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==Theory and Operation==
==Theory and Operation==
[[File:Triple quadrupole schematic.jpeg|300px|thumbnail|right|Schematic of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer]]
[[File:Triple quadrupole schematic.jpeg|300px|thumbnail|right|Schematic of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer]]
Unlike traditional MS techniques, MS/MS techniques allow for mass analysis to occur in a sequential manner in different regions of the instruments. <ref name="Johnson1989 ref">{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=J. V.|last2=Yost|first2=R. A.|last3=Kelley|first3=P.E.|last4=Bradford|first4=D. C.|title=Tandem-in-space and tandem-in-time mass spectrometry: Triple quadrupoles and quadrupole ion traps|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=1990|volume=62|issue=20|pages=2162-2172|doi=10.1021/ac00219a003|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>The TQMS follows the tandem-in-space arrangement, due to ionization, primary mass selection, collision induced dissociation (CID), mass analysis of fragments produced during CID, and detection occurring in separate segments of the instrument.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> TQMS is most useful for quantitative analysis of small molecules. In the TQMS, a several ionization methods can be employed. Some of these include [[electrospray ionization]], [[chemical ionization]], [[electron ionization]], [[atmospheric pressure chemical ionization]], and [[matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization]], all of which produce a continuous supply of ions. The linear arrangement of the spectrometer is such that two mass analyzers to be each selecting for a specific ion are separated by a collision cell. Both the first mass analyzer and the collision are continuously exposed to ions from the source, in a time independent manner.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> It is once the ions move into the third mass analyzer that time dependence becomes a factor.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> The first quadrupole mass filter, Q1, is the primary m/z selector once the sample leaves the ionization source. Any ions with different mass-to-charge ratios other than the one selected for will not be allowed to infiltrate Q1. The collision cell, denoted as "q", is located between Q1 and Q2, is where fragmentation of the sample occurs in the presence of an inert gas such as Ar, He, or N2. A characteristic ion is produced as a result of the collisions of the inert gas with the analyte. Upon exiting the collision cell, the fragmented ions then travel onto the second quadrupole mass filter, Q2, where m/z selection can occur again. The TQMS enables enhanced selectivity, accuracy, and reproducibility, which are all limited in ordinary single quadrupole mass analyzers.<ref name=Hail1989>{{cite journal|last1=Hail|first1=M. E.|last2=Berberich|first2=D. W.|last3=Yost|first3=R.A.|title=Gas chromatographic sample introduction into the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass-selection of reactant ions for charge exchange and chemical ionization|journal=Analytical Chemistry |date=1989 |volume=61 |issue=17 |pages=1874–1879 |doi=10.1021/ac00192a019|accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref>
Unlike traditional MS techniques, MS/MS techniques allow for mass analysis to occur in a sequential manner in different regions of the instruments. <ref name="Johnson1989 ref">{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=J. V.|last2=Yost|first2=R. A.|last3=Kelley|first3=P.E.|last4=Bradford|first4=D. C.|title=Tandem-in-space and tandem-in-time mass spectrometry: Triple quadrupoles and quadrupole ion traps|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=1990|volume=62|issue=20|pages=2162-2172|doi=10.1021/ac00219a003|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>The TQMS follows the tandem-in-space arrangement, due to ionization, primary mass selection, collision induced dissociation (CID), mass analysis of fragments produced during CID, and detection occurring in separate segments of the instrument.