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{{Fringe theories|date=September 2015}}
[[File:NE 600ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Near East in 600AD, showing location of the Kutrigurs.]]
[[File:NE 600ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Near East in 600AD, showing location of the Kutrigurs.]]
The '''Kutrigurs''' were a horde of equestrian nomads of the Hunno-Bulgars who were the successors of the Hunnic empire along the north coasts of the [[Black Sea]], west of the [[Sea of Azov]].<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 57: "After a period of chaos following Attila's death, dualism again reasserted itself in the succession of Dengitzik and Ernak (west and east respectively). The successor to the Hunnic Empire in the east, or rather probably the coninuation, also featured two wings, the Kutrigurs(west) and the Utigurs(east), ruled presumably by Ernak's descendants."</ref><ref>"History of the Later Roman Empire", J.B. Bury: " The Kotrigurs, who were a branch of the Hunnic race, occupied the steppes of South Russia, from the Don to the Dniester, and were probably closely allied to the Bulgarians or Onogundurs — the descendants of Attila's Huns — who had their homes in Bessarabia and Walachia. They were a formidable people and Justinian had long ago taken precautions to keep them in check, in case they should threaten to attack the Empire, though it was probably for the Roman cities of the Crimea, Cherson and Bosporus, that he feared, rather than for the Danubian provinces. As his policy on the Danube was to use the Lombards as a check on the Gepids, so his policy in Scythia was to use another Hunnic people, the Utigurs, as a check on the Kotrigurs. The Utigurs lived beyond the Don, on the east of the Sea of Azov, and Justinian cultivated their friendship by yearly gifts." http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/20*.html#ref39 </ref> Late antique [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Byzantine]] historians as [[Procopius]], [[Agathias]] and [[Menander]] used the names [[Huns]], [[Bulgars]], Kutrigurs and [[Utigurs]] indiscriminately to describe the same people.<ref>"Justinian and Theodora", Robert Browning, page 160 : "The Huns of Attila, and their descendants the Bulgars, the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs, were pastoral peoples of the steppe and semi-desert lands of central Asia, who had been driven westwards in search of new pastures by a combination of factors. The progressive desiccation of their ancient home, and in particular of the Tarim Basin, reduced the grazing land available.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA158&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiRrunKvo7HAhWrF9sKHSH-A6o#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>"The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " In the Gothic War, B.4, c. 4, 5, 18, Procopius explains that the Kotrigurs dwell "on this side of the Maeotic Lake", the Uturgurs (who appear in Agathias as the Utigurs) beyond it, on the east side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The Don was the boundary between their territories. And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgarians belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact [[Huns]]. They had all been under Attila's dominion."</ref><ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref> Because it is not possible to distinguish the Huns and Bulgars the expression Hunno-Bulgars was coined by modern scientists.<ref>Pritsak, 1982: pages: 435, 448-449</ref><ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: "Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>Cafer Saatchi, Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach." http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians</ref><ref>"A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " Steven Runciman, стр. 5, " On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm</ref><ref>Antoaneta Granberg, "Classification of the Hunno-BulgarianLoan-Words in Slavonic", Introduction : " (2) the data are insufficient to clearly distinguish Huns, Avars and Bulgars one from another;" https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic</ref> The [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] ancestors of the Kutrigurs represented the Pontic-Kuban part of the [[Hun Empire]], and were ruled by descendants of [[Attila]] through his son, [[Ernakh]].<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 140 :" The same is likely to have been the case among the Utigurs and Kutrigurs who under Attilid rule had even more justification for claiming the imperial mantle of the Huns of Europe.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref>{{sfn|Runciman (Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS)|1930|p=4|ps=: "Attila was proudly called cousin, if not grandfather, by them all. Of all these claims, it seems that the Bulgars’ is the best justified; the blood of the Scourge of God flows now in the valleys of the Balkans, diluted by time and the pastoral Slavs."}}
The '''Kutrigurs''' were a horde of equestrian nomads of the Hunno-Bulgars who were the successors of the Hunnic empire along the north coasts of the [[Black Sea]], west of the [[Sea of Azov]].<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 57: "After a period of chaos following Attila's death, dualism again reasserted itself in the succession of Dengitzik and Ernak (west and east respectively). The successor to the Hunnic Empire in the east, or rather probably the coninuation, also featured two wings, the Kutrigurs(west) and the Utigurs(east), ruled presumably by Ernak's descendants."</ref><ref>"History of the Later Roman Empire", J.B. Bury: " The Kotrigurs, who were a branch of the Hunnic race, occupied the steppes of South Russia, from the Don to the Dniester, and were probably closely allied to the Bulgarians or Onogundurs — the descendants of Attila's Huns — who had their homes in Bessarabia and Walachia. They were a formidable people and Justinian had long ago taken precautions to keep them in check, in case they should threaten to attack the Empire, though it was probably for the Roman cities of the Crimea, Cherson and Bosporus, that he feared, rather than for the Danubian provinces. As his policy on the Danube was to use the Lombards as a check on the Gepids, so his policy in Scythia was to use another Hunnic people, the Utigurs, as a check on the Kotrigurs. The Utigurs lived beyond the Don, on the east of the Sea of Azov, and Justinian cultivated their friendship by yearly gifts." http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/20*.html#ref39 </ref> Late antique [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Byzantine]] historians as [[Procopius]], [[Agathias]] and [[Menander]] used the names [[Huns]], [[Bulgars]], Kutrigurs and [[Utigurs]] indiscriminately to describe the same people.<ref>"Justinian and Theodora", Robert Browning, page 160 : "The Huns of Attila, and their descendants the Bulgars, the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs, were pastoral peoples of the steppe and semi-desert lands of central Asia, who had been driven westwards in search of new pastures by a combination of factors. The progressive desiccation of their ancient home, and in particular of the Tarim Basin, reduced the grazing land available.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA158&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiRrunKvo7HAhWrF9sKHSH-A6o#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>"The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " In the Gothic War, B.4, c. 4, 5, 18, Procopius explains that the Kotrigurs dwell "on this side of the Maeotic Lake", the Uturgurs (who appear in Agathias as the Utigurs) beyond it, on the east side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The Don was the boundary between their territories. And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgarians belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact [[Huns]]. They had all been under Attila's dominion."</ref><ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref> Because it is not possible to distinguish the Huns and Bulgars the expression Hunno-Bulgars was coined by modern scientists.<ref>Pritsak, 1982: pages: 435, 448-449</ref><ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: "Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>Cafer Saatchi, Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach." http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians</ref><ref>"A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " Steven Runciman, стр. 5, " On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm</ref><ref>Antoaneta Granberg, "Classification of the Hunno-BulgarianLoan-Words in Slavonic", Introduction : " (2) the data are insufficient to clearly distinguish Huns, Avars and Bulgars one from another;" https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic</ref> The [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] ancestors of the Kutrigurs represented the Pontic-Kuban part of the [[Hun Empire]], and were ruled by descendants of [[Attila]] through his son, [[Ernakh]].<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 140 :" The same is likely to have been the case among the Utigurs and Kutrigurs who under Attilid rule had even more justification for claiming the imperial mantle of the Huns of Europe.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref>{{sfn|Runciman (Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS)|1930|p=4|ps=: "Attila was proudly called cousin, if not grandfather, by them all. Of all these claims, it seems that the Bulgars’ is the best justified; the blood of the Scourge of God flows now in the valleys of the Balkans, diluted by time and the pastoral Slavs."}}

