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{{Infobox_Monarch | name =Queen Elizabeth I
| title =
| image =[[Image:Elizabeth I Darnley Portrait.jpg|220px|Elizabeth I]]
| caption ='''Elizabeth I''' <br>Queen of England and Ireland
| reign =[[17 November]] [[1558]] - [[24 March]] [[1603]]
| coronation =[[15 January]] [[1559]]
| predecessor =[[Mary I of England|Mary I]]
| successor =[[James I of England|James I]]
| heir =
| consort =None
| issue =
| royal house =[[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]]
| royal anthem =
| father =[[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]
| mother =[[Anne Boleyn]]
| date of birth =[[7 September]], [[1533]]
| place of birth =[[Palace of Placentia]]
| date of death =[[24 March]], [[1603]]
| place of death =[[Richmond Palace]]
| place of burial=[[Westminster Abbey]]
|}}

'''Elizabeth I''' ([[7 September]], [[1533]] &ndash; [[24 March]], [[1603]]) was [[List of British monarchs|Queen of England]], Queen of France (in name only), and [[King of Ireland|Queen of Ireland]] from [[17 November]] [[1558]] until her death. Sometimes referred to as '''The Virgin Queen''', as she never married, '''Gloriana''', or '''Good Queen Bess''', and immortalised by [[Edmund Spenser]] as the '''Faerie Queene.''' Elizabeth I was the fifth and final monarch of the [[Tudor dynasty]] (Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, and her half-sister [[Mary I of England|Mary I]]). She reigned during a period marked by increases in English power and influence worldwide and great religious turmoil within [[England]].

Elizabeth's reign is referred to as the [[Elizabethan era]] or the [[Golden Age of Elizabeth]]. Playwrights [[William Shakespeare]], [[Christopher Marlowe]], and [[Ben Jonson]] all flourished during this era; [[Francis Drake]] became the first Englishman to [[circumnavigate]] the globe; [[Francis Bacon]] laid out his philosophical and political views; and English colonisation of [[North America]] took place under [[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]] and [[Humphrey Gilbert|Sir Humphrey Gilbert]]. Elizabeth was a short-tempered and sometimes indecisive ruler. This last quality, viewed with impatience by her counsellors, often saved her from political and marital misalliances. Like her father [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], she was a writer and poet. She granted [[Royal Charter]]s to several famous organizations, including [[Trinity College, Dublin]] (its official name is the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Elizabeth near Dublin) in 1592 and the [[British East India Company]] (1600).

Her reign was marked by prudence in the granting of [[British honours system|honours and dignities]]. In nearly forty-five years, only nine peerage dignities, one [[earl]]dom and seven [[baron]]ies in the [[Peerage of England]], and one barony in the [[Peerage of Ireland]], were created. She also reduced the number of [[Privy Council|Privy Counsellors]] from thirty-nine to nineteen, and later to fourteen.

[[Virginia]], an English [[13 colonies|colony in North America]] and afterwards one of [[United States|America]]'s original 13 States, was named after Elizabeth I, the "[[Virgin]] Queen".

== Early life ==
{{House of Tudor}}
[[Image:Queen Mary I.jpg|thumb|220px|'''[[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]]''' ''(1553-1558)'' <br><small>Imprisoned Elizabeth in the [[Tower of London]] for her suspected part in the plot by [[Sir Thomas Wyatt]]</small>]]

Elizabeth was the only surviving child of King [[Henry VIII of England]] by his second wife, [[Anne Boleyn]], Marchioness of Pembroke. Boleyn was a former lady-in-waiting of Henry's first wife, Queen [[Catherine of Aragon]], and sister of Henry's mistress Mary Boleyn. Henry and Anne Boleyn were secretly married sometime between the winter of 1532 and late January of 1533. Elizabeth was born in the [[Palace of Placentia]] in [[Greenwich]], on [[September 7]], [[1533]]. Upon her birth, Elizabeth was the [[heir presumptive]] to the throne of England despite having an older half sister, [[Mary I of England|Mary]]. Because Henry annulled his marriage to first wife, the Spanish princess [[Catherine of Aragon]], Mary was not considered to be a legitimate heir.

Elizabeth's surviving paternal aunts included [[Margaret Tudor]] and [[Mary Tudor (queen consort of France)|Mary Tudor]]. Her maternal aunt was [[Lady Mary Boleyn]], who had previously been one of Henry VIII's mistresses. Her maternal uncle was [[George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford]].

Henry would have preferred a son to ensure the Tudor succession, but Queen Anne failed to produce a male heir. Henry had her executed on charges of [[treason]] (adultery against the King was considered treason), [[incest]] with her older brother, [[George Boleyn]] and [[witchcraft]]. Elizabeth, then two years old, was declared illegitimate and lost the title of Princess. Thereafter she was addressed as Lady Elizabeth and lived apart from her father as he married his succession of wives. Henry's last wife [[Catherine Parr]] helped reconcile the King with Elizabeth, and she, along with her half-sister, Mary, was reinstated in the line of succession after [[Edward VI of England|Prince Edward]], Henry's son by his third wife, [[Jane Seymour]], under the [[English Act of Succession|Act of Succession 1544]].

Elizabeth's first governess was [[Lady Margaret Bryan]], a [[baroness]] whom Elizabeth called "Muggie". At the age of four, Elizabeth acquired a new governess, [[Katherine Champernowne]], who she often referred to as "Kat". Champernowne developed a close relationship with Elizabeth and remained her confidante and good friend for life. [[Matthew Parker]], her mother's favourite priest, took a special interest in Elizabeth's well-being, particularly because a fearful Anne had entrusted her daughter's spiritual welfare to Parker before her death. Parker later become Elizabeth's first Archbishop of [[Canterbury]] after she became queen in 1558. One companion, to whom she referred with affection throughout her life, was the Irishman [[Thomas Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormonde|Thomas Butler]], later 3rd [[Earl of Ormonde]] (d. 1615).

[[Image:PrincessElizabethTudor.jpg|thumb|left|Princess Elizabeth, age 13 in 1546, thought to have been painted by [[Levina Teerlinc]]]]

In terms of personality, Elizabeth was resourceful, determined and wise. She was exceedingly intelligent and loved learning for its own sake. She was also more like her mother than her father: glamorous, flirtatious, charismatic and religiously tolerant. Elizabeth inherited her mother's delicate bone structure, onyx black eyes and facial features. She also inherited her mother's slim figure, and not her father's ever-growing girth. The few characteristics she did inherit from her father were her auburn hair and her passion and vigour for ruling the people of England.

