Caldey Island: Difference between revisions
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== History == |
== History == |
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A [[Celts|Celtic]] monastery was first established on the island in the sixth century, and the island thrived during the [[Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=294}}<ref name=Island>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caldey-island.co.uk/|title=Caldey Island Pembrokeshire Wales|accessdate=5 May 2013|publisher= Caldey-island.co.uk}}</ref> Following the Norman Conquest, [[Robert fitz Martin]], Lord of [[Cemais (Dyfed)|Cemais]], gave the island to his mother Geva.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cistercian Way - Caldey Island|url=http://cistercian-way.newport.ac.uk/place.asp?PlaceID=101|accessdate=7 July 2014}}</ref> In the 12th century, a priory was established there by Tironensian monks as a daughter house of [[St. Dogmaels Abbey]], and lasted to the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in 1536.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caldey (Priory)|url=http://www.monasticwales.org/browsedb.php?func=showsite&siteID=19|website=Monastic Wales|accessdate=23 April 2015}}</ref> The current abbey was built in 1910 by Anglican Benedictine monks but financial problems beginning in 1925 led to the 1929 purchase of the property by Belgian [[Cistercians]].{{Sfn|HeathMichell|2006|p=53}} It is considered to be the most complete example of the [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] style in the country, and was the largest project of [[John Coates Carter]]. At the time of building, the abbey was called "the greatest phenomenon in the Anglican community at the present time". The roofs are of white [[roughcast]] with red tiling, and the abbey church has five side-windows and on the south a "tapering" tower with primitive [[crenellation]]s. Caldey Island and Little Caldey Island has been an ecclesiastical district for as long as the locals can remember, with 20 Cistercian monks living at the monastery {{As of|2007|lc=on}}.{{sfn|Atkinson|Wilson|2007|p=167}} The Census Reports of the County of Pembroke record it as an ecclesiastical district for administrative purposes. |
A [[Celts|Celtic]] monastery was first established on the island in the sixth century, and the island thrived during the [[Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=294}}<ref name=Island>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caldey-island.co.uk/|title=Caldey Island Pembrokeshire Wales|accessdate=5 May 2013|publisher= Caldey-island.co.uk}}</ref> Following the Norman Conquest, [[Robert fitz Martin]], Lord of [[Cemais (Dyfed)|Cemais]], gave the island to his mother Geva.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cistercian Way - Caldey Island|url=http://cistercian-way.newport.ac.uk/place.asp?PlaceID=101|accessdate=7 July 2014}}</ref> In the 12th century, a priory was established there by Tironensian monks as a daughter house of [[St. Dogmaels Abbey]], and lasted to the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in 1536.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caldey (Priory)|url=http://www.monasticwales.org/browsedb.php?func=showsite&siteID=19|website=Monastic Wales|accessdate=23 April 2015}}</ref> The current abbey was built in 1910 by Anglican Benedictine monks but financial problems beginning in 1925 led to the 1929 purchase of the property by Belgian [[Cistercians]].{{Sfn|HeathMichell|2006|p=53}} It is considered to be the most complete example of the [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] style in the country, and was the largest project of [[John Coates Carter]]. At the time of building, the abbey was called "the greatest phenomenon in the Anglican community at the present time". The roofs are of white [[roughcast]] with red tiling, and the abbey church has five side-windows and on the south a "tapering" tower with primitive [[crenellation]]s. Caldey Island and Little Caldey Island has been an ecclesiastical district for as long as the locals can remember, with 20 Cistercian monks living at the monastery {{As of|2007|lc=on}}.{{sfn|Atkinson|Wilson|2007|p=167}} The Census Reports of the County of Pembroke record it as an ecclesiastical district for administrative purposes.{{sfn|Royal|1977|p=35}} |
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==Geography == |
==Geography == |
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Revision as of 13:45, 6 July 2015
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| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Celtic Sea |
| Coordinates | 51°38′N 4°41′W / 51.64°N 4.69°W |
| Administration | |
Wales | |
Caldey (Welsh:Ynys Bŷr) is a small island off the SW coast of mainland Wales, near Tenby in Pembrokeshire.[1] With a recorded history going back over 1500 years, it is known as one of Holy Islands of Britain, and a number of traditions inherited from Celtic times are observed by the Cistercian monks who are the chief inhabitants of the island today.[2]
At its closest point, Caldey lies 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of the mainland, though the usual access to the island is by small boat from the town of Tenby which is some 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the north.
The island's population consists of 40 permanent residents and a varying number of Cistercian monks,[3] known as Trappists, whose predecessors migrated there from Belgium in the early 20th century, taking over from Anglican Benedictines who had bought the island in 1906 and built the extant monastery and abbey but later got into financial difficulties.[4] Today the monks farm the island, chiefly raising dairy cattle, and make a range of items including cheese, shortbread, perfumes and toiletries.
