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A yakshini is the female counterpart of the male [[yaksha]], and they both attend to [[Kubera]], the Hindu god of [[wealth]] who rules in the mythical [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] kingdom of [[Alaka]]. They both look after [[treasure]] hidden in the [[earth]] and resemble that of [[fairy|fairies]]. Yakshinis are often depicted as beautiful and voluptuous, with wide hips, narrow waists, broad shoulders, and exaggerated, spherical breasts. In the ''[[Uddamareshvara Tantra]]'', thirty-six yakshinis are described, including their [[mantra]]s and [[ritual]] prescriptions. A similar list of yakshas and yakshinis is given in the ''[[Tantraraja Tantra]]'', where it says that these beings are givers of whatever is desired. Although Yakshinis are usually benevolent, there are also yakshinis with malevolent characteristics in [[Folklore of India|Indian folklore]].
A yakshini is the female counterpart of the male [[yaksha]], and they both attend to [[Kubera]], the Hindu god of [[wealth]] who rules in the mythical [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] kingdom of [[Alaka]]. They both look after [[treasure]] hidden in the [[earth]] and resemble that of [[fairy|fairies]]. Yakshinis are often depicted as beautiful and voluptuous, with wide hips, narrow waists, broad shoulders, and exaggerated, spherical breasts. In the ''[[Uddamareshvara Tantra]]'', thirty-six yakshinis are described, including their [[mantra]]s and [[ritual]] prescriptions. A similar list of yakshas and yakshinis is given in the ''[[Tantraraja Tantra]]'', where it says that these beings are givers of whatever is desired. Although Yakshinis are usually benevolent, there are also yakshinis with malevolent characteristics in [[Folklore of India|Indian folklore]].


=== 36 Yakshinis ===
The list of thirty six yakshinis given in the ''Uddamareshvara Tantra'' is as follows:<ref name="shivashakti">Magee, Mike. “Yakshinis and Chetakas.” Register.com. 2009-04-08. <http://www.shivashakti.com/yaksh.htm>. Accessed: 2009-04-08. (Archived by [[WebCite]] at http://www.webcitation.org/5ftSBRwgA)</ref>
The list of thirty six yakshinis given in the ''Uddamareshvara Tantra'' is as follows:<ref name="shivashakti">Magee, Mike. “Yakshinis and Chetakas.” Register.com. 2009-04-08. <http://www.shivashakti.com/yaksh.htm>. Accessed: 2009-04-08. (Archived by [[WebCite]] at http://www.webcitation.org/5ftSBRwgA)</ref>
[[File:Yaksi.JPG|thumb|180px|A '''Yakshini'''. 10th century, [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[India]]. [[Guimet Museum]].]]
[[File:Yaksi.JPG|thumb|180px|A '''Yakshini'''. 10th century, [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[India]]. [[Guimet Museum]].]]
{{Div col begin|3}}
#[[Vichitra]] (The Strange One)
#[[Vichitra]] (The Strange One)
#[[Vibhrama]] (The Amorous One)
#[[Vibhrama]] (The Amorous One)
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#[[Svarnavati]]
#[[Svarnavati]]
#[[Ratipriya]] (Fond of [[Love]])
#[[Ratipriya]] (Fond of [[Love]])
{{Div col end}}


==Early figures==
==Early figures==

Revision as of 14:50, 17 April 2015

"Yakshi" redirects here. For the 1967 Malayalam novel, see Yakshi (novel). For the 1968 film based on the novel of the same name, see Yakshi (film).
Yakshini 3rd century B.C. Patna Museum, Patna

Yakshinis (Template:Lang-sa, also called yaksinis or yaksis and yakkhini in Pali) are mythical beings of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain mythology.

Description

A yakshini is the female counterpart of the male yaksha, and they both attend to Kubera, the Hindu god of wealth who rules in the mythical Himalayan kingdom of Alaka. They both look after treasure hidden in the earth and resemble that of fairies. Yakshinis are often depicted as beautiful and voluptuous, with wide hips, narrow waists, broad shoulders, and exaggerated, spherical breasts. In the Uddamareshvara Tantra, thirty-six yakshinis are described, including their mantras and ritual prescriptions. A similar list of yakshas and yakshinis is given in the Tantraraja Tantra, where it says that these beings are givers of whatever is desired. Although Yakshinis are usually benevolent, there are also yakshinis with malevolent characteristics in Indian folklore.