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> TQMS is most useful for quantitative analysis of small molecules. In the TQMS, a several ionization methods can be employed. Some of these include [[electrospray ionization]], [[chemical ionization]], [[electron ionization]], [[atmospheric pressure chemical ionization]], and [[matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization]], all of which produce a continuous supply of ions. The linear arrangement of the spectrometer is such that two mass analyzers to be each selecting for a specific ion are separated by a collision cell. Both the first mass analyzer and the collision are continuously exposed to ions from the source, in a time independent manner.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> It is once the ions move into the third mass analyzer that time dependence becomes a factor.<ref name="Johnson1989 ref" /> The first quadrupole mass filter, Q1, is the primary m/z selector once the sample leaves the ionization source. Any ions with different mass-to-charge ratios other than the one selected for will not be allowed to infiltrate Q1. The collision cell, denoted as "q", is located between Q1 and Q3, is where fragmentation of the sample occurs in the presence of an inert gas such as Ar, He, or N2. A characteristic ion is produced as a result of the collisions of the inert gas with the analyte. Upon exiting the collision cell, the fragmented ions then travel onto the second quadrupole mass filter, Q3, where m/z selection can occur again. The TQMS enables enhanced selectivity, accuracy, and reproducibility, which are all limited in ordinary single quadrupole mass analyzers.<ref name=Hail1989>{{cite journal|last1=Hail|first1=M. E.|last2=Berberich|first2=D. W.|last3=Yost|first3=R.A.|title=Gas chromatographic sample introduction into the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass-selection of reactant ions for charge exchange and chemical ionization|journal=Analytical Chemistry |date=1989 |volume=61 |issue=17 |pages=1874–1879 |doi=10.1021/ac00192a019|accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref>
=====Scan Modes=====
=====Scan Modes=====
The arrangement of the instrument allows for four different scan types to be performed: a precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, product ion scan, and selected reaction monitoring.<ref name=deHoffmann1996>{{citation | last = de Hoffmann | first = E. | year = 1996 | title = Tandem mass spectrometry: a Primer | journal = Journal of Mass Spectrometry | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | page = 129 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199602)31:2<129::AID-JMS305>3.0.CO;2-T }}</ref> In the product scan, the first quadrupole Q<sub>1</sub> is set to select an ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q<sub>2</sub>. The third quadrupole Q<sub>3</sub> is then set to scan the entire ''[[m/z]]'' range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made. The structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS. When utilizing a precursor scan, a certain product ion is selected in Q<sub>3</sub>, and the precursor masses are scanned in Q<sub>1</sub>. This method is selective for ions having a particular functional group (e.g., a phenyl group) released by the fragmentation in q<sub>2</sub>.
The arrangement of the instrument allows for four different scan types to be performed: a precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, product ion scan, and selected reaction monitoring.<ref name=deHoffmann1996>{{citation | last = de Hoffmann | first = E. | year = 1996 | title = Tandem mass spectrometry: a Primer | journal = Journal of Mass Spectrometry | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | page = 129 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199602)31:2<129::AID-JMS305>3.0.CO;2-T }}</ref> In the product scan, the first quadrupole Q<sub>1</sub> is set to select an ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q<sub>2</sub>. The third quadrupole Q<sub>3</sub> is then set to scan the entire ''[[m/z]]'' range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made. The structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS. When utilizing a precursor scan, a certain product ion is selected in Q<sub>3</sub>, and the precursor masses are scanned in Q<sub>1</sub>. This method is selective for ions having a particular functional group (e.g., a phenyl group) released by the fragmentation in q<sub>2</sub>.

