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Feudal duties were the set of reciprocal financial, military and legal obligations among the warrior nobility in a feudal system.^[1] These duties developed in both Europe and Japan with the decentralisation of empire and due to lack of monetary liquidity, as groups of warriors took over the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres of the territory they controlled.^[2] While many feudal duties were based upon control of a parcel of land and its productive resources, even landless knights owed feudal duties such as direct military service in their lord's behest. Feudal duties were not uniform over time or across political boundaries. And in their later development also included duties from and to the peasant population, such as abergement.^[3]

Feudal duties ran both ways, both up and down the feudal hierarchy; however, aside from distribution of land^[4] and maintenance of landless retainers, the main obligation of the feudal lord was to protect his vassals, both militarily from incursion and judicially via court justice.^[5]^[6] In addition to lands, the lord could grant what were called "immunities", but were rights to conduct governmental functions such as the collecting of taxes and tolls, the holding of judicial proceedings, and even the coinage of money.^[7] In addition there were contingent duties the lord owed such as the duty to take back a fief that was rejected by an heir (droit de déguerpissement).^[8] Sometimes, particularly in the Frankish kingdoms, a lord would grant a fief to an assemblage of men rather than to a single vassal. These grants were called bans^[9] and included extensive governmental autonomy, or immunities.^[10]

Duties owed by a vassal to his lord can be categorised into four types: military (auxilium), court duties (consilium), special taxes (aids) and incidents.^[11] Military duties included personal service, providing troops (raising levies), and later scutage in lieu of service. Military duties also included work on fortifications and roads and bridges, thus the trinoda necessitas.^[12] Court duties encompassed everything from security (being a guard) through rendering advice in council, providing squires and even in some cases providing de facto hostages. Aids, often called feudal aids, were monies due upon certain contingent events, such as contributing to the lord's random, or to pageant-like events at court such as royal marriages.^[13] Incidents included such things as a negotiated kickback to the lord upon being granted a fief (politely called a receipt), the duty to feed and house the lord and his retinue when the lord visited (droit de gîte), allowing the lord to hunt or fish on his land (droit de garenne) and being subject to the residual lordly rights of guardianship upon minority inheritance, and forfeiture upon a failure of heirs or failure to observe his feudal obligations.^[11]

In Europe, church lands were also held with feudal duties. While some churchmen did provide direct military service, most either hired substitutes, paid scutage, or later converted the duty to one of prayer, frankalmoin.^[11]

List

Feudal duties included, but were not limited to:

Notes and references

^ Ganshof, François-Louis (1944). Qu'est-ce que la féodalité' (first ed.). Bruxelles: Office de publicité. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as Feudalism, 1st ed., London, 1952.
^ Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 332–343. ISBN 978-0-19-926213-7.
^ Reynolds, Susan (1994). Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-19-820458-2.
^ All lands belonged to the lord under feudal law, Nulle terre sans seigneur. Gananhof 1944
^ Briggs, John H. Y.; et al. (1996). "Chapter 1: The medieval origins of the English criminal justice system". Crime And Punishment In England: An Introductory History. London: University College London Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-85728-153-8.
^ Lyon, Ann (2003). Constitutional History of the UK. London: Cavendish Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-85941-746-1.
^ Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1968). Medieval Civilization. London: John Wiley. p. 204. OCLC 476424954.
^ Limayrac, Léopold (1885). Études sur le Moyen-Age: histoire d'une commune et d'une baronnie du Quercy (in French). Cahors, France: Girma. pp. 143–144. OCLC 18315006.
^ The word ban at the time referred to a troop of armed men. See "Ban" Encyclopedia Britannica 1911
^ Citation from French Wikipedia, original not viewed: Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas and Chassang, Alexis, ed. (1878). Dictionnaire universel d’histoire et de géographie Bouillet Chassang. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Russell 1968, pp. 204–205
^ Abels, Richard (1999). "Trinoda necessitas". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 456–457. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
^ An example of such a recurring aid was support for the baillée des roses held each Spring for the French parliaments. Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-521-41441-8., citing Cheruel, Adolphe (1865). "Redevances feodales". Dictionnaire historique des institutions, moeure et coutumes de la France (in French). Vol. II (second ed.). Paris: Hachette. p. 1049.