36 Yakshinis

The list of thirty six yakshinis given in the Uddamareshvara Tantra is as follows:[1]

A Yakshini. 10th century, Mathura, India. Guimet Museum.
  1. Vichitra (The Strange One)
  2. Vibhrama (The Amorous One)
  3. Hamsi (Swan)
  4. Bhishani (The Terrifying),
  5. Janaranjika (The people entertainer)
  6. Vishala (The large eyed)
  7. Madhana (Lustful)
  8. Ghanta (Bell)
  9. Kalakarni (Ears Adorned with Kalas[disambiguation needed])
  10. Mahabhaya (The Great Fear)
  11. Mahendri (The Great Power)
  12. Shankhini (The Conch wielding woman)
  13. Chandri (A Woman whose beauty is comparable to the Moon)
  14. Shmashana (The Cremation ground woman)
  15. Vatayakshini
  16. Mekhala (Love Girdle)
  17. Vikala
  18. Lakshmi (Named after the Goddess of Wealth, Lakshmi)
  19. Malini (The Flower woman)
  20. Shatapatrika (100 Flowers)
  21. Sulochana (Lovely Eyed)
  22. Shobha
  23. Kapalini (Skull Girl)
  24. Varayakshini
  25. Nati (Actress)
  26. Kameshvari
  27. Unknown
  28. Unknown
  29. Manohara (Fascinating)
  30. Pramoda (Fragrant)
  31. Anuragini (Very Passionate)
  32. Nakhakeshi
  33. Bhamini
  34. Padmini
  35. Svarnavati
  36. Ratipriya (Fond of Love)

Early figures

Yakshi under a flowering asoka tree. Sunga, 2nd-1st century BC, India

The three sites of Bharhut, Sanchi, and Mathura, have yielded huge numbers of Yakshi figures, most commonly on the railing pillars of stupas. These show a clear development and progression that establishes certain characteristics of the Yakshi figure such as her nudity, smiling face and evident (often exaggerated) feminine charms that lead to their association with fertility. The yakshi is usually shown with her hand touching a tree branch, and a sinuous pose, Sanskrit tribhanga, thus some authors hold that the young girl at the foot of the tree is based on an ancient tree deity.[2]

The ashoka tree is closely associated with the yakshini mythological beings. One of the recurring elements in Indian art, often found at gates of Buddhist and Hindu temples, is a Yakshi with her foot on the trunk and her hands holding the branch of a stylized flowering ashoka or, less frequently, other tree with flowers or fruits. As an artistic element, often the tree and the Yakshi are subject to heavy stylization.

Some authors hold that the young girl at the foot of the tree is based on an ancient fertility symbol of the Indian Subcontinent.[2] Yakshis were important in early Buddhist monuments as a decorative element and are found in many ancient Buddhist archaeological sites. They became Salabhanjikas (sal tree maidens) with the passing of the centuries, a standard decorative element of both Indian sculpture and Indian temple architecture.[3]

The sal tree (Shorea robusta) is often confused with the ashoka tree (Saraca indica) in the ancient literature of the Indian Subcontinent.[4] The position of the Salabhanjika is also related to the position of Queen Māyā of Sakya when she gave birth to Gautama Buddha under an asoka tree in a garden in Lumbini, while grasping its branch.[3]

Yakshis in Jainism

An image of Jain goddess Ambika in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves

In Jainism, there are twenty-four yakshis, including Chakreshvari, Ambika, and Padmavati, who are frequently represented in Jain temples.[5] The names according to Tiloyapannatti (or Pratishthasarasangraha) and Abhidhanachintamani are:

Yakshis in Kerala

In South India, Yakshis are not considered benevolent beings. They are reputed to waylay men with their beauty and drink their blood.

Kalliyankattu Neeli

One of the most famous legendary stories of Yakshis in Kerala is that of Kalliyankattu Neeli, a powerful demoness who was finally stopped by the legendary Christian priest Kadamattathu Kathanar. The Yakshi theme is the subject of popular Kerala tales, like the legend of the Yakshi of Trivandrum, as well as of certain movies in modern Malayalam cinema.

Mangalathu Chiruthevi

Another lesser known Yakshi is Mangalathu Chiruthevi also known as Kanjirottu Yakshi. She was born into a Padamangalam Nair tharavad by name Mangalathu at Kanjiracode in South Travancore. She was a ravishingly beautiful courtesan who had an intimate relationship with Raman Thampi, son of King Rama Varma and rival of Anizhom Thirunal Marthanda Varma.[6]

Mangalathu Chiruthevi was infatuated with one of her servants, Kunjuraman. Kunjuraman, a Pondan Nair (palanquin-bearer), was a fair, tall, well-built and handsome young man. She and her brother Govindan used to ride on Kunjuraman's back to nearby places. A predatory sadist, Chiruthevi enjoyed torturing Kunjuraman physically and mentally. She did everything possible to separate him from his wife.

