5. ^ a b c Goddard, Charles. "The Clearance". City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City. pp. 208–11.
  6. ^ Lambot 2007, p. 206
  7. ^ Girard, Greg. "Foreword". City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City. p. 7.
  8. ^ Lambot 2007, p. 71
  9. ^ a b Wesley-Smith, Peter (1998). Unequal treaty, 1898–1997: China, Great Britain, and Hong Kong's new territories (rev. ed.). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. pp. 189–90. ISBN 0-19-590354-4.
  10. ^ Lambot 2007, pp. 48, 74, 79
  11. ^ Basler, Barbara (16 June 1992). "The Walled City, Home to Huddled Masses, Falls". The New York Times. p. A4. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  12. ^ Lambot 2007, pp. 34, 199
  13. ^ Popham, Peter. "Introduction". City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City. pp. 9–13.
  14. ^ Lambot 2007, pp. 199, 203
  15. ^ Siu-Fong, Betty Ho (1986). Redevelopment of Kowloon Walled City: A Feasibility Study (PDF). University of Hong Kong. p. 52. OCLC 52017240. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  16. ^ Owen, Pamela (5 May 2012). "Inside the Kowloon Walled City where 50,000 residents eked out a grimy living in the most densely populated place on earth". The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  17. ^ Lambot 2007, p. 90
  18. ^ Lambot 2007, p. 122
  19. ^ Lambot 2007, pp. 115, 154
  20. ^ Lambot 2007, pp. 203–204
  21. ^ Lambot 2007, p. 132
  22. ^ Lambot 2007, pp. 26, 139
  23. ^ a b Ludlum, Robert (March 1987). The Bourne Supremacy. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-26322-6.
  24. ^ Pullinger, Jackie; Danziger, Nick (1 May 1989). Crack in the Wall. Hodder & Stoughton Religious. ISBN 978-0-340-49067-9.
  25. ^ a b c McDonogh, Gary; Wong, Cindy (30 August 2005). Global Hong Kong. Routledge. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-415-94770-1.
  26. ^ Poole, Steven (3 May 2009). "Tomorrow's man". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  27. ^ a b Gibson, William (September–October 1993). "Disneyland with the Death Penalty". Wired. 1 (4). Condé Nast. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  28. ^ Bartholow, Michael (4 October 2006). "Crying Freeman Volume 3 TPB". Advanced Media Network. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  29. ^ "Blood+: Kowloon Nights". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  30. ^ "Review of ''Brothers from the Walled City''". Sogoodreviews.com. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  31. ^ "New Age Timeout". BD: New Age. 19 May 2005. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  32. ^ Strother, Barbara. "Kowloon Walled City Park Information". Home & Abroad. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
  33. ^ Otto, Jeff (6 June 2005). "Interview: Christopher Nolan". IGN. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  34. ^ Shingleton, Matt (12 September 2006). "Re-Cycle". The DVD Times. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  35. ^ a b McMillan, Fraser (7 September 2009). "Stranglehold". Thunderbolt. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  36. ^ Lui, Chi Kong (4 April 2001). "Interview with Stan Liu – Part 1". Game Critics. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  37. ^ "ArenaNet Art Director Daniel Dociu wins Spectrum 14 gold medal!". Guild Wars. 9 March 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  38. ^ Boyle, Rob (17 July 2006). Shadowrun: Runner Havens. Fanpro. pp. 13, 26. ISBN 978-1-932564-68-6. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  39. ^ Ryall, Julian (1 October 2013). "Arcade brings Kowloon Walled City back from the dead … in Japan". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 April 2014.

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Wilkinson" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Kwan" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Smart2006" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Smart2006_2" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Booth2006" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Water" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Lau" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Families" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Braude" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Vines" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Chung" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "History" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Film" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "GatePark" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "YamenPark" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Walks" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Seasons" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Zodiac" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Chess" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Mountain" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Guibi" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Layout" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "GIS" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Monuments" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Yamen" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kowloon Walled City and Kowloon Walled City Park.

Unofficial analyses:

22°19′56.21″N 114°11′25″E / 22.3322806°N 114.19028°E / 22.3322806; 114.19028

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kowloon_Walled_City&oldid=651009448"