Revision as of 05:13, 30 September 2015

Near East in 600AD, showing location of the Kutrigurs.

The Kutrigurs were a horde of equestrian nomads of the Hunno-Bulgars who were the successors of the Hunnic empire along the north coasts of the Black Sea, west of the Sea of Azov.[1][2] Late antique Roman, Greek and Byzantine historians as Procopius, Agathias and Menander used the names Huns, Bulgars, Kutrigurs and Utigurs indiscriminately to describe the same people.[3][4][5] Because it is not possible to distinguish the Huns and Bulgars the expression Hunno-Bulgars was coined by modern scientists.[6][7][8][9][10] The Bulgar ancestors of the Kutrigurs represented the Pontic-Kuban part of the Hun Empire, and were ruled by descendants of Attila through his son, Ernakh.[11][12]

History

They were first mentioned in 539–40 under the leadership of Shaush. The origin of the Kutrigurs with Barsileens and the army of Kotzrig, one of three brothers from the Imaon Mountains in the 6th century is mentioned by Bar Hebraeus, as well as in the Chronicle of the late 12th century Jacobite patriarch of Antioch Michael the Syrian.[13] The easternmost Kutrigurs came to be known as Khazars under the domination of the Gökturks.

A group of Kutrigurs migrated to Ravenna in the 630s under the leadership of a certain Alcek, mentioned in a peace treaty.

In 632, Kubrat had united the Kutrigur and Onogur tribes who lived in Scythia. Upon their unification, the state which East Roman scholars referred to as Old Great Bulgaria in Patria Onoguria was established.

When the Kotrag state of Khazaria expanded, it challenged the dominance of Old Great Bulgaria. The Khazars were able to obtain tribute from Batbayan, Kubrat's eldest son, and so came the downfall of Great Bulgaria.

The Kotrags traveled to the upper Volga where they settled the subjugated army of Batbayan's Utigurs who under the Kotrag leadership founded the state of Volga Bulgaria.