[Ganshof-1] Ganshof, François-Louis (1944). Qu'est-ce que la féodalité' (first ed.). Bruxelles: Office de publicité. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as Feudalism, 1st ed., London, 1952.

[2] Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 332–343. ISBN 978-0-19-926213-7.

[3] Reynolds, Susan (1994). Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-19-820458-2.

[4] All lands belonged to the lord under feudal law, Nulle terre sans seigneur. Gananhof 1944

[5] Briggs, John H. Y.; et al. (1996). "Chapter 1: The medieval origins of the English criminal justice system". Crime And Punishment In England: An Introductory History. London: University College London Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-85728-153-8.

[6] Lyon, Ann (2003). Constitutional History of the UK. London: Cavendish Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-85941-746-1.

[7] Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1968). Medieval Civilization. London: John Wiley. p. 204. OCLC 476424954.

[8] Limayrac, Léopold (1885). Études sur le Moyen-Age: histoire d'une commune et d'une baronnie du Quercy (in French). Cahors, France: Girma. pp. 143–144. OCLC 18315006.

[9] The word ban at the time referred to a troop of armed men. See "Ban" Encyclopedia Britannica 1911

[10] Citation from French Wikipedia, original not viewed: Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas and Chassang, Alexis, ed. (1878). Dictionnaire universel d’histoire et de géographie Bouillet Chassang. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

[Russelll-types-11] Russell 1968, pp. 204–205

[12] Abels, Richard (1999). "Trinoda necessitas". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 456–457. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.