Henry VIII died in 1547 and was succeeded by [[Edward VI]]. Catherine Parr married [[Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley]], Edward VI's uncle, and took Elizabeth into her household. It is believed that Seymour made advances towards Elizabeth while she lived in his household. There, Elizabeth received her education under [[Roger Ascham]]. She came to speak and read six languages: her native [[English language|English]], as well as [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Latin language|Latin]]. Under the influence of Catherine Parr and Ascham, Elizabeth was raised a [[Protestantism|Protestant]].

As long as her Protestant half-brother remained on the throne, Elizabeth's own position remained secure. In 1553, however, Edward died at the age of fifteen, after suffering ill health from birth and having left a will which purported to supersede his father's will. Disregarding the [[English Act of Succession|Act of Succession 1544]], it excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from succeeding to the throne and declared [[Lady Jane Grey]], ward of Thomas Seymour, to be his heiress. The plot was formed by Thomas and [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]] who married his son, [[Guilford Dudley]] to Jane. Lady Jane ascended the throne, but was [[Deposition (politics)|deposed]] less than two weeks later. Armed with popular support, Mary rode triumphantly into London, her half-sister Elizabeth at her side.

Mary I contracted a marriage with King [[Philip II of Spain]], seeking to strengthen the Catholic influence in England. [[Wyatt's Rebellion]] in 1554 sought to prevent Mary from marrying Philip and, after its failure, Elizabeth was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] for her alleged involvement in it. There were demands for Elizabeth's execution, but few Englishmen wished to put a member of the popular Tudor dynasty to death. The Lord Chancellor [[Stephen Gardiner]] wanted to remove Elizabeth from the line of succession, but neither Mary nor Parliament would allow it. After two months in the Tower, Elizabeth was put under house arrest under the guard of [[Sir Henry Bedingfield]].

Following a moderate start to her reign, the [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] Mary opted for a hard line against Protestants, whom she regarded as [[heretics]] and a threat to her authority. In the ensuing persecution she came to be known as "[[Bloody Mary (person)|Bloody Mary]]". She urged Elizabeth to change to the [[Roman Catholic]] faith, but the princess, instead of converting, kept up a skilful show of allegiance to suit her own conscience and ambitions. By the end of that year, when Mary was falsely rumoured to be pregnant, Elizabeth was allowed to return to court at Philip's behest. He worried that his wife might die in childbirth, in which case he preferred Lady Elizabeth, under his tutelage, to succeed rather than her next-closest relative, [[Mary I of Scotland]]. [[Mary I of Scotland]], who was openly hostile to Spanish interests, would be able to count on substantial French support, being a member of the [[Guise]] family.

==Early Reign==
[[Image:Elizabeth I of England - coronation portrait.jpg|thumb|right|275px|This portrait "The Coronation of Elizabeth" was used as the basis for the photography and [[costume]] of [[Cate Blanchett]] during the [[Coronation of the British monarch|coronation]] scene in the film [[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]], 1998. This is a copy of a now lost original, this copy attrib. [[Nicholas Hilliard]]]]
{|align="left"
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| {{infobox UKkingstyles|royal name=Queen Elizabeth I|image=[[Image:QEI arms.jpg|60px]]|dipstyle=[[Her Majesty]]|offstyle=Your Majesty|altstyle=Her/Your Grace, Her/Your Highness}}
|}
In November 1558, upon Mary I's death, Elizabeth ascended the throne. She was far more popular than Mary, and it is said that after the death of her half-sister the people rejoiced in the streets. It is also said that Elizabeth first got the news of her sister's death when she was reading the bible sitting under a tree at [[Hatfield]]. A manservant came up to her and breathlessly said, "Your Majesty...". Elizabeth curtsied and replied, "It is God's doing and magnificent in our eyes."

During her procession to the Tower of London, she was welcomed wholeheartedly by the common people, who performed plays and read poetry exclaiming her beauty and intelligence. Elizabeth's coronation was on [[15 January]] [[1559]]. There was no [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] at the time; [[Reginald Cardinal Pole]], the last Catholic holder of the office, had died shortly after Mary I. Since the senior bishops declined to participate in the [[coronation]] (since Elizabeth was illegitimate under both [[canon law]] and [[statute]] and since she was a Protestant), the relatively unimportant [[Owen Oglethorpe]], [[Bishop of Carlisle]] crowned her. The [[communion]] was celebrated not by Oglethorpe, but by the Queen's personal chaplain, to avoid the usage of the Roman rites. Elizabeth I's coronation was the last one during which the Latin service was used; future coronations except for that of [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] used the English service. She later persuaded her mother's chaplain, [[Matthew Parker]], to become Archbishop. He only accepted out of loyalty to Anne Boleyn's memory, since he found working with Elizabeth difficult at times.

One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth's early reign was religion; she relied primarily on [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Sir William Cecil]] for advice on the matter. The [[Act of Uniformity 1559]] required the use of the Protestant ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' in church services. Communion with the [[Catholic]] Church had been reinstated under Mary I, but was ended by Elizabeth. The Queen assumed the title "[[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]]", rather than "Supreme Head", primarily because several [[bishop]]s and many members of the public felt that a woman could not be the head of the Church.

The [[Act of Supremacy 1559]] required public officials to take an oath acknowledging the Sovereign's control over the Church or face severe punishment. Many bishops were unwilling to conform to the Elizabethan religious policy. Those bishops were removed from the ecclesiastical bench and replaced by appointees who would submit to the Queen's supremacy. She also appointed an entirely new [[Privy Council]], removing many Catholic counsellors in the process. Under Elizabeth, factionalism in the Council and conflicts at court were greatly diminished. Elizabeth's chief advisors were Sir William Cecil, as her [[Secretary of State]], and [[Nicholas Bacon|Sir Nicholas Bacon]], the [[Lord Keeper of the Great Seal]].

Elizabeth ratified the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis established on [[April 3]], [[1559]], bringing peace with France. She adopted a principle of "England for the English". Her other realm, [[Ireland]], never benefited from such a philosophy. The enforcement of English customs in Ireland proved unpopular with its inhabitants, as did the Queen's religious policies.