In course of time, the unmarried Govindan and Kunjuraman became bosom friends. They often shared the same room. Chiruthevi was not quite comfortable with the growing fondness of her brother for her lover. But she did not act.

Chiruthevi hatched a plot and liquidated Kunjuraman's wife. Once Govindan was travelling on Kunjuraman's back when the former revealed the details of the plot. Days later, Kunjuraman strangled Chiruthevi to death when they were sharing a bed. Govindan winked at the crime and protected his beloved friend.

Chiruthevi was reborn as a vengeful Yakshi to a couple at Kanjiracode. She grew into a bewitching beauty within moments of her birth. Though she seduced many men and drank their blood, her heart was set on the handsome Kunjuraman. She told him that she was willing to pardon him if he married her. Kunjuraman flatly refused. The Yakshi channelised all her energies in tormenting him. Devastated, Kunjuraman sought the assistance of Mangalathu Govindan, who was a great upasaka of Lord Balarama. Govindan was for a compromise. He said that the Yakshi could have Kunjuraman for a year provided she conformed to three conditions. One, she must agree to be installed at a temple after one year. Two, after many years the temple will be destroyed and she must then seek refuge in (saranagati) Lord Narasimha for attaining moksham. Three, she must pray for Govindan and his relationship with Kunjuraman not only in their current birth but also in their subsequent births. The Yakshi swore upon 'ponnum vilakkum' that she would abide by all the three conditions. Thus the compromise formula worked.[7]

A year later, the Yakshi was installed at a Temple which later came to be owned by Kanjiracottu Valiaveedu.[8] The Temple does not exist anymore.

Sundara Lakshmi, an accomplished dancer and consort of HH Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, was an ardent devotee of Kanjirottu Yakshi Amma.

After taking refuge in Lord Narasimha of Thekkedom, the Yakshi is now believed to be in the Mahabharatakonathu Kallara of Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple.[9] The enchanting and ferocious forms of this Yakshi are painted on the south-west part of Sri Padmanabha's shrine.

Reserve Bank of India headquarters, Delhi entrance with a Yakshini sculpture(c. 1960) depicting "Prosperity through agriculture".[10]

In Christopher Pike’s novel The Last Vampire, a yakshini is an extremely powerful and evil demon that led to the creation of the vampires around 3000 B.C. in what is now present-day Rajasthan, India. A yakshini was summoned by an Aghoran priest so that it could devour a rakshasa that was causing a plague. The yakshini was summoned into the corpse of a recently deceased woman who had been pregnant. It took control of the woman’s body, horribly maimed and killed the priest, and then appeared to disappear. The yakshini in fact transferred itself into the baby in the dead woman's womb which then begins to show signs of life. The child is freed from the dead woman's womb and grows up as an Aryan boy who is the first vampire.

In the Megami Tensei video game series, Yaksini is one of many demons which can be fought and summoned.

See also

References

  1. ^ Magee, Mike. “Yakshinis and Chetakas.” Register.com. 2009-04-08. <http://www.shivashakti.com/yaksh.htm>. Accessed: 2009-04-08. (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5ftSBRwgA)
  2. ^ a b Heinrich Zimmer, Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. (1946)
  3. ^ a b Buddhistische Bilderwelt: Hans Wolfgang Schumann, Ein ikonographisches Handbuch des Mahayana- und Tantrayana-Buddhismus. Eugen Diederichs Verlag. Cologne. ISBN 3-424-00897-4, ISBN 978-3-424-00897-5
  4. ^ Eckard Schleberger, Die indische Götterwelt. Gestalt, Ausdruck und Sinnbild Eugen Diederich Verlag. Cologne. ISBN 3-424-00898-2, ISBN 978-3-424-00898-2
  5. ^ Jina Sasana Devatas http://web.archive.org/web/20091027084400/http://www.geocities.com/tamiljain/sasandevs/index.html
  6. ^ Kaimal, Kesava. 'Thekkan Thiruvithamkurile Yakshikal'. Srinidhi Publications, 2002.
  7. ^ Nair, Balasankaran. 'Kanjirottu Yakshi'. Sastha Books, 2001.
  8. ^ Nair, Balasankaran. 'Kanjirottu Yakshi'. Sastha Books, 2001.
  9. ^ Bayi, Aswathi Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi. 'Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple' (Third Edition). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2013.
  10. ^ "History of Reserve Bank". Retrieved 2009-02-24.
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