Another part of the Kutrigur tribe may have moved to Sirmium (Pannonia) and from there south to the Pelagonian plain as Kuber's Bulgars. Kuber's Bulgars displaced some of the populations that had already settled in the region of Macedonia, and intermingled with the populations that remained. In the 8th century, the Kuber Bulgars merged with Asparuh's Bulgars who had already settled on both sides of the Danube River in the late 7th century.

People

References

  1. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 57: "After a period of chaos following Attila's death, dualism again reasserted itself in the succession of Dengitzik and Ernak (west and east respectively). The successor to the Hunnic Empire in the east, or rather probably the coninuation, also featured two wings, the Kutrigurs(west) and the Utigurs(east), ruled presumably by Ernak's descendants."
  2. ^ "History of the Later Roman Empire", J.B. Bury: " The Kotrigurs, who were a branch of the Hunnic race, occupied the steppes of South Russia, from the Don to the Dniester, and were probably closely allied to the Bulgarians or Onogundurs — the descendants of Attila's Huns — who had their homes in Bessarabia and Walachia. They were a formidable people and Justinian had long ago taken precautions to keep them in check, in case they should threaten to attack the Empire, though it was probably for the Roman cities of the Crimea, Cherson and Bosporus, that he feared, rather than for the Danubian provinces. As his policy on the Danube was to use the Lombards as a check on the Gepids, so his policy in Scythia was to use another Hunnic people, the Utigurs, as a check on the Kotrigurs. The Utigurs lived beyond the Don, on the east of the Sea of Azov, and Justinian cultivated their friendship by yearly gifts." http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/20*.html#ref39
  3. ^ "Justinian and Theodora", Robert Browning, page 160 : "The Huns of Attila, and their descendants the Bulgars, the Kutrigurs and the Utigurs, were pastoral peoples of the steppe and semi-desert lands of central Asia, who had been driven westwards in search of new pastures by a combination of factors. The progressive desiccation of their ancient home, and in particular of the Tarim Basin, reduced the grazing land available.", https://books.google.bg/books?id=gOIMSWMtow0C&pg=PA158&dq=utigurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwiRrunKvo7HAhWrF9sKHSH-A6o#v=onepage&q=utigurs&f=false
  4. ^ "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", Volume 4, Edward Gibbon, page 537: " In the Gothic War, B.4, c. 4, 5, 18, Procopius explains that the Kotrigurs dwell "on this side of the Maeotic Lake", the Uturgurs (who appear in Agathias as the Utigurs) beyond it, on the east side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The Don was the boundary between their territories. And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kotrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. There can be no doubt Kutrigurs, Utigurs and Bulgarians belong to the same race as the Huns of Attila and spoke tongues closely related, - were in fact Huns. They had all been under Attila's dominion."
  5. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: " Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  6. ^ Pritsak, 1982: pages: 435, 448-449
  7. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 256: "Thus in our sources the names Kutrigur, Bulgar and Hun are used interchangeably and refer in all probability not to separate groups but one group.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  8. ^ Cafer Saatchi, Early Mediaeval identity of the Bulgarians, page 3 : " The early Byzantine texts use the names of Huns, Bulgarians, Kutrigurs and Utrigurs as interchangeable terms. There the Bulgarians are represented as identical, they are a part of Huns or at least have something common with them. The khans Avtiochol and Irnik, listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans today are identified with Attila and Ernach." http://www.academia.edu/10894065/Early_Mediaeval_identity_of_the_Bulgarians
  9. ^ "A history of the First Bulgarian Empire", "Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS " Steven Runciman, стр. 5, " On Attila’s death, his empire crumbled. His people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and each went its own way. One of these tribes was soon to be known as the Bulgars." http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm
  10. ^ Antoaneta Granberg, "Classification of the Hunno-BulgarianLoan-Words in Slavonic", Introduction : " (2) the data are insufficient to clearly distinguish Huns, Avars and Bulgars one from another;" https://www.academia.edu/683028/Classification_of_the_Hunno-Bulgarian_Loan-Words_in_Slavonic
  11. ^ "The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", 2013, Hyun Jin Kim, page 140 :" The same is likely to have been the case among the Utigurs and Kutrigurs who under Attilid rule had even more justification for claiming the imperial mantle of the Huns of Europe.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
  12. ^ Runciman (Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS) 1930, p. 4: "Attila was proudly called cousin, if not grandfather, by them all. Of all these claims, it seems that the Bulgars’ is the best justified; the blood of the Scourge of God flows now in the valleys of the Balkans, diluted by time and the pastoral Slavs."
  13. ^ В.Златарски, Известието на Михаил Сирийски за преселението на българите. Том V: Избрани произведения, София, 1972,с.52. (The notice of Michael the Syrian of the migration of Bulgars. Selected works, Volume 5, Sofia, 1972, page 52)
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