Soon after her accession, many questioned whom Elizabeth would marry. Her reason for never marrying is unclear. She may have felt repulsed by the mistreatment of Henry VIII's wives, her mother's death always in her mind, or perhaps psychologically scarred by her rumoured childhood relationship with Lord Thomas Seymour while in his household. Contemporary gossip was that she had suffered from a physical defect that she was afraid to reveal, perhaps scarring from [[smallpox]]. There were also rumours that she would only marry one man, [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]], with whom she was deeply in love and who she appointed her Master of the Queen's Horse. However, her council refused to sanction the marriage because of his status and his family's participation in the [[Lady Jane Grey]] matter (and for the early part of her reign Dudley was already married to Amy Robsart who later died in somewhat suspicious circumstances, although Dudley was acquitted of any involvement in this). Some believe Elizabeth decided that if she could not have him, she would not marry at all. The most likely cause, however, was probably her reluctance to share the power of the Crown with another and her fear that a marriage with a foreigner would provoke the same hostility as that of her sister Mary's disastrous marriage to Philip II. She also did not want to risk making England a foreign vassal and possibly involving it in the unprofitable and unpopular wars that Mary's marriage had done, while marriage to a high-born Englishman would involve England in factional dispute at court. Given the unstable political situation, Elizabeth could have feared an armed struggle among aristocratic factions if she married someone not seen as equally favourable to all factions. What is known for certain is that marrying anyone would have cost Elizabeth large amounts of money and independence as all of the estates and incomes Elizabeth inherited from her father, [[Henry VIII]], were only hers until she wed.

==Conflict with France and Scotland==
[[Image:Elizabeth I Death.jpg|thumb|right|Fictional portrayal of Elizabeth handing the throne of England to [[King James VI of Scotland]]]]

The Queen found a dangerous rival in her cousin, the Catholic [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland]] and wife of the [[France|French]] King [[Francis II of France|Francis II]]. In 1559, Mary had declared herself Queen of England with French support. In Scotland, Mary Stuart's mother, [[Mary of Guise]] attempted to cement French influence by providing for army fortification against English aggression. A group of Scottish lords allied to Elizabeth deposed Mary of Guise and, under pressure from the English, Mary's representatives signed the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]], which led to the withdrawal of French troops. Though Mary vehemently refused to ratify the treaty, it had the desired effect, and French influence was greatly reduced in Scotland.

Upon the death of her husband Francis II, Mary Stuart had returned to Scotland. In France, meanwhile, conflict between the Catholics and the [[Huguenot]]s led to the outbreak of the [[French Wars of Religion]]. Elizabeth secretly gave aid to the Huguenots. She made peace with France in 1564; she agreed to give up her claims to the last English possession on the French mainland, [[Calais]], after the defeat of an English expedition at [[Le Havre]]. Elizabeth, however, did not give up her claim to the French Crown, which had been maintained since the reign of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] during the period of the [[Hundred Years' War]] in the [[fourteenth century]], and was not renounced until the reign of [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] during the [[eighteenth century]].

==Elizabeth and the 1559 Religious Settlement==
Catholicism had been restored under Mary I, but Elizabeth herself was a Protestant, and thus was keen to create a Protestant Church. [[Parliament]] was summoned in 1559 to consider the Reformation Bill and create a new Church. The Reformation Bill defined the [[Communion]] as a [[consubstantial]] celebration as opposed to a [[transubstantiation|transubstantial]] celebration, included abuse of the [[Pope]] in the [[litany]], and ordered that ministers should not wear the [[surplice]] or other Catholic vestments. It allowed ministers to marry, banned images from churches, and confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme Head of the [[Church of England]]. The Bill met massive resistance in the [[House of Lords]], as Catholic [[bishop]]s as well as the lay peers voted against it. They butchered much of the Bill, changed the litany to allow for a transubstantial belief in the Communion and refused to grant Elizabeth the title of Supreme Head of the Church.

Parliament was prorogued over Easter, and when it resumed, the government entered two new bills into the Houses &mdash; the [[Bill of Supremacy]] and the [[Bill of Uniformity]]. The Bill of Supremacy confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme ''Governor'' of the Church of England, as opposed to the Supreme ''Head''. Supreme Governor was a suitably equivocal phrasing that made Elizabeth head of the church without ever saying she was, important because in the [[sixteenth century]], it was felt that women could not rule a church.

The Bill of Uniformity was more cautious than the initial Reformation Bill. It revoked the harsh laws against Catholics, removed the abuse of the Pope from the litany and kept the wording that allowed for both consubstantial and transubstantial belief in the Communion.

After Parliament was dismissed, Elizabeth, along with [[William Cecil]], drafted what are known as the [[Royal Injunctions]]. These were additions to the Settlement, and largely stressed a continuity with the Catholic past &mdash; ministers were ordered to wear the surplice. Wafers, as opposed to ordinary baker's bread, were to be used as the bread at Communion. There had been opposition to the Settlement in the shires, which for the most part were largely Catholic, so the changes were made in order to allow for acceptance to the Settlement.

Elizabeth never changed the Religious Settlement despite Protestant pressure (previously thought to originate from the [[Puritan choir]]) so to do and it is in fact the 1559 Settlement that forms much of the basis of today's [[Church of England]].

==Plots and rebellions==
At the end of 1562, Elizabeth fell ill with [[smallpox]], but later recovered. In 1563, alarmed by the Queen's near-fatal illness, Parliament demanded that she marry or nominate an heir to prevent [[civil war]] upon her death. She refused to do either, and in April, she [[Prorogation|prorogued]] parliament. Parliament did not reconvene until Elizabeth needed its assent to raise taxes in 1566. The [[House of Commons]] threatened to withhold funds until the Queen agreed to provide for the succession. On [[19 October]], [[1566]], [[Sir Robert Bell]] boldly pursued Elizabeth for the royal answer despite her command to leave it alone; in her own words "Mr. Bell with his complices must needs prefer their speeches to the upper house to have you my lords, consent with them, whereby you were seduced, and of simplicity did assent unto it."