[13] An example of such a recurring aid was support for the baillée des roses held each Spring for the French parliaments. Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-521-41441-8., citing Cheruel, Adolphe (1865). "Redevances feodales". Dictionnaire historique des institutions, moeure et coutumes de la France (in French). Vol. II (second ed.). Paris: Hachette. p. 1049.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Feudal duties''' were the set of reciprocal financial, military and legal obligations among the warrior nobility in a [[feudal system]].<ref name="Ganshof">{{Cite book|authorlink=François Louis Ganshof|last=Ganshof|first= François-Louis|year=1944|title=Qu'est-ce que la féodalité'|edition=first|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Office de publicité}}  Translated into English by [[Philip Grierson]] as ''Feudalism'', 1st ed., London, 1952.</ref> These duties developed in both Europe and Japan with the decentralisation of empire and due to lack of monetary liquidity, as groups of warriors took over the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres of the territory they controlled.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gat, Azar|year=2006|title=War in Human Civilization|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=332–343|isbn=978-0-19-926213-7}}</ref> While many feudal duties were based upon control of a parcel of land and its productive resources, even landless [[knight]]s owed feudal duties such as direct military service in their [[Lord#Feudalism|lord's]] behest. Feudal duties were not uniform over time or across political boundaries. And in their later development also included duties from and to the [[peasant]] population, such as [[abergement (feudal law)|abergement]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Reynolds, Susan|authorlink=Susan Reynolds|year=1994|title=Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=65|isbn=0-19-820458-2}}</ref>
-þǪǪǪǪǪ
 Feudal duties ran both ways, both up and down the feudal hierarchy; however, aside from distribution of land<ref>All lands belonged to the lord under feudal law, ''[[Nulle terre sans seigneur]]''. {{harvnb|Gananhof|1944}}</ref> and [[Feudal maintenance|maintenance]] of landless retainers, the main obligation of the feudal lord was to protect his [[vassal]]s, both militarily from incursion and judicially via court justice.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Briggs, John H. Y.|year=1996|chapter=Chapter 1: The medieval origins of the English criminal justice system|title=Crime And Punishment In England: An Introductory History|location=London|publisher=University College London Press|pages=1–2|isbn=978-1-85728-153-8|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Lyon, Ann|year=2003|title=Constitutional History of the UK|location=London|publisher=Cavendish Publishing|page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=yiqrD_b_EGkC&pg=PA21 21]|isbn=978-1-85941-746-1}}</ref> In addition to lands, the lord could grant what were called "immunities", but were rights to conduct governmental functions such as the collecting of taxes and tolls, the holding of judicial proceedings, and even the coinage of money.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Russell, Jeffrey Burton|year=1968|title=Medieval Civilization|location=London|publisher=John Wiley|page=204|oclc=476424954}}</ref> In addition there were contingent duties the lord owed such as the duty to take back a fief that was rejected by an heir (''[[droit de déguerpissement]]'').<ref>{{Cite book|author=Limayrac, Léopold|year=1885|title=Études sur le Moyen-Age: histoire d'une commune et d'une baronnie du Quercy|language=French|location=Cahors, France|publisher=Girma|pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=JigRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA143 143–144]|oclc= 18315006}}</ref> Sometimes, particularly in the Frankish kingdoms, a lord would grant a fief to an assemblage of men rather than to a single vassal.  These grants were called ''[[Ban (medieval)|bans]]''<ref>The word ''ban'' at the time referred to a troop of armed men. See "Ban" ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' 1911</ref> and included extensive governmental autonomy, or immunities.<ref>Citation from French Wikipedia, original not viewed: {{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas and Chassang, Alexis|year=1878|encyclopedia=Dictionnaire universel d’histoire et de géographie Bouillet Chassang}}</ref>
 Duties owed by a vassal to his lord can be categorised into four types: military (''auxilium''), court duties (''consilium''), special taxes (aids) and incidents.<ref name="Russelll-types">{{harvnb|Russell|1968|pages=204–205}}</ref> Military duties included personal service, providing troops (raising levies), and later [[scutage]] in lieu of service. Military duties also included work on fortifications and roads and bridges, thus the ''[[trinoda necessitas]]''.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Abels, Richard|year=1999|title=Trinoda necessitas|editor=Lapidge, Michael|editor2=Blair, John|editor3=Keynes, Simon|editor4=Scragg, Donald|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |pages= 456–457|isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref>  Court duties encompassed everything from security (being a guard) through rendering advice in council, providing [[squire]]s and even in some cases providing ''[[de facto]]'' hostages. Aids, often called [[feudal aid]]s, were monies due upon certain contingent events, such as contributing to the lord's random, or to pageant-like events at court such as royal marriages.<ref>An example of such a recurring aid was support for the ''baillée des roses'' held each Spring for the French parliaments. {{Cite book|author=Goody, Jack|year=1993|title=The Culture of Flowers|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=wWg5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA159 159]|isbn=978-0-521-41441-8}}, citing {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Cheruel, Adolphe|year=1865|title=Redevances feodales| encyclopedia=Dictionnaire historique des institutions, moeure et coutumes de la France|edition=second|language=French|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|volume=II|page=1049|url=http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb10480799.html?pageNo=493&contextSort=score%2Cdescending&contextType=scan&contextRows=10&context=baill%C3%A9e+des+roses}}</ref>  Incidents included such things as a negotiated [[Kickback (bribery)|kickback]] to the lord upon being granted a fief (politely called a ''receipt''), the duty to feed and house the lord and his retinue when the lord visited (''[[droit de gîte]]''), allowing the lord to hunt or fish on his land (''[[droit de garenne]]'') and being subject to the residual lordly rights of guardianship upon minority inheritance, and forfeiture upon a failure of heirs or failure to observe his feudal obligations.<ref name="Russelll-types" />
-<gallery>
+In Europe, church lands were also held with feudal duties. While some churchmen did provide direct military service, most either hired substitutes, paid scutage, or later converted the duty to one of prayer, [[frankalmoin]].<ref name="Russelll-types" />
-<gallery>
-Example.jpg|Caption1
+==List==
-Example.jpg|Caption2
+Feudal duties included, but were not limited to:
-</gallery>
+* [[Amober]]
-</gallery>
+* [[Appanage]]
+* [[Avera and inward]]
+* [[Carucage]]
+* [[Castle-guard]]
+* [[Chiefage]]
 * [[Corvée]]
 * [[Droit de gîte]]
@@ Line 16: / Line 21: @@
 * [[Feudal maintenance]]
 * [[Frankalmoin]]
+* [[Knight-service]]
+* [[Merchet]]
+* [[Scot and lot]]
+* [[Scutage]]
+* [[Serjeanty]]
 * [[Socage]]
 * [[Taille]]