Revision as of 19:43, 30 March 2015

Waters Quattro II triple quadropole mass spectrometer (center). This photo was taken in the old mass spec facility in Whitmore Lab of Pennsylvania State University.

A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQMS), is a tandem mass spectrometer consisting of two quadrupole mass spectrometers in series, with a (non-mass-resolving) radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole between them to act as a cell for collision-induced dissociation. This configuration is often abbreviated QqQ, here Q1q2Q3.

History

The arrangement of three quadrupoles was first developed by J.D. Morrison of LaTrobe University, Australia for the purpose of studying the photodissociation of gas-phase ions.[1] After coming into contact with Prof. Christie G. Enke and his then graduate student Richard Yost, Morrison's linear arrangement of the three quadrupoles probed the construction of the first triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer.[1] In the years following, the first commercial triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed at Michigan State University by Enke and Yost in the late 1970s.[2] It was later found that the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer could be utilized to study organic ions and molecules, thus expanding its capabilities as a tandem MS/MS technique. [1]

Theory and Operation

Schematic of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer

Unlike traditional MS techniques, MS/MS techniques allow for mass analysis to occur in a sequential manner in different regions of the instruments. [3]The TQMS follows the tandem-in-space arrangement, due to ionization, primary mass selection, collision induced dissociation (CID), mass analysis of fragments produced during CID, and detection occurring in separate segments of the instrument.[3] TQMS is most useful for quantitative analysis of small molecules. In the TQMS, a several ionization methods can be employed. Some of these include electrospray ionization, chemical ionization, electron ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, all of which produce a continuous supply of ions. The linear arrangement of the spectrometer is such that two mass analyzers to be each selecting for a specific ion are separated by a collision cell. Both the first mass analyzer and the collision are continuously exposed to ions from the source, in a time independent manner.[3] It is once the ions move into the third mass analyzer that time dependence becomes a factor.[3] The first quadrupole mass filter, Q1, is the primary m/z selector once the sample leaves the ionization source. Any ions with different mass-to-charge ratios other than the one selected for will not be allowed to infiltrate Q1. The collision cell, denoted as "q", is located between Q1 and Q3, is where fragmentation of the sample occurs in the presence of an inert gas such as Ar, He, or N2. A characteristic ion is produced as a result of the collisions of the inert gas with the analyte. Upon exiting the collision cell, the fragmented ions then travel onto the second quadrupole mass filter, Q3, where m/z selection can occur again. The TQMS enables enhanced selectivity, accuracy, and reproducibility, which are all limited in ordinary single quadrupole mass analyzers.[4]

Scan Modes

The arrangement of the instrument allows for four different scan types to be performed: a precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, product ion scan, and selected reaction monitoring.[5] In the product scan, the first quadrupole Q1 is set to select an ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q2. The third quadrupole Q3 is then set to scan the entire m/z range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made. The structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS. When utilizing a precursor scan, a certain product ion is selected in Q3, and the precursor masses are scanned in Q1. This method is selective for ions having a particular functional group (e.g., a phenyl group) released by the fragmentation in q2. In the neutral loss method both Q1 and Q3 are scanned together, but with a constant mass offset. This allows the selective recognition of all ions which, by fragmentation in q2, lead to the loss of a given neutral fragment (e.g., H2O, NH3). Similar to the precursor ion scan, this method is useful in the selective identification of closely related compounds in a mixture. When employing selected reaction monitoring (SRM) or multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes, both Q1 and Q3 are set to a selected mass, allowing only a distinct fragment ion from a certain precursor ion to be detected. This method results in increased sensitivity. If Q1 and/or Q3 is set to more than a single mass, this configuration is called multiple reaction monitoring.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Morrison, J. D. (1991), "Personal reminiscences of forty years of mass spectrometry in Australia", Organic Mass Spectrometry, 26 (4): 183, doi:10.1002/oms.1210260404
  2. ^ Yost, R. A.; Enke, C. G. (1978), "Selected ion fragmentation with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer" (PDF), Journal of the American Chemical Society, 100 (7): 2274, doi:10.1021/ja00475a072
  3. ^ a b c d Johnson, J. V.; Yost, R. A.; Kelley, P.E.; Bradford, D. C. (1990). "Tandem-in-space and tandem-in-time mass spectrometry: Triple quadrupoles and quadrupole ion traps". Analytical Chemistry. 62 (20): 2162–2172. doi:10.1021/ac00219a003. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ^ Hail, M. E.; Berberich, D. W.; Yost, R.A. (1989). "Gas chromatographic sample introduction into the collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for mass-selection of reactant ions for charge exchange and chemical ionization". Analytical Chemistry. 61 (17): 1874–1879. doi:10.1021/ac00192a019. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. ^ de Hoffmann, E. (1996), "Tandem mass spectrometry: a Primer", Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 31 (2): 129, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199602)31:2<129::AID-JMS305>3.0.CO;2-T
  6. ^ Anderson, L.; Hunter, C. L. (2006), "Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Multiple Reaction Monitoring Assays for Major Plasma Proteins", Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 5 (4): 573, doi:10.1074/mcp.M500331-MCP200{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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