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{{about|Khowar language of chitral|indian language|Khowa language}}
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|altname= Chitrali
|altname= Chitrali
|ethnicity=[[Kho people]]
|image=Khowar language.jpeg
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[[Category:Languages of Chitral]]
[[Category:Languages of Chitral]]
[[Category:Khowar language]]
[[Category:Khowar language]]
98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267-72]
* [[Sam Sloan|Mohammad Ismail Sloan]] (1981) ''Khowar-English Dictionary''. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
* Decker, Kendall D. (1992). ''Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5)''. National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp.

Revision as of 05:36, 7 August 2015

Khowar
Chitrali
کهووار
File:Khowar language.jpeg
Khowar in Perso-Arabic script (Nastaliq style)
Native to(Badakhshan Province), Afghanistan (Chitral District), Pakistan
EthnicityKho people
Native speakers
(1,000,000 cited 2000)[1]
Khowar Script, Persian Script
Language codes
ISO 639-3khw
Glottologkhowar1242
Linguasphere59-AAB-aa

Khowar (کهوار), also known as Chitrali, is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch, spoken by the Kho people of Northen Afghanistan and Pakistan.

History

Khowar has been influenced by Iranian languages to a greater degree than other Dardic languages, and less by Sanskrit than Shina or the Kohistani languages. John Biddulph (Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh) was among the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from "Zend" (Avestan, Old Persian) and Sanskrit.[This quote needs a citation]

The Norwegian Linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mondr, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gojri, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu, Pakistan's national language.

Khowar is designated as one of 14 regional languages of Chitral, Pakistan.[citation needed]

Demography

In Pakistan, the language is spoken in Chitral District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in the Ghizer district of Gilgit-Baltistan (including the Yasin Valley, Phandar Ishkoman and Gupis), and in parts of Upper Swat. Speakers of Khowar have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban centres with Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi, having sizeable populations. It is spoken as a second language in the rest of Gilgit and Hunza. There are believed to be small numbers of Khowar speakers in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey.

Phonology

Khowar has a variety of dialects which may vary phonemically.[2] The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.[3][4]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of long vowels /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, and /uː/. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely."[2] Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language, Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.[3]

Consonants

Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Post-
velar
Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop voiceless p t ʈ k (q)
voiced b d ɖ g
aspirated ʈʰ
Affricate voiceless ts ʈʂ
voiced dz ɖʐ
aspirated tsʰ (?) ʈʂʰ tʃʰ
Fricative voiceless f s ʂ ʃ x h
voiced z ʐ ʒ ɣ
Approximant l(ʲ) ɫ j w
Rhotic ɾ

The phonemic status of /tsʰ/ is unclear in the sources

Tone

Khowar, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.[5]

Comparative Vocabulary

The names of the days of the week, in Khowar, are compared with their equivalents in Shina, Sanskrit, and English.[citation needed]

English Shina Sanskrit Khowar
Sunday Adit Aditya var yak shambey
Monday Tsunduro Som var du shambey
Tuesday Ungaroo Mangal var sey shambey
Wednesday Bodo Budh var char shambey
Thursday Bressput Brihaspati var panch shambey
Friday Shooker Shukra var Adina
Saturday Shimshere Sanisch var shambey

Dialects

  • Standard Khowar
  • Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
  • Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley)
  • Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)
  • Gilgiti Khowar (Gilgit-Baltistan), spoken by a few families in Gilgit city.

Writing system

Khowar has been written in the Nasta'liq script since the early twentieth century. Prior to that, the administrative and literary language of the region was Persian and works such as poetry and songs in Khowar were passed down in oral tradition. Today Urdu and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960s.

Khowar media

Television channels

TV Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Khyber News TV (خیبر نیوز ٹیلی ویژن) News and current affairs   http://www.khybernews.tv/
AVT Khyber TV (اے وی ٹی خیبر) Entertainment   http://www.avtkhyber.tv/
K2 TV (کے ٹو) Entertainment, news and current affairs   http://www.kay2.tv/

Radio

These are not dedicated Khowar channels but play most programmes in Khowar.

Radio Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Radio Pakistan Chitral Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Peshawar Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Gilgit Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/

Newspapers

Newspaper City(ies) Founded Official Website
Chitral Vision (چترال وژن) Karachi, Chitral, Pakistan    
Chitral Today     http://chitraltoday.net

See also

References

  1. ^ Khowar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 210.
  3. ^ a b Bashir, Elena L. (1988), [/sites/salc.uchicago.edu/files/bashirdissertation.pdf "Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective"] (PDF), Ph.d Dissertation, University of Michigan: 37–40 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
  4. ^ Bashir, Elena L., Maula Nigah and Rahmat Karim Baig, [/dictionaries/khowar/ A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio] {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), [/documents/linguistics/tone_in_np.pdf Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan] (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)

Additional references

  • Bashir, Elena (2001) Spatial Representation in Khowar. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
  • Decker, D. Kendall (1992). [/show_work.asp?id=32850 Languages of Chitral]. ISBN 969-8023-15-1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  • L'Homme, Erik (1999) Parlons Khowar. Langue et culture de l'ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan. Paris: L'Harmattan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1936) Iranian Elements in Khowar. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. VIII, London.
  • Badshah Munir Bukhari (2001) Khowar language. University publisher. Pakistan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) Some Features of Khowar Morphology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Felicitation Volume Presented to S.K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84–98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267-72]
  • Mohammad Ismail Sloan (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
  • Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
  • [/baser/morgenstierne/english/index.html "Georg Morgenstierne"]. National Library of Norway. 2001. Retrieved 11 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  • Strand, Richard F. (2011). [/lngFrameL.html "Khow`ar Lexicon"]. Retrieved 16 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  • Strand, Richard F. (2012). [/IndoAryan/Chitral/Khow/KhowLanguage/Lexicon/phon.html "The Sound System of Khow`ar"]. Retrieved 16 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)


/small> | | dz | ɖʐ | | || || |- ! 98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267-72]

  • Mohammad Ismail Sloan (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
  • Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp.