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The '''Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart''' is a widespread [[table of nuclides]] in print. |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}} |
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The '''Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart''' was first published in 1958 with the work of [[Walter Seelmann-Eggebert]] and Gerda Pfennig from what is today the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]. |
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Its unique colour scheme is based on the modes of decay and offers an intuitive view of the decay paths. |
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Since 1 January 2012, the management of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart has been taken over by [http://www.nucleonica.com/index.aspx Nucleonica GmbH] - a spin-off company of the EC's Joint Research Centre (JRC). |
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For more than 50 years, the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart has provided scientists and students with structured, accurate information on the half-lives and decay modes of radionuclides, as well as the energies of emitted radiation. Beyond the more traditional physical sciences such as health physics and radiation protection, nuclear and radiochemistry, and astrophysics, the Chart is now in wide and common usage in the life and earth sciences (biology, medicine, agriculture, geology, etc.). An important characteristic of the Chart is its great didactic value in education and training in the nuclear sciences. It has been used in training programmes worldwide and is a valuable and welcome addition to the many books on nuclear science including school physics textbooks. Although many nuclear data sources are available on the internet, the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart provides a unique overview of current knowledge and is for many the preferred medium for ease of use, convenience and practicality. |
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== Characteristics == |
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It is a two-dimensional graphical representation in the [[Emilio Segrè|Segrè]]-arrangement with the [[neutron number]] ''N'' on the [[abscissa]] and the [[proton number]] ''Z'' on the [[ordinate]]. Each [[nuclide]] is represented at the intersection of its respective neutron and proton number by a small square box with the [[chemical symbol]] and the [[nucleon number]] ''A''. By columnar subdivision of such a field, in addition to [[ground state]]s also [[nuclear isomer]]s can be shown. The coloring of a field (segmented if necessary) shows in addition to the existing text entries the observed types of [[Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay|radioactive decay]] of the nuclide and a rough classification of their relative shares: [[stable nuclide|stable, nonradioactive nuclides]] completely black, [[Primordial nuclide|primordial radionuclides]] partially black, [[proton emission]] orange, [[alpha decay]] yellow, [[beta plus decay]]/[[electron capture]] red, [[isomeric transition]] ([[Gamma_ray#Radioactive_decay_.28gamma_decay.29|gamma decay]], [[internal conversion]]) white, [[beta minus decay]] blue, [[spontaneous fission]] green, [[cluster emission]] violet, [[neutron emission]] light blue. For each [[radionuclide]] its field includes (if known) information about its [[half-life]] and essential energies of the emitted radiation, for stable nuclides and primordial radionuclides there are data on [[mole fraction]] abundances in the [[Natural abundance|natural isotope mixture]] of the corresponding [[chemical element]]. Furthermore, for many nuclides [[neutron cross section|cross sections]] for [[nuclear reaction]]s with [[Neutron#Thermal_neutrons|thermal neutrons]] are quoted, usually for the (n, γ)-reaction ([[neutron capture]]), partly fission cross sections for the induced [[nuclear fission]] and cross sections for the (n, α)-reaction or (n, p)-reaction. For the chemical elements cross sections and [[relative atomic mass]]es (both averaged over natural isotopic composition) are specified (the relative atomic masses partially as an interval to reflect the variability of the composition of the element's natural isotope mixture). For the nuclear fission of [[Uranium-235|<sup>235</sup>U]] and [[Plutonium-239|<sup>239</sup>Pu]] with thermal neutrons, percentage [[Fission product yield|isobaric chain yields]] of [[fission product]]s are listed.<ref name="KNC_2012" /> |
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==External links== |
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== History, editions == |
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* '''[http://www.nucleonica.com/wiki/index.php?title=Category%3AKNC The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart (Nucleonica GmbH)]''' |
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The first printed edition of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart of 1958 in the form of a wall chart was created by [[Walter Seelmann-Eggebert]] and his assistant Gerda Pfennig. Walter Seelmann-Eggebert was director of the [[Radiochemistry]] Institute in the 1956 founded "Kernreaktor Bau- und Betriebsgesellschaft mbH" in Karlsruhe, Germany (a predecessor institution of the later "(Kern-)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe", nowadays [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]) and appointed professor of radiochemistry at the Karlsruhe Technical University. Radiochemical isotope courses were held at the institute, and in the context of these teaching courses the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart arose, which was intended to be a well-structured overview of the essential properties of the nuclides already known at that time. |
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* '''[http://www.nucleonica.com/wiki/index.php?title=Help:Karlsruhe_Nuclide_Chart_Online_(KNCO) Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Online (KNCO)]''' |
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* '''[http://www.nucleonica.com/index.aspx Nucleonica nuclear science portal]''' |
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In the following decades, the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart was published and revised several times. In addition to other co-authors, Seelmann-Eggebert († 1988) was involved up to the 5th edition in 1981, Pfennig consistently. In 2006, the management of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart changed over from Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe to the [[Institute for Transuranium Elements]] (ITU) of the [[Joint Research Centre]] (JRC) of the [[European Commission]] (EC), then in 2012 to Nucleonica GmbH, a spin-off company of the JRC-ITU. |
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[[ca:Taula de núclids]] |
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The following summary table<ref name="KNC_2012" /><ref name="Nucleonica_KNC" /><ref name="Nucleonica_KNCO" /> regarding the individual editions of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart also expresses the scientific progress in the field of discovery/exploration of the nuclides and new chemical elements. |
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[[da:Kernekort]] |
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[[de:Nuklidkarte]] |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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[[pl:Tabela nuklidów]] |
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|- |
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[[sv:Nuklidkarta]] |
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! rowspan="2" | edition |
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! rowspan="2" | year |
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! rowspan="2" | number of included <br />chemical elements |
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! colspan="3" | number of included nuclides |
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|- |
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! total !! ground states !! nuclear isomers |
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|- |
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| 1. || 1958 || 102 || ca. 1520 || ca. 1300 || ca. 220 |
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|- |
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| 2. || 1961 || 103 || ca. 1590? ||? ||? |
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|- |
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| 3. || 1968 || 105 ||? || ca. 1600? ||? |
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|- |
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| 4. || 1974 || 105? ||? || ca. 1900? ||? |
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|- |
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| 5. || 1981 || 107 ||? || 2224? ||? |
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|- |
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| 6. || 1995<br />1998 (rev. 1) || 111<br />112 ||?<br />3361? || ca. 2690?<br />?||?<br />? |
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|- |
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| 7. || 2006 || 117 || 3654 || 2962 || 692 |
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|- |
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| 8. || 2012 || 118 || 3847 || 3128? || 719? |
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|- |
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| (9.) || <small>(in development, <br />as of June 2014)</small> || (118) || (3959) || (3224) || (735) |
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|} |
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<small>? = Sources incongruent or explicit/implicit numerical data missing or inclusion of nuclear isomers in figures unclear.</small> |
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== Versions == |
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The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart is primarily published as a fold-out chart (size [[ISO_216#A_series|A4]]) or as a wall chart (size 0.95 m × 1.39 m).<ref name="KNC_2012" /><ref name="Nucleonica_KNC" /> There are also larger sizes (roll map, auditorium chart and "carpet").<ref name="Nucleonica_KNC" /> Since 2014, an internet-based version "Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Online (KNCO)" with regular updates is offered via the [http://www.nucleonica.com Nucleonica] nuclear science internet portal.<ref name="Nucleonica_KNCO" /> |
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== References == |
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<references> |
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<ref name="KNC_2012">J. Magill, G. Pfennig, R. Dreher, Z. Sóti: ''Karlsruher Nuklidkarte / Chart of the Nuclides.'' 8th edition. Nucleonica GmbH, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 2012, ISBN 92-79-02431-0 (wall chart) or ISBN 978-3-00-038392-2 (fold-out chart), ISBN 92-79-02175-3 (accompanying booklet). Multilingual (German, English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese).</ref> |
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<ref name="Nucleonica_KNC">{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.com/wiki/index.php?title=Category:KNC |title=Category:KNC |website=Homepage of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart in the Nucleonica wiki, with subpages |publisher=Nucleonica GmbH |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Nucleonica_KNCO">{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.com/wiki/index.php?title=Help:Karlsruhe_Nuclide_Chart_Online_(KNCO) |title=Help:Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Online (KNCO) |website=Description page of the online version of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart in the Nucleonica wiki |publisher=Nucleonica GmbH |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> |
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</references> |
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Revision as of 23:55, 23 March 2015
 | This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. (February 2015) |
The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart was first published in 1958 with the work of Walter Seelmann-Eggebert and Gerda Pfennig from what is today the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Its unique colour scheme is based on the modes of decay and offers an intuitive view of the decay paths. Since 1 January 2012, the management of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart has been taken over by Nucleonica GmbH - a spin-off company of the EC's Joint Research Centre (JRC).
For more than 50 years, the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart has provided scientists and students with structured, accurate information on the half-lives and decay modes of radionuclides, as well as the energies of emitted radiation. Beyond the more traditional physical sciences such as health physics and radiation protection, nuclear and radiochemistry, and astrophysics, the Chart is now in wide and common usage in the life and earth sciences (biology, medicine, agriculture, geology, etc.). An important characteristic of the Chart is its great didactic value in education and training in the nuclear sciences. It has been used in training programmes worldwide and is a valuable and welcome addition to the many books on nuclear science including school physics textbooks. Although many nuclear data sources are available on the internet, the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart provides a unique overview of current knowledge and is for many the preferred medium for ease of use, convenience and practicality.