User:H.k.d.29/sandbox

Project Proposal

“Gender and Public Administration”

Pussy Power

Trevor Callarman (Trevorcallarman)

Holly Doyle (H.k.d.29)

Erica Hylemon (Ehylemon)

Tyler McDonald (Tmcdonald729)

Kelly Phan (khp10)

March 25, 2015

Section One: Detailed Outline of Proposed Revisions

“Gender and Public Administration”

1.Introduction

• What does gender in public administration mean

--During the early years of public administration, textbooks and curriculums largely overlooked minorities and dismissed contributions that reflected women’s experience. The later 1900’s brought heightened sensitivity of these issues to the forefront, with shifts in public opinion producing the Civil Rights Act, equal opportunity initiatives, and job protection laws. --This shift caused public administration to more readily acknowledge the views and voices of others, to finally recognize those besides the ‘elite’ landowners who crafted the U.S. Constitution, and from men of the early 1900’s who are credited with establishing public administration as an academic discipline. --In 1864 the U.S. Government declared that when women were employed by the government, they should be paid one half of the salary that a man would be paid to perform the exact same job. Though equality in this aspect has improved, it still isn’t truly equal. (Equal Pay Act of 1963 helped to change this). These cultural holdovers from early eras have influenced the current inequity in pay that still persists today - women currently earn 77.8 cents for every dollar that a man earns (US Census Bureau, 2007).

2.Importance

• What constitutes “gender,” who does that term cover

--Link to wikipedia page that talks about gender

• What is the importance of gender diversity in public administration

--“Gender and diversity are necessary themes in public administration. They remind the field to embrace otherness and to comprehend the effect it has on policies, programs, and outcomes. In recent decades attention to the difference that differentness makes has spurred appreciation for divergent perspectives on, and interpretations of, public service. This is imperative if the discipline is to strive for the normative ideal of democratic governance.” (aspanet) --Public administration was first established as a matter of technical implementation where the values of efficiency and effectiveness were paramount. This upside down priority meant that the principles of social equity, protection of minority rights, and equal opportunity, took a back seat to administrative “science” (Kelly, 1998). (aspanet). --The goal of true integration of women into the workforce is to achieve a "depolarized workplace where the worth of both women and men is appreciated. Without women having to behave like men, their views, perspectives, and skills strengthen the milieu. Just as Mrs. T. J. Bowlker observed so many years ago, gender makes a substantive difference in policy preferences, public initiatives, and stylistic nuances. Women’s contributions complement and enrich the canon, which otherwise presents a skewed representation of the field that overlooks the work of over half the population. (aspanet) --Representative bureaucracies can promote democracy in various ways. As a number of scholars have pointed out, representation makes bureaucracies more responsive to the body politic, and can also increase government accountability (jpart)

3.Dominant gender in public administration

• Who is seen as the dominant gender in public administration
• Is this present on a small or large scale?
• Why is this so? is this a problem?
• History of patriarchal presence in public administration

4.Marginalized gender identities in public administration

• Women, trans and non-binary folks, etc.

--Also, there has been a striking increase in the proportion of MPA students and public administration faculty who are women, perhaps a result of the increase in both supply and demand for gender-related scholarship, or, alternatively, due to the increase in female public administrators. Yet many of the systems that persist in the workplace were built for people who do not get pregnant, who have no need for nursing rooms at the office, no need for maternity leave or early afternoon hours in order to pick children up after school, and have no need for eldercare and childcare responsibilities. (aspanet)

5.Statistics of marginalized demographics in public administration

• History of marginalized presence in public administration

--Currently, gender, religion, sexuality, representative bureaucracy, and ethnicity, are on the rise. Writings on sexuality are on the increase as more articles appear on the subject of same sex marriage, workplace benefits, and issues surrounding transgender nondiscrimination policy. (aspanet)

6.Individuals of marginalized gender identities (MGI) in public administration

• Historic “firsts”
• Other prominent existing public admins of MGI
• Notable figures: Mary Anderson

Gender in public administration

During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a movement involving the advocacy of social justice feminism began in the United States under Florence Kelley. It was during this time that many woman entered the public sphere as they called for greater women’s labor legislation and equality. One of these women, Mary Anderson, achieved great report in public administration through her continued efforts to create and encourage equality in government and in bureaucracy. Though she immigrated to the United States from Sweden in the mid-1880s, Mary Anderson established a reputation amongst Samuel Gompers and other famous members of the labor movement by the 1910s. Anderson’s role in the movement involved the drafting of an important management-labor agreement following a prominent garment worker’s strike in 1911. Propelling herself forward from this success amongst labor advocates, Anderson was able to create an “extensive lobbying campaign” to include a women’s division in the United States Department of Labor. Despite being unsuccessful in her lobbying endeavors, Anderson’s notability granted her the position of head of the Women’s Bureau when it was established as a permanent organization following the passage of the 20th amendment in 1920. (Mcguire, Gender and the Personal Shaping...)

7.Statistics of public administration figures of MGI by country

• Case study: Spanish municipalities

Upon investigating the gender make-up of 155 Spanish municipalities, researchers discovered that most departments in public administration favored a primarily male population. Of the areas examined, fourteen were identified as having a gender differential of at least 10%, with six having a differential of greater than 50%. These six areas included sports (+ 50.4%), urban planning, planning, etc. (+ 54.6%), transport and mobility (+ 55.2%), citizen safety, emergencies and traffic (+ 57%), works (+ 62), and agriculture, livestock and fisheries (+ 77.8). It is important to note however, that while men dominated more fields than women did, women held an advantage in six areas: women and equality (+ 86.4%), immigration, solidarity, and cooperation (60.6%), social services (+ 28.4), consumption (+ 20%), tourism (+ 11.4%), and education, cultures, etc (+ 10%). In addition to these horizontal divisions, researchers were able to identify vertical divisions in government. In areas where equally existed, it was not uncommon for men to dominate the upper-level positions of a system, with more men occupying mayoral or similar positions while women were found most often to be councilwomen. For the researchers in the study, these statistics painted an interesting picture. Despite the existence of neutral territory (commerce and local markets, citizen participation/attention, employment and training, and internal regime and personnel), certain areas of government were found to be heavily gendered in correlation with existing gender stereotypes with men domination economics and finance and women remaining in areas that have more to deal with social justice. This analysis was then used to conclude that even as women are becoming involved and employed in politics on a much larger scale than in years prior, women remain confined to areas that have been deemed feminine in a predominantly masculine, male-driven system.

8.Challenges for marginalized gender identities in public admin

• Social/cultural barriers
• Economic barriers
• National and global scale of barriers

9.Policies for increased gender representation in public administration

• Level of success of these policies

--Transgender Nondiscrimination Policies; Equal Rights Ordinances

• Movements (i.e. grassroots movements) for more representation policies

10.Integration of marginalized gender identities

11.References

Gender and Public Administration Bibliography

1. Bayes, J. H. (1991). Women in public administration in the united states. Women & Politics, 11(4), 85. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213891805?accountid=5683
2. Bayes, J. H. (1991). Women and public administration: A comparative perspective- conclusion. Women & Politics, 11(4), 111. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213901740?accountid=5683
3. Critzer, J. W., & Rai, K. B. (1998). Blacks and women in public higher education: Political and socioeconomic factors underlying diversity at the state level. Women & Politics, 19(1), 19-38. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213π900943?accountid=5683
4. Harris, J. W. (1994). Introductory public administration textbooks: Integrating scholarship on women. Women & Politics, 14(1), 83. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213902164?accountid=5683
5. Stivers, C. (1990). Toward a feminist perspective in public administration theory. Women & Politics, 10(4), 49. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213892261?accountid=5683
6. Hinojosa, Magda, and Sahir-Rosenfield, Sarah (2014). Does Female Incumbency Reduce Gender Bias in Elections? Evidence from Chile. Political Research Quarterly,67(4).http://web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.txstate.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=667c6e5a-1d06-4acf-93a6-fced0cd8f8a3%40sessionmgr115&vid=6&hid=116
7. Black, Jerome H., and Lynda Erickson. 2003. “Women Candidates and Voter Bias: Do Women Politicians Need to Be Better?” Electoral Studies 22:81–100.
8. Carpinella, Colleen, and Johnson, Kerri (2013). Politics of the Face: The Role of Sex-Typicality In Trait Assessments of Politicians. Social Cognition, 31(6). http://web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.txstate.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=667c6e5a-1d06-4acf-93a6-fced0cd8f8a3%40sessionmgr115&vid=10&hid=116
9. Johns, R., & Shepard, M. (2007). Gender, candidate image and electoral preference. British Journal of Political International Relations, 9, 434–460.
10. Lenz, G. S., & Lawson, C. (2011). Looking the part: Television leads less informed citizens to vote based on candidates’ appearance. American Journal of Political Science, 55, 574–589.
11. Batista Medina, José Antonio. "Public Administrations As Gendered Organizations. The Case Of Spanish Municipalities." Revista Española De Investigaciones Sociologicas 149 (2015): 3-29. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 8 Mar. 2015.
12. McGuire, John Thomas. "Gender And The Personal Shaping Of Public Administration In The United States: Mary Anderson And The Women's Bureau, 1920-1930." Public Administration Review 72.2 (2012): 265-271. Business Source Complete. Web. 8 Mar. 2015.
13. Stivers, Camilla. Gender Images In Public Administration : Legitimacy And The Administrative State / Camilla Stivers. n.p.: Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications, [2002], 2002. Texas State - Alkek Library's Catalog. Web. 8 Mar. 2015.
14. Caceres-Rodriguez, Rick. "The Glass Ceiling Revisited: Moving Beyond Discrimination In The Study Of Gender In Public Organizations." Administration & Society 45.6 (2013): 674-709. Business Source Complete. Web. 8 Mar. 2015
15. Park, Sanghee. "Does Gender Matter? The Effect Of Gender Representation Of Public Bureaucracy On Governmental Performance." American Review Of Public Administration 43.2 (2013): 221-242. Business Source Complete. Web. 8 Mar. 2015.
16. Hutchinson, Janet R., and Hollie S. Mann. "Gender Anarchy And The Future Of Feminisms In Public Administration." Administrative Theory & Praxis (Administrative Theory & Praxis) 28.3 (2006): 399-417. Business Source Complete. Web. 8 Mar. 2015.

H.k.d.29 (talk) 18:33, 9 March 2015 (UTC) Trevorcallarman (talk) 03:33, 15 April 2015 (UTC)