[[Image:Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mary Queen of Scots]]

Different lines of succession were considered during Elizabeth's reign. One possible line was that of [[Margaret Tudor]], Henry VIII's elder sister, which led to Mary I, Queen of Scots. The alternative line descended from Henry VIII's younger sister, [[Mary Tudor (queen consort of France)|Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk]]; the heir in this line would be the [[Lady Catherine Grey]], [[Lady Jane Grey]]'s sister. An even more distant possible successor was [[Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon]], who could claim descent only from [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], who reigned during the fourteenth century. Each possible heir had his or her disadvantages: Mary I was a Catholic, Lady Catherine Grey had married without the Queen's consent and the [[Puritanism|Puritan]] Lord Huntingdon was unwilling to accept the Crown.

[[Mary I of Scotland|Mary, Queen of Scots]], had to suffer her own troubles in Scotland. Elizabeth had suggested that if she married the Protestant [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]], then Elizabeth would "proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir." Mary chose her own course, and in 1565 married a Catholic, who also had a claim to the English throne, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]. Lord Darnley was murdered in 1567 after the couple had become estranged. Darnley was a heavy drinker and had approved the murder of Mary's secretary [[David Rizzio]], with whom he wrongly suspected her of having an affair. Mary then married [[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell]], who was widely believed to be responsible for Darnley's murder. Scottish nobles then rebelled, imprisoning Mary and forcing her to abdicate in favour of her infant son, who consequently became [[James I of England|James VI]].

In 1568, the last viable English heir to the throne, Catherine Grey, died. She had left a son, but he was deemed illegitimate. Her heiress was her sister, the [[Lady Mary Grey]], a hunchbacked dwarf. Elizabeth was once again forced to consider a Scottish successor, from the line of her father's sister, Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots. Mary I, however, was unpopular in Scotland, where she had been imprisoned. She later escaped from her prison and fled to England, where she was captured by English forces. Elizabeth was faced with a conundrum: sending her back to the Scottish nobles was deemed too cruel; sending her to France would put a powerful pawn in the hands of the French king; forcibly restoring her to the Scottish throne may have been seen as an heroic gesture, but would cause too much conflict with the Scots; and imprisoning her in England would allow her to participate in plots against the Queen. Elizabeth chose the last option: Mary was kept confined for eighteen years, much of it in [[Sheffield Castle]] and [[Sheffield Manor]] in the custody of [[George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury]], and his redoubtable wife [[Bess of Hardwick]].

[[Image:Thomas-howard-4th-duke-of-norfolk-02.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]]

In 1569, Elizabeth faced a major uprising, known as the [[Northern Rebellion]], instigated by [[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]], [[Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland]] and [[Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland]]. [[Pope Pius V]] aided the Catholic Rebellion by excommunicating Elizabeth and declaring her deposed in a [[papal bull]]. The Bull of Deposition, ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]'', was only issued in 1570, arriving after the Rebellion had been put down. After the Bull of Deposition was issued, however, Elizabeth chose not to continue her policy of religious toleration. She instead began the persecution of her religious enemies, giving impetus to various conspiracies to remove her from the throne. She also permitted the Church of England to take a more explicitly [[Protestant]] line by allowing Parliament to pass the largely [[Calvinist]] 39 Articles in 1571 which acted as a declaration of Church of England faith.

Elizabeth then found a new enemy in her brother-in-law, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II, King of Spain]]. After Philip had launched a surprise attack on the English privateers Sir [[Francis Drake]] and [[John Hawkins]] in 1568, Elizabeth assented to the detention of a Spanish treasure ship in 1569. Philip was already involved in putting down a rebellion in the [[Spanish Netherlands]], and could not afford to declare war on England.

Philip II participated in some conspiracies to remove Elizabeth, albeit reluctantly. The 4th Duke of Norfolk was also involved in the first of these plots, the [[Ridolfi plot|Ridolfi Plot]] of 1571. After the Catholic Ridolfi Plot was discovered (much to Elizabeth's shock) and foiled, the Duke of Norfolk was executed and Mary lost the little liberty she had remaining. Spain, which had been friendly to England since Philip's marriage to Elizabeth's predecessor, ceased to be on cordial terms.

In 1571, Sir William Cecil was created [[Baron Burghley]]; a wise and humorous man, who always advised caution in international relations, he had been Elizabeth's chief advisor from the earliest days, and he remained so until his death in 1598. In 1572, Burghley was raised to the powerful position of [[Lord High Treasurer]]; his post as Secretary of State was taken up by the head of Elizabeth's spy network, [[Francis Walsingham|Sir Francis Walsingham]].

Also in 1572, Elizabeth made an alliance with [[France]]. The [[St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre|St Bartholomew's Day Massacre]], in which thousands of French Protestants (Huguenots) were killed, strained the alliance but did not break it. Elizabeth even began marriage negotiations with [[Henry III of France|Henry, Duke of Anjou]] (later King Henry III of France and of Poland), and afterwards with his younger brother [[François, Duke of Anjou|François, Duke of Anjou and Alençon]]. During the latter's visit in 1581, it is said that Elizabeth "drew off a ring from her finger and put it upon the Duke of Anjou's upon certain conditions betwixt them two". The Spanish Ambassador reported that she actually declared that the Duke of Anjou would be her husband. However, Anjou, who was reportedly scarred and hunch-backed, returned to France and died in 1584 before he could be married.

==Conflict with Spain and Ireland==
In 1579, the [[Second Desmond Rebellion]] began in Ireland with the arrival of an invasion force funded by [[Pope Gregory XIII]]; but by 1583, the rebellion had been put down after a brutal campaign waged by fire, sword and famine, in which a large part of the population of the then [[County Desmond]], the north-western part of the province of [[Munster]] died; chilling, albeit approving, observations on the campaign are set out in ''A View of the Present State of Ireland'' by the poet, [[Edmund Spenser]] (first licensed for publication in 1633, four decades after it was written).

Also in 1580, Philip II annexed [[Portugal]], and with the Portuguese throne came the command of the high seas. After the assassination of the Dutch ''[[Stadholder]]'' [[William I of Orange|William I]], England began to side openly with the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] of the Netherlands, who were at the time rebelling against Spanish rule. This, together with economic conflict with Spain and English piracy against [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]] (which included an English alliance with [[Islam]]ic [[Morocco]]), led to the outbreak of the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] in 1585 and in 1586 the Spanish ambassador was expelled from England for his participation in conspiracies against Elizabeth. Fearing such conspiracies, Parliament had passed the [[Act of Association 1584]], under which anyone associated with a plot to murder the Sovereign would be excluded from the line of succession. However, a further scheme against Elizabeth, the [[Babington plot|Babington Plot]], was revealed by Sir Francis Walsingham, who headed the English spy network. Having put the court on full proof of the charge, Mary Stuart was convicted of complicity in the plot on foot of disputed evidence and executed at [[Fotheringhay|Fotheringhay Castle]] on [[February 8]], [[1587]].