In the spring and summer, visitors are ferried to Caldey, not only to visit the sacred sanctuary but also to view the island's rich wildlife.[5]
Name origins
The name Caldey (sometimes also spelled "Caldy") is derived from that given to it by the Vikings, that is to say: kald ey, the "cold island".[4][6] In Welsh the island is known as Ynys Bŷr, after Saint Pyr, an early abbot of the sixth century.[7]
History
A Celtic monastery was first established on the island in the sixth century, and the island thrived during the Middle Ages.[8][9] Following the Norman Conquest, Robert fitz Martin, Lord of Cemais, gave the island to his mother Geva.[10] In the 12th century, a priory was established there by Tironensian monks as a daughter house of St. Dogmaels Abbey, and lasted to the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536.[11] The current abbey was built in 1910 by Anglican Benedictine monks but financial problems beginning in 1925 led to the 1929 purchase of the property by Belgian Cistercians.[12] It is considered to be the most complete example of the Arts and Crafts style in the country, and was the largest project of John Coates Carter. At the time of building, the abbey was called "the greatest phenomenon in the Anglican community at the present time". The roofs are of white roughcast with red tiling, and the abbey church has five side-windows and on the south a "tapering" tower with primitive crenellations. Caldey Island and Little Caldey Island has been an ecclesiastical district for as long as the locals can remember, with 20 Cistercian monks living at the monastery as of 2007[update].[13] The Census Reports of the County of Pembroke record it as an ecclesiastical district for administrative purposes.[14]
Geography
Caldey Island is about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) in width at its widest. It has an area of 538 acres (2.18 km2) and its highest elevation is 197 feet (60 m). The island lies in Carmarthen Bay on the northern side of the Bristol Channel in the county of Pembrokeshire, a little over 2.3 miles (3.7 km) south of Tenby on the mainland of SW Wales.[4][12] It is separated from the mainland by Caldey Sound. A ferry service from Tenby goes to Caldey Island in the spring and summer months when the weather allows.[9] Boats depart every half hour from the harbour at high tide, while at low tide they depart from Castle Beach.[13]
Caldey Island consists of two islands which are separated at high tide: Caldey Island and Little Caldey Island. Little Caldey Island is also known as St. Margaret Island or "St. Margaret's Isle", and lies off the north-western point of Caldey Island. It acquired its name in the 17th century,[15] and is known for its seals and bird sanctuary.[4]
Caldey Island contains about 500 acres (202 ha) most of which is tillable land. Greenhouses on Caldey Island produce vegetables for the city of Cardiff in the historic county of Glamorgan. There are also some hatcheries for raising chickens and other poultry on the island.[16] Caldey Island has a single village, but is best known for its monastery.
Climate
The average high and low temperatures, and wind speeds for each month of the year for Caldey Island are given in the following table. The absolute maximum temperature recorded is 33 °C (91 °F) in August and the absolute minimum recorded is −9 °C (16 °F) in February.[17]
| Climate data for Caldey Island, Wales | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8 (46) |
8 (46) |
10 (50) |
12 (54) |
15 (59) |
17 (63) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
17 (63) |
14 (57) |
11 (52) |
8 (46) |
13 (56) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3 (37) |
3 (37) |
5 (41) |
5 (41) |
8 (46) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
12 (54) |
10 (50) |
8 (46) |
5 (41) |
3 (37) |
7 (45) |
| Source: Weatherbase [17]
Retrieved on 5 June 2013 | |||||||||||||
Nature
Caldey Island is known for its flowers which are rarely found in other areas of the United Kingdom. The island also has many species of birds that are prevalent in the summer months.[16] The country's largest colony of cormorants is located at St Margaret's Island.[13]
Economy
The island’s economic activity is supported by tourism and agriculture and has factories and farms, mainly involving the monks, who make cheese, perfumes and other products.[3] The main income comes from the sale of perfume, shortbread and chocolate items. There is an internet shop based on the island that opened in the monastery in 2001.[18] Their lavender perfume is said to be "simply the best lavender soliflore on earth" by the perfume critic Luca Turin.[19]
Caldey Island provides a spiritual retreat that accommodates up to 750 guests a year in the local guesthouse.[8] Caldey Island has a functioning post office which includes a museum on the island's history.[20] The island has its own postage stamps and its own monetary unit, the Dab.[12]
Archaeological excavations
Three caves have been discovered on the island and excavated to unearth archaeological finds: Nanna's Cave,[21] Potter's Cave (1950) and Ogof–yr-Ychen ("Ox cave", 1970), were discovered.[22] In Nanna's Cave human bones and shells were first found in 1911 and excavations continued in three more stages until the 1970s.[21] Potter's Cave was found in 1950 by a monk named James Van Nedervelde, and excavations which continued until 1970 initially revealed stalagmites in which tools and animals were embedded. After removal of these finds, three human skeletons were found and carbon-dated: two were dated to the Middle Stone Age and one to the Romano-British period. Also found were a few artefacts from the late Upper Paleolithic period. In Ogof–yr-Ychen, the remains of five people were found whose burials date to between 7590 BC and 571 Cal[clarification needed] BC. Stable Isotope tests also revealed that they lived on marine food.[22] A very few earlier Neolithic bowls and shells have also been found in the caves. All the finds were carbon dated and have been preserved in the Abbey of Caldey Island, or in Tenby Museum and Art Gallery.[21]
Landmarks
Tourist attractions on Caldey Island include the recently restored 13th-century church of St Illtyd,[23] an Ogham cross from the 6th century, a Norman chapel, and Caldey Abbey, completed in 1910. Caldey Lighthouse was built in 1828.[24] The light was intended to help coastal traffic trading limestone and coal to mid and north Wales but the light also helped long-distance and North American traffic identify the Bristol Channel and avoid confusion with the English Channel[citation needed]. The lighthouse is a squat, round, brick-lined limestone tower of 17 m (56 ft), with walls 0.9 m (3 ft) thick at the base and 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) thick at the top. The light stands 64 m (210 ft) above high-water mark. The lighthouse was automated in 1929. The lighthouse keeper's cottages that flank the lighthouse are two-storey, with hipped roofs, octagonal chimneys, and a one-storey linking corridor. The cottages were built around 1868-70 by T. C. Harvey.
