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*[[Loasaceae]]
*[[Loasaceae]]
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}}
'''Cornales''' is an order of [[flowering plant]]s, basal among the [[asterids]], containing about 600 species. Plants within Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, [[drupe|drupaceous]] fruits, and inferior [[gynoecium|gynoecia]] topped with disc-shaped [[nectar]]ies. Under the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG]] system, Cornales includes the following families:
The '''Cornales''' are an order of [[flowering plant]]s, basal among the [[asterids]], containing about 600 species. Plants within the Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, [[drupe|drupaceous]] fruits, and inferior [[gynoecium|gynoecia]] topped with disc-shaped [[nectar]]ies. Under the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG]] system, the Cornales order includes these families:


* [[Cornaceae]] (the [[dogwood]] family, including [[Nyssaceae]], the [[tupelo]]s)
* [[Cornaceae]] (the [[dogwood]] family, including [[Nyssaceae]], the [[tupelo]]s)
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==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==


Cornales is sister to the remainder of the large and diverse [[asterid]] [[clade]].
The Cornales urder is sister to the remainder of the large and diverse [[asterid]] [[clade]].
⚫
The Cornales are highly geographically [[disjunct distribution|disjunct]] and [[morphology (biology)|morphologically]] diverse, which has led to considerable confusion regarding the proper circumscription of the groups within the order and the relationships between them.<ref name=Xiang1993>Xiang, Q. Y., Soltis, D. E., Morgan, D. R., and Soltis, P. S. (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of ''Cornus'' L ''sensu lato'' and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''80''', 723-734.</ref> Under the [[Cronquist system]], the order comprised the families Cornaceae, Nyssaceae, [[Garryaceae]], and [[Alangiaceae]], and was placed among the [[Rosidae]], but this interpretation is no longer followed. Many families and genera previously associated with the Cornales have been removed, including Garryaceae, ''[[Griselinia]]'', ''[[Corokia]]'', and ''[[Kaliphora]]'', among others.<ref name="Xiang1993" />


⚫
Molecular data suggest four clades are within the Cornales: ''[[Cornus (genus)|Cornus]]-[[Alangium]]'', [[Nyssaceae|nyssoids-mastixioids]], Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and ''[[Grubbiaceae|Grubbia]]-[[Curtisia]]'', with the Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.<ref name=Fan2003>Fan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' '''90''', 1357-1372.</ref> However, the relationship between these clades is unclear, and as a result of many historical taxonomic interpretations and differing opinions regarding the significance of morphological variations, rankings of taxa within the order are inconsistent.<ref name=Xiang1993 /><ref name=Fan2003 /><ref name=Eyde1988>Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending ''Cornus'' - puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. ''Botanical Review'' '''54''', 233-351.</ref> These difficulties in interpreting the systematics of Cornales may represent an early and rapid diversification of the groups within the order.<ref name=Fan2003 />
⚫
Members of Cornales are highly geographically [[disjunct distribution|disjunct]] and [[morphology (biology)|morphologically]] diverse, which has led to considerable confusion regarding the proper circumscription of the groups within the order and the relationships between them.<ref name=Xiang1993>Xiang, Q. Y., Soltis, D. E., Morgan, D. R., and Soltis, P. S. (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of ''Cornus'' L ''sensu lato'' and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''80''', 723-734.</ref> Under the [[Cronquist system]] the order comprised the families Cornaceae, Nyssaceae, [[Garryaceae]], and [[Alangiaceae]], and was placed among the [[Rosidae]], but this interpretation is no longer followed. Many families and genera previously associated with Cornales have been removed, including Garryaceae, ''[[Griselinia]]'', ''[[Corokia]]'', and ''[[Kaliphora]]'', among others.<ref name="Xiang1993" />

⚫
Molecular data suggest that there are four clades within the Cornales: ''[[Cornus (genus)|Cornus]]-[[Alangium]]'', [[Nyssaceae|nyssoids-mastixioids]], Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and ''[[Grubbiaceae|Grubbia]]-[[Curtisia]]'', with Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.<ref name=Fan2003>Fan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' '''90''', 1357-1372.</ref> However, the relationship between these clades is unclear, and as a result of many historical taxonomic interpretations and differing opinions regarding the significance of morphological variations, rankings of taxa within the order are inconsistent.<ref name=Xiang1993 /><ref name=Fan2003 /><ref name=Eyde1988>Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending ''Cornus'' - puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. ''Botanical Review'' '''54''', 233-351.</ref> These difficulties in interpreting the systematics of Cornales may represent an early and rapid diversification of the groups within the order.<ref name=Fan2003 />


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:42, 15 June 2015

Cornales
Dove tree in flower
a species in Nyssaceae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Cornales
Families

The Cornales are an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within the Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries. Under the APG system, the Cornales order includes these families:

Phylogeny

The Cornales urder is sister to the remainder of the large and diverse asterid clade. The Cornales are highly geographically disjunct and morphologically diverse, which has led to considerable confusion regarding the proper circumscription of the groups within the order and the relationships between them.[2] Under the Cronquist system, the order comprised the families Cornaceae, Nyssaceae, Garryaceae, and Alangiaceae, and was placed among the Rosidae, but this interpretation is no longer followed. Many families and genera previously associated with the Cornales have been removed, including Garryaceae, Griselinia, Corokia, and Kaliphora, among others.[2]

Molecular data suggest four clades are within the Cornales: Cornus-Alangium, nyssoids-mastixioids, Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and Grubbia-Curtisia, with the Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.[3] However, the relationship between these clades is unclear, and as a result of many historical taxonomic interpretations and differing opinions regarding the significance of morphological variations, rankings of taxa within the order are inconsistent.[2][3][4] These difficulties in interpreting the systematics of Cornales may represent an early and rapid diversification of the groups within the order.[3]

References

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013–07–06. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Xiang, Q. Y., Soltis, D. E., Morgan, D. R., and Soltis, P. S. (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of Cornus L sensu lato and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80, 723-734.
  3. ^ a b c Fan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 90, 1357-1372.
  4. ^ Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending Cornus - puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Botanical Review 54, 233-351.

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