[[Image:Elizabeth I (Armada Portrait).jpg|thumb|right|350px|The above portrait was made in approximately 1588 to commemorate the defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]] (depicted in the background). Elizabeth I's international power is symbolized by the hand resting on the globe.]]

In her will, Mary had left Philip her claim to the English throne; under force of the threat from Elizabeth's policies in the [[Netherlands]] and the East [[Atlantic]], Philip set out his plans for an invasion of England. In April 1587, Sir [[Francis Drake]] burned part of the Spanish fleet at [[Cádiz]], delaying Philip's plans. In July 1588, the [[Spanish Armada]], a grand fleet of 130 ships bearing over 30,000 men, set sail in the expectation of conveying a Spanish invasion force under the command of the [[Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza|Duke of Parma]] across the [[English Channel]] from the Netherlands. Elizabeth encouraged her troops with a notable speech, known as the [[Speech to the Troops at Tilbury]], in which she famously declared, "I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and of a King of England too! And I think it foul scorn that Spain or Parma or any prince of Europe should dare invade the borders of my realm". Thus the legend of '''Good Queen Bess''' was born.

The Spanish attempt was defeated by the English fleet under [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham]] and Drake, aided by bad weather. The Armada was forced to return to Spain, with appalling losses on the North and West coasts of Ireland; the victory tremendously increased Elizabeth's popularity.

The battle, however, was not decisive, and the war continued in the Netherlands, where the Dutch Estates were seeking independence from Spain. The English government was also concerned with the conflict in France and the claim to the throne of a Protestant heir, Henry (later [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]). Elizabeth sent 20,000 troops and subsidies of over £300,000 to Henry, and 8,000 troops and subsidies of over £1,000,000 to the Dutch.

English [[privateers]] continued to attack Spanish treasure ships from the [[Americas]]; the most famous privateers included [[John Hawkins|Sir John Hawkins]] and [[Martin Frobisher|Sir Martin Frobisher]]. In 1595 and 1596, a disastrous expedition on the [[Spanish Main]] led to the deaths of the aging Hawkins and Drake. Also in 1595, Spanish troops under the command of [[Don Carlos de Amesquita]] landed in [[Cornwall]], where they routed a large English [[militia]] and burned some villages, before celebrating a [[mass (liturgy)|mass]] and retiring in the face of a naval force led by Sir [[Walter Raleigh]].

In 1596, England finally withdrew from France, with Henry IV firmly in control. He had assumed the throne, commenting with double-edged irony that, "Paris is worth a mass"; the [[Catholic League (French)|Holy League]], which opposed him, had been demolished, and Elizabeth's diplomacy was beset with a new set of problems; at the same time, the Spanish had landed a considerable force of ''[[tercios]]'' in [[Brittany]], which had expelled the English forces that were present and presented a new front in the war, with an added threat of invasion across the channel. Elizabeth sent a further 2,000 troops to France after the Spanish took [[Calais]]. Then she authorised an attack on the [[Azores]] in 1597, but the attempt was a disastrous failure. Further battles continued until 1598, when France and Spain finally made peace. The [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]], meanwhile, reached a stalemate after Philip II died later in the year. In part because of the war, Raleigh and Gilbert's overseas colonisation attempts came to nothing, and the English settlement of North America was stalled, until [[James I of England|James I]] negotiated peace in the [[Treaty of London, 1604]].

==Later years==
[[Image:Elizabeth I Aged.jpg|thumb|Portrait by unknown c.18th century]]

In 1598, Elizabeth's chief advisor, Lord Burghley, died. His political mantle was inherited by his son, [[Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury|Robert Cecil]], who had previously become Secretary of State in 1590. Elizabeth became somewhat unpopular because of her practice of granting royal [[monopoly|monopolies]]; the abolition of which Parliament continued to demand. In her famous "Golden Speech", Elizabeth promised reforms. Shortly thereafter, twelve royal monopolies were ended by royal proclamation; further sanctions could be sought in the courts of [[common law]]. These reforms, however, were only superficial; the practice of deriving funds from the grants of monopolies continued.

At the same time as England was fighting Spain, it also faced a rebellion in Ireland, known as the [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]]. The chief executor of Crown authority in the North of Ireland, [[Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone]], was declared a traitor in 1595. Seeking to avoid further war, Elizabeth made a series of truces with the earl; but during this period, Spain attempted two further armada expeditions against Northern Europe, although both failed owing to adverse weather conditions. In 1598, O'Neill offered a truce, while benefiting from Spanish aid in the form of arms and training; upon expiry of the truce, the English suffered their worst defeat in Ireland at the [[Battle of the Yellow Ford]].

In 1599, one of the leading members of the navy, [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]], was appointed [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] and given command of the largest army ever sent to Ireland, in an attempt to defeat the rebels. [[Essex in Ireland|Essex's campaign]] was soon dissipated, and after a private parley with O'Neill &mdash; in which the latter sat on horseback in the middle of a river &mdash; it became clear that victory was out of reach. In 1600, Essex returned to England without the Queen's permission, where he was punished by the loss of all political offices and of the trade monopolies, which were his principal income.

The succession to the throne had been the ultimate political concern in England since Mary Stuart's arrival in Scotland in the 1560s, and by the end of the century there was only one question in the minds of Elizabeth's advisors: who next? It is in this context that the behaviour of Essex is best explained. In 1601, he led a revolt against the Queen, but popular support was curiously lacking, and the former darling of the masses was executed.

[[Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon|Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy]], a bookish man who liked to wrap himself up in scarves, was sent to Ireland to replace Essex. With ruthless intent, Mountjoy attempted to blockade O'Neill's troops and starve his people into submission; the campaign effectively cast the English strategy of the earlier Desmond Rebellion (1580-83) into a larger theatre, with proportionately greater casualties. In 1601, the Spanish sent over 3,000 troops to aid the Irish, with the justification that their intervention countered Elizabeth's previous aid to the Dutch rebels in the campaign against Spanish rule. After a devastating winter siege, Mountjoy defeated both the Spanish and the Irish forces at the [[Battle of Kinsale]]; O'Neill surrendered a few days after Elizabeth's death in 1603, although the fact of her death was concealed from the supplicant rebel with great skill and irony on Mountjoy's part.

During her last ailment, the Queen is reported to have declared that she had sent "''wolves, not shepherds, to govern Ireland, for they have left me nothing to govern over but ashes and carcasses''" (''The Sayings of Queen Elizabeth'' (1925)). Elizabeth's successor promoted Mountjoy to the office of [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]], an office in which he showed skill and moderation, until his early death in 1605.

==Death==
[[Image:Statue Of Queen Elizabeth I.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Elizabeth I at the Church of [[St Dunstan-in-the-West]] London]]

Elizabeth I fell ill in February 1603, suffering from frailty and [[insomnia]]. After a period of distressing reflection, she died on [[March 24]] at [[Richmond Palace]], aged seventy, the oldest English sovereign ever to have reigned; the mark was not surpassed until [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] died in his seventy-seventh year in 1760. Elizabeth was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]], immediately next to her half-sister Mary I. The Latin inscription on their tomb translates to ''Partners both in Throne and grave, here rest we two sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, in the hope of one resurrection''.

The will of Henry VIII declared that Elizabeth was to be succeeded by the descendants of his younger sister, Mary Tudor, [[Duchess of Suffolk]], rather than by the Scottish descendants of his elder sister, Margaret Tudor. If the will were upheld, then Elizabeth would have been succeeded by [[Lady Anne Stanley]]. If, however, the rules of male primogeniture were upheld, the successor would be James VI, King of Scots. Still other claimants were possible. They included [[Edward Seymour]], [[Baron Beauchamp]] (the illegitimate son of the Lady Catherine Grey) and [[William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby]] (Lady Anne Stanley's uncle).

It is sometimes claimed that Elizabeth named James her heir on her deathbed. According to one story, when asked whom she would name her heir, she replied, "Who could that be but my cousin Scotland?". According to another, she said, "Who but a King could succeed a Queen?". Finally, a third legend suggests that she remained silent until her death. There is no evidence to prove any of these tales. In any event, none of the alternative heirs pressed their claims to the throne. James VI was proclaimed King of England as [[James I of England|James I]] a few hours after Elizabeth's death. James I's proclamation broke precedent because it was issued not by the new sovereign him or herself, but by a Council of Accession, as James was in Scotland at the time. [[Accession Council]]s, rather than new sovereigns, continue to issue proclamations in modern practice.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Autograph of Elizabeth I of England (from Nordisk familjebok).png|thumb|300px|Signature of Elizabeth I of England]]

Elizabeth proved to be one of the most popular monarchs in English or British history. She placed seventh in the ''[[100 Greatest Britons]]'' poll, which was conducted by the [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] in 2002, outranking all other British monarchs. In 2005, in the [[History Channel]] documentary ''Britain's Greatest Monarch'', a group of historians and commentators analysed twelve British monarchs[http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/tv_guide/full_details/British_history/programme_2652.php] and gave them overall marks out of 60 for greatness (they were marked out of 10 in six categories, such as military prowess and legacy). Elizabeth I was the winner, with 48 points.

Many historians, however, have taken a far more dispassionate view of Elizabeth's reign. Though England achieved military victories, Elizabeth was far less pivotal than other monarchs such as [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]. Elizabeth has also been criticised for her problems in Ireland.

Elizabeth was a successful monarch, helping steady the nation even after inheriting an enormous national debt from her sister Mary. Under her, England managed to avoid a crippling Spanish invasion. Elizabeth was also able to prevent the outbreak of a religious or civil war on English soil. Her achievements, however, were greatly magnified after her death. She was depicted in later years as a great defender of Protestantism in Europe. In reality, however, she often wavered before coming to the aid of her Protestant allies. As Sir Walter said in relation to her foreign policy, "Her Majesty did all by halves".

Many artists glorified Elizabeth I and masked her age in their portraits. Elizabeth was often painted in rich and stylised gowns. Elizabeth is often shown holding a [[sieve]], a symbol of virginity.

In the arts, [[Gioacchino Antonio Rossini]] wrote his first [[Neapolitan]] opera on the subject of Elizabeth I, ''[[Elisabetta, regina d'Inghiliterra]],'' in 1814-15, ultimately based on a three-volume [[Gothic Literature|Gothic]] romance novel, ''The Recess,'' by [[Sophia Lee]]. [[Benjamin Britten]] wrote an opera, ''[[Gloriana]]'', about the relationship between Elizabeth and Lord Essex, composed for the 1953 coronation of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]]. [[Henry Purcell]] wrote a 1692 [[semi-opera]] adaptation of [[Shakespeare's]] ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' called ''The Fairy Queen,'' named to honour Elizabeth, one of whose nicknames was the Faere Queene. The instrument called the [[virginal]] was not named after Elizabeth, as it was known before her time. [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]], opened in 1967 as part of the [[South Bank Centre]] arts complex in [[London]], is named after [[Elizabeth II]].

There have been many novels written about Elizabeth. They include: ''Legacy'' by Susan Kay, ''I, Elizabeth'' by [[Rosalind Miles]], ''The Virgin's Lover'' and ''The Queen's Fool'' by [[Philippa Gregory]], ''Queen of This Realm'' by [[Jean Plaidy]], and ''Virgin: Prelude to the Throne'' by [[Robin Maxwell]]. Elizabeth's story is spliced with her mother's in Maxwell's book ''The Secret Diary of Anne Boleyn.'' Also in ''The Other Boleyn Girl'' by Philippa Gregory. Maxwell also writes of a fictional child Elizabeth and Dudley had in ''The Queen's Bastard.'' Decades ago, [[Margaret Irwin]] produced a trilogy based on Elizabeth's youth: ''Young Bess,'' ''Elizabeth, Captive Princess'' and ''Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain.''

In children's and young adults' fiction, Elizabeth's story is told in ''Elizabeth I, Red Rose of the House of Tudor,'' a book in the ''Royal Diaries'' series published by Scholastic, and also in ''Beware, Princess Elizabeth'' by [[Carolyn Meyer]].