The north side of Caldey Island is made up of grey limestone, a desirable building material.[16] The 19th century seems to have been the height of limestone quarrying on the island; some of the limestone was taken to the Annery kiln in the district of Torridge for processing.[9]
Other facilities
The island issues its own postage stamps and has its own currency called the Dab, referring to a small fish species which could be caught in the beaches. There is a colonial[clarification needed] tea shop on the green fields.[25] There is an underground reservoir beneath the monastery which in the past supplied water to the garden and the people.[25]
The island's resources for handling emergencies have recently been supplemented with a multi-purpose emergency vehicle which can be used as a police car, an ambulance and also a water trailer for a fire engine. The island has a regular firefighting unit, a duty which used to be performed by the monks. The last reported major fire in the island was in 1940 when the monastery was damaged. In December 2012, six firefighters had to be brought by boat from Tenby to douse a small fire.[3]
References
- ^ Hastings 2000, p. 64.
- ^ "Caldey Island". Caldey Island.co.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ^ a b c "Caldey Island monks and residents get new 999 vehicle". BBC News. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Caldey Island". Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Christopher Howells (March 2011). Caldey Island: The Story of a Holy Island. Graffeg. ISBN 978-1-905582-14-3. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ Manwaring 2008, p. 71.
- ^ Royal 1977, p. 37.
- ^ a b Williams 2001, p. 294.
- ^ a b c "Caldey Island Pembrokeshire Wales". Caldey-island.co.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2013. Cite error: The named reference "Island" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Cistercian Way - Caldey Island". Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ^ "Caldey (Priory)". Monastic Wales. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ a b c HeathMichell 2006, p. 53.
- ^ a b c Atkinson & Wilson 2007, p. 167.
- ^ Royal 1977, p. 35.
- ^ Royal 1977, pp. 36 & 37.
- ^ a b c Huntington 1908, p. 323.
- ^ a b "Local Weather: Caldey Island Climate History". Myweather2.com. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ "Monks get internet shopping habit". BBC News. BBC. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ^ "Perfumes: The Guide by Luca Turin and Tania Sanchez, David Sexton". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Caldey Island Post Office, Wales. c 1950". Flickr. November 23, 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ^ a b c Burrow 2003, p. 237.
- ^ a b Burrow 2003, p. 56.
- ^ "Major restoration project for 13th century Caldey Island church". Western Telegraph. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ^ "Caldey Island - Visit Me in Wales". Wales.me. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- ^ a b HeathMichell 2006, pp. 53–56.
Bibliography
- Atkinson, David; Wilson, Neil (2007). Wales. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-538-3.
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- Burrow, Stephen (2003). Catalogue of the Mesolithic and Neolithic Collections at the National Museums and Galleries of Wales. National Museum Wales. ISBN 978-0-7200-0516-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Hastings, Adrian (2000). A World History of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4875-8.
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- Heath, Robin F.; Michell, John F. (2006). The Lost Science of Measuring the Earth: Discovering the Sacred Geometry of the Ancients. Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 978-1-931882-50-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Huntington, Father (1908). "The Benedictine Revival in the Church of England II: The Benedictines of Caldey Island". The Churchman: 323.
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- Manwaring, Kevan (2008). Lost islands: inventing Avalon, destroying Eden. Heart of Albion. ISBN 978-1-905646-07-4.
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- Royal, Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (1977). An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Wales and Monmouthshire: VII - County of Pembroke. HMSO. OCLC 220312341.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Williams, David H. (2001). The Welsh Cistercians: Written to Commemorate the Centenary of the Death of Stephen William Williams (1837-1899), the Father of Cistercian Archaeology in Wales. Gracewing Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85244-354-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
External links
- Official Caldey Island website
- The monks installed a television set as a 'one-off' to watch the funeral of Pope John Paul II
- Photos of Caldey Island and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
51°38′14″N 4°41′08″W / 51.63722°N 4.68556°W
