HADHB

Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, or beta-ketothiolase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HADHB gene.

HADHB is a subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein and has thiolase activity.

Structure

The HADHB gene is located on chromosome 2, with its specific location being 2p23. The gene contains 17 exons. HADHB encodes a 51.2 kDa protein hat is composed of 474 amino acids; 124 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.

Function

Enzymatic activity of HADHB in beta-oxidation

This gene encodes the beta subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, a catalyst of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The HADHB protein catalyzes the final step of beta-oxidation, in which 3-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A. The thiol is inserted between C-2 and C-3, which yields an acetyl CoA molecule and an acyl CoA molecule, which is two carbons shorter.

The encoded protein can also bind RNA and decreases the stability of some mRNAs. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation.

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene, along with mutations in HADHA, result in trifunctional protein deficiency. Mutations in either gene have similar clinical presentations. Trifunctional protein deficiency is characterized by decreased activity of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD), long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase, and long-chain thiolase. This deficiency can be classified into 3 main clinical phenotypes: neonatal onset of a severe, lethal condition resulting in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), infantile onset of a hepatic Reye-like syndrome, and late-adolescent onset of primarily a skeletal myopathy. Additionally, some presents showed symptoms associated with myopathy, recurrent and episodic rhabdomyolysis, and sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. In some cases, symptoms of the deficiency can present as dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and respiratory failure. The deficiency has presented as hydrops fetalis and HELLP syndrome in fetuses. A compound heterozygous mutation of the HADHB gene can causes axonal Charcot-Marie-tooth disease, which is a neurological disorder, which shows that mutations in this gene can result in deficiencies that present in new forms not currently described.

Interactions

HADHB is a functional molecular target of ERα in the mitochondria, and the interaction may play an important role in the estrogen-mediated lipid metabolism in animals and humans. Additionally, HADHB has been shown to bind to the distal 3’ untranslated region of renin mRNA, thereby regulating renin protein expression.

Further reading

• Wang R, Yang Z, Zhu JM; et al. (2006). "[Screening for G1528C mutation in mitochondrial trifunctional protein gene in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia and new born infant]". Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 41 (10): 672–5. PMID 17199921. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Aboulaich N, Vainonen JP, StrÃ¥lfors P, Vener AV (2004). "Vectorial proteomics reveal targeting, phosphorylation and specific fragmentation of polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) at the surface of caveolae in human adipocytes". Biochem. J. 383 (Pt 2): 237–48. doi:10.1042/BJ20040647. PMC 1134064. PMID 15242332.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Adams DJ, Beveridge DJ, van der Weyden L; et al. (2003). "HADHB, HuR, and CP1 bind to the distal 3'-untranslated region of human renin mRNA and differentially modulate renin expression". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (45): 44894–903. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307782200. PMID 12933794. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Spiekerkoetter U, Khuchua Z, Yue Z; et al. (2004). "General mitochondrial trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency as a result of either alpha- or beta-subunit mutations exhibits similar phenotypes because mutations in either subunit alter TFP complex expression and subunit turnover". Pediatr. Res. 55 (2): 190–6. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000103931.80055.06. PMID 14630990. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y; et al. (2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Bogenhagen DF, Rousseau D, Burke S (2008). "The layered structure of human mitochondrial DNA nucleoids". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (6): 3665–75. doi:10.1074/jbc.M708444200. PMID 18063578.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Middleton B (1994). "The mitochondrial long-chain trifunctional enzyme: 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 22 (2): 427–31. PMID 7958339.
• Zhao Y, Meng XM, Wei YJ; et al. (2003). "Cloning and characterization of a novel cardiac-specific kinase that interacts specifically with cardiac troponin I.". J. Mol. Med. 81 (5): 297–304. doi:10.1007/s00109-003-0427-x. PMID 12721663. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Behrends C, Sowa ME, Gygi SP, Harper JW (2010). "Network organization of the human autophagy system". Nature. 466 (7302): 68–76. doi:10.1038/nature09204. PMC 2901998. PMID 20562859.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Purevsuren J, Fukao T, Hasegawa Y; et al. (2009). "Clinical and molecular aspects of Japanese patients with mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency". Mol. Genet. Metab. 98 (4): 372–7. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.07.011. PMID 19699128. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS; et al. (2005). "Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4". Nature. 434 (7034): 724–31. doi:10.1038/nature03466. PMID 15815621. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Spiekerkoetter U, Sun B, Khuchua Z; et al. (2003). "Molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity in mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency due to beta-subunit mutations". Hum. Mutat. 21 (6): 598–607. doi:10.1002/humu.10211. PMID 12754706. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA; et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T; et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Fould B, Garlatti V, Neumann E; et al. (2010). "Structural and functional characterization of the recombinant human mitochondrial trifunctional protein". Biochemistry. 49 (39): 8608–17. doi:10.1021/bi100742w. PMID 20825197. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ibdah JA, Tein I, Dionisi-Vici C; et al. (1998). "Mild trifunctional protein deficiency is associated with progressive neuropathy and myopathy and suggests a novel genotype-phenotype correlation". J. Clin. Invest. 102 (6): 1193–9. doi:10.1172/JCI2091. PMC 509102. PMID 9739053. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L; et al. (2003). "Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides". Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (5): 566–9. doi:10.1038/nbt810. PMID 12665801. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hendrickson SL, Lautenberger JA, Chinn LW; et al. (2010). "Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression". PLoS ONE. 5 (9): e12862. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012862. PMC 2943476. PMID 20877624. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Frackowiak J, Mazur-Kolecka B, Kaczmarski W, Dickson D (2001). "Deposition of Alzheimer's vascular amyloid-beta is associated with decreased expression of brain L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (ERAB)". Brain Res. 907 (1–2): 44–53. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02497-0. PMID 11430884.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

• HADHB+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.