===Popular culture===
Notable portrayals of Queen Elizabeth in film and television have been plentiful; in fact, she is the most filmed British monarch. Those who have made an impression in the role of Elizabeth in the last 100 years, have included:

[[Image:Elizabeth I 2.jpg|thumb|right|220px|BBC's '''''[[The Virgin Queen]]''''' <br /><small>Anne-Marie Duff as Elizabeth</small>]]

====Film classics====
*[[France|French]] actress [[Sarah Bernhardt]] in ''[[Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth]]'' (1912)
*[[Florence Eldridge]] in ''[[Mary of Scotland (film)|Mary of Scotland]]'' (1936)
*[[Flora Robson]] in ''[[Fire Over England]]'' (1937), ''[[The Lion Has Wings]]'' (1939) and ''[[The Sea Hawk]]'' (1940)
*[[Bette Davis]] twice played Elizabeth in ''[[The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex]]'' (1939) and ''[[The Virgin Queen (film)|The Virgin Queen]]'' (1955).
*[[Jean Simmons]] in ''[[Young Bess]]'' (1953).

====Contemporary films====
*[[Quentin Crisp]] portrayed Elizabeth I in the 1993 film ''[[Orlando (movie)|Orlando]]''. Although he found the role taxing, he won acclaim for his performance.
*[[Cate Blanchett]] made her big break and received an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for her critically acclaimed performance in the 1998 film ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]]''. Its sequel, "The Golden Age", was expected to have begun filming in April 2006.
*[[Judi Dench]] won an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] in 1998 for her supporting performance as the Virgin Queen in the popular ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]'', a performance of only eleven minutes (among the shortest ever to win an Oscar). 1998 became the first year in which two actors were nominated for playing the same role in different films.
*[[Cate Blanchett]] will reprise her role as Elizabeth in 2007's sequel to ''Elizabeth'', ''[[Elizabeth: The Golden Age]]''

====Television====
[[Image:Helen duke.jpg|right|thumb|'''Helen Mirren''' as Elizabeth I]]
*[[Glenda Jackson]] portrayed Elizabeth I in the [[BBC]] drama series ''[[Elizabeth R]]'' in 1971, and the 1972 historical film ''[[Mary, Queen of Scots (movie)|Mary Queen of Scots]]''.
*[[Miranda Richardson]] gave a comic interpretation of Elizabeth (known as [[Queenie]]) in the second season (''Blackadder II'') of the 1980s [[BBC]] [[situation comedy]] ''[[Blackadder#Series_2:_Blackadder_II|Blackadder]]''.
*[[Anne-Marie Duff]] gave another portrayal of the Queen in the [[BBC]]'s ''[[The Virgin Queen]]'' (2005), featuring state-of-the-art makeup to show the Queen's journey through life.
*[[Helen Mirren]] portrayed Elizabeth I in the two-part [[HBO]]/[[Channel 4]] drama '' [[Elizabeth I (tv series)|Elizabeth I]]'' in 2005/06. The drama focused on her relationships with the Earl of Leicester, portrayed by [[Jeremy Irons]], and the Earl of Essex, played by [[Hugh Dancy]].

===Video Games===
*Elizabeth is portrayed in the [[PC]] [[video game]] [[Civilization IV]] as a leader of the [[England|English Empire]], alongside [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]].
*Elizabeth is seen in the [[PC]] video game [[Age of Empires III]], as the symbolical ruler of the [[Great Britain|British Civilization]].

==Style and arms==
[[image:QEI_arms.jpg|thumb|Coat of Arms of Elizabeth I]]
Like her predecessors since Henry VIII, Elizabeth used the [[Style (manner of address)|style]] "Majesty", as well as "Highness" and "Grace". "Majesty", which Henry VIII first used on a consistent basis, did not become exclusive until the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I.

Elizabeth I used the official style "Elizabeth, by the Grace of God, [[List of monarchs of England|Queen of England]], [[English Kings of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Fidei defensor]], etc.". Whilst most of the style matched the styles of her predecessors, Elizabeth I was the first to use "etc.". It was inserted into the style with a view to restoring the phrase "of the [[Church of England]] and also of [[Church of Ireland|Ireland]] in [[Earth]] Supreme Head", which had been added by Henry VIII but later removed by Mary I. The supremacy phrase was never actually restored, and "etc." remained in the style, to be removed only in 1801.

She has been retroactively known as Queen Elizabeth I since the accession of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] in 1952. Prior to that time she was referred to as Queen Elizabeth.

Elizabeth's [[heraldry|arms]] were the same as those used by [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]: ''Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for [[France]]) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for [[England]])''. Whilst her [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] predecessors had used a gold [[lion]] and a red [[European dragon|dragon]] as heraldic supporters, Elizabeth used a gold lion and a gold dragon. Elizabeth adopted one of her mother's mottoes, ''Semper Eadem'' ("Always the Same") and also her mother's emblem as her emblem (The eagle on top of a tree trunk).

==See also==
*[[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)]]
*[[Church of England]]
*[[Eighty Years' War]]
*[[English Renaissance]]
*[[List of British monarchs]]
*[[The Military Revolution]]
*[[Protestant Reformation]]

==References==
*Eakins, Lara E. (2004) [http://tudorhistory.org/elizabeth/ Elizabeth I.]
*Thomas, Heather (2004). [http://www.elizabethi.org/uk/ Elizabeth I.]
*Hasler, P. W., ''History of Parliament, House of Commons 1558-1603'', HMSO 1981. [http://www.history.ac.uk/hop/]
*Jokinen, Anniina (2004). [http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/eliza.htm Elizabeth I (1533&ndash;1603)]
*Perry, Maria. (1990). ''The Word of a Prince: A Life of Elizabeth I from Contemporary Documents'' Woodbirdge: Boydell Press.
*Roanoke Heritage Education Program; http://www.nps.gov/fora/eliztudor.htm
*http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html
*http://www.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95sep/elizabeth.html
*http://elizabethtudor.150m.com/Index.html

