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| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Sabina''
| ''Juniperus'' sect. ''Sabina''
| ''Pyrus''
| ''Pyrus''
| Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust<ref name=US/><ref name=APS>
| Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust<ref name=US/><ref name=APS/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium fusisporum]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium fusisporum]]''
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| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Crataegus''
| ''Crataegus''
| Cedar-hawthorn rust, American hawthorn rust<ref name=US/><ref name=APS>
| Cedar-hawthorn rust, American hawthorn rust<ref name=US/><ref name=APS/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium gracile]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium gracile]]''
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| ''Calocedrus''
| ''Calocedrus''
| ''Amelanchier''
| ''Amelanchier''
| Pacific Coast pear rust,<ref name=APS> Incense cedar broom rust<ref name=US/>
| Pacific Coast pear rust,<ref name=APS/> Incense cedar broom rust<ref name=US/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium malyi]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium malyi]]''
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| ''Juniperus''
| ''Juniperus''
| ''Amelanchier''
| ''Amelanchier''
| Witches broom rust<ref name=US/>, Rocky Mountain pear<ref name=APS>
| Witches broom rust<ref name=US/>, Rocky Mountain pear<ref name=APS/>
|-
|-
|''[[Gymnosporangium nidus-avis]]''
|''[[Gymnosporangium nidus-avis]]''

Revision as of 02:00, 15 August 2015

Gymnosporangium
Gymnosporangium juniperii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Pucciniomycetes
Order:
Pucciniales
Family:
Pucciniaceae
Genus:
Gymnosporangium

R.Hedw. ex DC. (1805)
Type species
Gymnosporangium fuscum
DC. (1805)

Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant-pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae, primarily species in the genus Juniperus (junipers), and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Maloideae (apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, hawthorns, rowans and their relatives). According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), there are about 57 species in the genus.[1]

In junipers (the primary hosts) (see photo), some species of the fungus form a ball like gall about 2–4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling[2] such as in G. clarvariforme . The spores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, or hawthorn tree.

On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a Medusa head. These are the spore tubes. The spores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle.

The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.[3]

Selected species

Species Primary host Secondary host Common name
Gymnosporangium amelanchieris Juniperus sect. Juniperus Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Juniperus sect. Juniperus Amelanchier, Crataegus, Pyrus Crown of Thorns[4]
Gymnosporangium clavipes Juniperus Crataegus, Cydonia Cedar-quince rust, quince rust[5]
Gymnosporangium confusum Juniperus Crataegus, Cydonia, Mespilus, Pyrus
Gymnosporangium cornutum Juniperus sect. Juniperus Sorbus subgen. Sorbus Mountain ash juniper rust[5]
Gymnosporangium cupressi Cupressus Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium dobroznakovii Juniperus sect. Juniperus Pyrus
Gymnosporangium fuscum (syn. G. sabinae) Juniperus sect. Sabina Pyrus Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust[5][6]
Gymnosporangium fusisporum Juniperus sect. Sabina Cotoneaster
Gymnosporangium gaeumannii Juniperus communis (not known)
Gymnosporangium globosum Juniperus Crataegus Cedar-hawthorn rust, American hawthorn rust[5][6]
Gymnosporangium gracile Juniperus Amelanchier, Crataegus, Cydonia
Gymnosporangium harknessianum Juniperus Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium inconspicuum Juniperus Amelanchier
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Juniperus Malus Cedar-apple rust[5]
Gymnosporangium kernianum Juniperus Amelanchier Kern's pear rust[6]
Gymnosporangium libocedri Calocedrus Amelanchier Pacific Coast pear rust,[6] Incense cedar broom rust[5]
Gymnosporangium malyi (not known) Crataegus
Gymnosporangium multiporum Juniperus (not known)
Gymnosporangium nelsonii Juniperus Amelanchier Witches broom rust[5], Rocky Mountain pear[6]
Gymnosporangium nidus-avis Juniperus sect. Sabina Crataegus, Cydonia, Malus Juniper witches' broom rust[5]
Gymnosporangium sabinae Juniperus Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus Pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust[5]
Gymnosporangium torminalis-juniperinum Juniperus sect. Juniperus Sorbus torminalis
Gymnosporangium tremelloides Juniperus sect. Juniperus Cydonia, Malus, Sorbus
Gymnosporangium yamadae Juniperus Malus Japanese apple rust[7]

References

  1. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Brand, Bert; Brand, Gill; Shattock, Richard (October 2006). "Sorting out Gymnosporangium species – the aecial stage". Field Mycology. 7 (4): 123–127. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60574-9.
  3. ^ Cedar Apple Rust - Plant of the Week
  4. ^ Gymnosporangium cornutum/clavariforme, Scottish Fungi
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i FullFungi List, Widely Prevalent Fungi of the United States
  6. ^ a b c d e Diseases of Pear, APS
  7. ^ Gymnosporangium yamadae, Data sheets on Quaranteen Pests
  • Phillips, D.H., & Burdekin, D.A. (1992). Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. Macmillan.
  • Scharpf, R.F., ed. (1993). Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 521.
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