==Bibliography==

====Non-fiction books about Elizabeth Tudor====
*''Elizabeth I'' (1st edition 1988, 2nd edition 2000)by Christopher Haigh ISBN 0582472784
*''Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography'' by J.E. Neale(1934) ISBN 0897333624
*''Elizabeth I: The Shrewdness of Virtue'' by Jasper Godwin Ridley (May 1989) ISBN 088064110X
*''Elizabeth I'' by Anne Somerset(1991)ISBN 0385721579.
*''Elizabeth: The Struggle for the Throne'' by David Starkey (2000) ISBN 0060959517
*Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America'' by John A. Wagner (July 1999) ISBN 1573562009
*''The Life of Elizabeth I'' by Alison Weir (August 1998)ISBN 0345405331
*''Elizabeth I &mdash; A Tudor Queen'' (Focus on Tudor Life S.), by Liz Goglery (March 2006) ISBN 0749664495
*''Elizabeth I CEO: Strategic Lessons from the Leader Who Built an Empire'' by Alan Axelrod (April 2002) ISBN 0735203571
*''Behind the Mask: The Life of Queen Elizabeth I'' by Jane Resh Thomas (October 1998) ISBN 0395691206
*''Elizabeth I: Queen Of Tudor England'' by Myra Weatherly (August 2005)
*''The Virgin Queen: Elizabeth I, Genius of the Golden Age'' by Christopher Hibbert (May 1992) ISBN 0201608170
*''All the Queen's Men: The World of Elizabeth I'' by Peter Brimacombe (July 2000) ISBN 0312232519
*''Elizabeth Tudor: Portrait of a Queen'' by Lacey Baldwin Smith (February 1977) ISBN 0316801534
*''Elizabeth and Leicester'' by Elizabeth Jenkins (October 2002) ISBN 1842125605
*''Elizabeth Tudor and Mary Stuart: Two Queens in One Isle'' by Alison Plowden (October 1984) ISBN 0389205184
*''Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens'' by Jane Dunn (January 2005) ISBN 0375708200
*''England's Elizabeth: An Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy'' by Nicola J. Watson and Michael Dobson (November 2002) ISBN 0198183771
*''Gloriana'' by Michael Moorcock (August 2004) ISBN 0446691402
*''Gloriana: The Years of Elizabeth I'' by Mary Irwin (July 1996) ISBN 0831756128

====Elizabeth Tudor in Historical Fiction====
*''Legacy'' by [[Susan Kay]] (1985) ISBN 051756064X
*''To Shield the Queen'', a series of books featuring Ursula Blanchard, Lady in waiting to Elizabeth (8 in all) by [[Fiona Buckley]]
*''I, Elizabeth'' by [[Rosalind Miles]] (1994) ISBN 0385471602
*''The Virgin's Lover'' by [[Philippa Gregory]] (November 2004) ISBN 0743256158
*''The Queen's Fool'' by [[Philippa Gregory]] (February 2004) ISBN 0743246071
*''My Enemy the Queen'' by [[Victoria Holt]] (December 1982) ISBN 0449202399
*''Much Suspected of Me'' by Maureen Peters (July 1991) ISBN 0745113451
*''The Queen and the Gypsy'' by Constance Heaven (July 1991) ISBN 0745113451
*''Elizabeth I: Red Rose of the House of Tudor, England, 1544'' (The Royal Diaries Series) by Kathryn Lasky (June 1999) Juvenille Fiction (ages 9-12) ISBN 0590684841
*''Queen Elizabeth I'': A Children's Picture Book by Richard Brassey (April 2005) ISBN 1842552333

==External links==
{{commons|Category:Elizabeth I of England}}
{{wikisource author|Elizabeth I of England}}
*[http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/eliza.htm Luminarium: Elizabeth I]
*[http://www.tudor-portraits.com Buehler, Edward. (2004). "Tudor and Elizabethan Portraits".]
*[http://www.marileecody.com/eliz1-images.html Cody, Marilee. (2004). "Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I".]
*[http://www.archsoc.com/games/Mary.html Stevens, Garry. (2004). "Bloody Mary: Further Intrigue in the Tudor Court".]
*[http://members.optushome.com.au/peterpanandwendy/The%20birth%20of%20Elizabeth.htm Dunn, Wendy J. (2002) "Birth of Elizabeth"]
*[http://tudors.crispen.org/tudor_women/ Crispen (2002) "Life of Women in Tudor England]
*[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/tudor_9.htm Illustrated history of Elizabeth I]
*[http://mehallowk.bravehost.com/elizabeth.html A short biography on Elizabeth I]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1973 Elizabeth I at Find A Grave]


{{start box}}
{{succession box two to two |
before=[[Mary I of England|Mary I]] |
title1=[[List of British monarchs|Queen of England]] |
title2=[[King of Ireland|Queen of Ireland]] |
years1=[[17 November]][[1558]] - [[24 March]][[1603]]|
years2=[[17 November]][[1558]] - [[24 March]][[1603]]|
after=[[James I of England|James I]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{English Monarchs}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Elizabeth I
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Elizabeth I of England;The Virgin Queen; Gloriana; Good Queen Bess
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Queen of England]]; [[Queen of Ireland]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[7 September]] [[1533]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Greenwich]], [[England]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[24 March]] [[1603]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Richmond upon Thames]], [[Surrey]]
}}

{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|pt}}
{{Link FA|sv}}
{{Link FA|zh}}

[[Category:1533 births]]
[[Category:1603 deaths]]
[[Category:English cultural icons]]
[[Category:English monarchs]]
[[Category:Henry VIII's children]]
[[Category:Londoners]]
[[Category:Queens regnant]]

[[ar:إليزابيث الأولى من إنكلترا]]
[[bs:Kraljica Elizabeta I]]
[[ca:Elisabet I d'Anglaterra]]
[[cs:Alžběta I.]]
[[cy:Elisabeth I o Loegr]]
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[[he:אליזבת הראשונה מלכת אנגליה]]
[[kw:Elisabeth I a Bow Sows]]
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[[hu:I. Erzsébet angol királynő]]
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[[nds:Elisabeth I.]]
[[pl:Elżbieta I Tudor]]
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[[ro:Elisabeta I a Angliei]]
[[ru:Елизавета I (королева Англии)]]
[[scn:Lisabbetta I di Ngriterra]]
[[simple:Elizabeth I of England]]
[[sk:Alžbeta I. (Anglicko)]]
[[sl:Elizabeta I. Angleška]]
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[[sv:Elisabet I av England]]
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[[th:สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถอลิซาเบธที่ 1]]
[[tr:I. Elizabeth]]
[[uk:Єлизавета I (королева Англії)]]
[[ur:الزبتھ اول]]
[[zh:伊丽莎白一世 (英格兰)]]

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