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*Imam Ahmed Raza Academy, South Africa]
*Imam Ahmed Raza Academy, South Africa]
*[[Raza Academy]], Mumbai, India
*[[Raza Academy]], Mumbai, India
*Raza Academy, Stockport, Manchester, UK
*Raza Academy, Stockport, UK


===Organizations===
===Organizations===

Revision as of 17:46, 5 November 2015

Ahmed Raza Khan Bareilvi
احمد رضا خان بریلوی
TitleAla Hazrat
Personal life
Born14 June 1856.[1]
Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British Indian Empire
Died28 October 1921(1921-10-28) (aged 65)
Muhallah Sodagraan, Bareilly, UP, British Indian Empire
NationalityBritish India
EraModern era
RegionSouth Asiamo
Main interest(s)Aqeedah, Fiqh, Tasawwuf
JurisprudenceHanafi[2]
CreedSunni[2]
Senior posting
Influenced by
Influenced
Websitehttp://imamahmadraza.net/, http://www.raza.org.za, http://www.alahazrat.net
Part of a series on
Barelvi movement
Ideology and influences
Key figures
History/Movement
Notable Scholars
Past

Present
Institutions
India

Pakistan

United Kingdom

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

South Africa

Notable Channels
Notable works
Notable Organisations
Islam portal

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (Template:Lang-ur, Template:Lang-hi, 14 June 1856 CE or 10 Shawwal 1272 AH - 28 October 1921 CE or 25 Safar 1340 AH), also known as Ala'Hazarat, was a Muslim scholar, Sufi, and reformer in British India. The Barelvi movement within Sunni Islam is attributed to him.[3][4][5] Raza Khan wrote on numerous topics, including law, religion, philosophy and the sciences. He was a prolific writer, Mufti (jurist) producing nearly 1,000 works in his lifetime.[4]

Early life and family

Family background

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi belonged to the Barech[6] tribe of Durrani Pushtuns. The Barech formed a tribal grouping among the Rohilla Pushtuns of North India who founded the state of Rohilkhand. The ancestors of Ahmed Raza Khan migrated from Qandahar during the Mughal rule and settled in Lahore.[6][7]

Birth

Ahmad Raza Khan was born on 14 June 1856 in Muhallah Jasoli, Bareilly Sharif, British India. His birth name is Muhammad.[8] Khan used the appellation "Abdul Mustafa" (slave [or servant] of Mustafa) prior to signing his name in correspondence.[9]

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi's father Naqi Ali Khan was the son of Raza Ali Khan.[6][7] Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Naqi Ali Khan (Father),[10] and Raza Ali Khan (Paternal grandfather).[10]

Barelvi movement

Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri, by his writings and fatwas, defended Sufi practices and traditional Islam.[11] His writings, work of his students and their organizations gave birth to a movement among south Asian Muslims which came to known as Barelvi movement or Ahle Sunnat movement.[4] Ahmed Raza Khan is regarded by his followers as Imam-e-Ahl-e-Sunnat (Leader of the Ahl-e-Sunnat) and A'lahazrat.

This movement was founded when Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri saw an intellectual and moral decline of Indian Muslims.[12] It was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to the influence of Deobandi and Wahabi movement.[13]

Today the Barelvi movement is spread across the globe with a huge number of followers in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, US, UK and other countries. The movement now has followers over 200 million[14] Muslims. Many religious schools, organizations and research institutions have been established that work on the teachings of Ahmed Raza Khan.[4]

The Barelvis consider themselves South Asia's heirs and representatives of the earliest Muslim community. The movement of Ahmed Raza Khan emphasizes primacy of Islamic law over adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to the Prophet Muhammad. Since partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, has addressed leading political issues for Muslims. The movement was largely a rural phenomenon when begun, but currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis and Indians.[15]

Works

Books

Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several books on various topics in Arabic, Persian and Urdu, including Fatawa Radawiyyah (30 volumes), which is a compilation of fatwas, and Kanzul Iman (translation of the Qur'an). Several of his books have been translated in other European and South Asian languages.[16][17] His main works include:

Kanzul Iman (translation of the Qur'an)

Kanzul Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by the Imam of Sunni Muslims Ahmad Raza Khan. It is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam[18] and is considered widely read version of translation in the Subcontinent. It has been subsequently translated into other European and South Asian languages including English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati and Pashto.[17]

Husamul Haramain

Husamul Haramain or Husam al Harmain Ala Munhir kufr wal myvan (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of unbelief and falsehood) 1906, is a famous treatise written by Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Muhaddith (1856- 1921) which declared infidels the founders of Deobandi, Ahle Hadith and Ahmadiyya movement on the basis of their writings in various book concerning the proper veneration of the Prophet Muhammad and finality of Prophet hood.[19][20][21][22] In defense of his verdict Imam Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from 268 traditional Sunni scholars in the South Asia,[23] and also got agreement from a number of prominent ulama in Mecca and Medina. The treatise is published in Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish and in Hindi language.[24]

Fatawa Radawiyyah

Fatawa-e-Razvia or Fatawa-e-Radaviyyah is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement.[25][26] It has been published in 30 volumes and in approx. 22,000 pages. It contains solution to daily problems from religion to business and from war to marriage.[27][28]

Hadayake Bakhshish

He wrote devotional poetry in praise of Prophet and always discussed him in present tense.[29] His Naat (Islamic poetry) is compiled in the book named Hidayake Bakhshish.[30] It includes the poems, which deal for the most part with the qualities of the Prophet, often have a simplicity and directness.[31] His emphasis on the spiritual life of the Prophet created a favorable climate for na'at writing.[32] His Urdu couplets titled, Mustafa jaane rahmat pe lakhon salaam (Millions of salutations on Mustafa, the Paragon of mercy) is read in movements mosques. It contains praise of the Prophet, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, praise of his family and companions, praise of the awliya and saleheen (the saints and the pious).[33][34]

His other works includes.[4][17]

  • Ad Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya
  • Al Mu'tamadul Mustanad
  • Al Amn o wa Ula
  • Alkaukabatush Shahabiya
  • Al Istimdaad
  • Al Fuyoozul Makkiyah
  • Al Meeladun Nabawiyyah
  • Fauze Mubeen Dar Harkate Zameen
  • Subhaanus Subooh
  • Sallus Say yaaful Hindiya
  • Ahkaam-e-Shariat
  • Az Zubdatuz Zakkiya
  • Abna ul Mustafa
  • Tamheed-e-Imaan
  • Angotthe Choomne ka Masla

Beliefs

Further information: Barelvi § Beliefs and practices

Ahmed Raza Khan was a Muslim scholar, belonging to Sunni Sufi traditions. He supported Tawassul, Mawlid, Knowledge of Unseen for Prophet and other Sufi practices which were opposed by Wahabi and Deobandis.[29] [35] [35]

In this context he supported the following beliefs:

  • Muhammad, although insan-e-kamil (perfect human), possessed a nūr or "light" that predates creation. This contrasts with the Deobandi view that Muhammad, was only a insan-e-kamil ("complete man"), a respected but physically typical human.[36][37]
  • Muhammad is haazir naazir (can be present in many places at the same time by the power given by Allah, :[38]

We do not hold that anyone can equal the knowledge of Allah Most High, or possess it independently, nor do we assert that Allah’s giving of knowledge to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is anything but a part. But what a patent and tremendous difference between one part [the Prophet’s] and another [anyone else’s]: like the difference between the sky and the earth, or rather even greater and more immense.

— Ahmed Raza Khan, al-Dawla al-Makkiyya (c00), 291.

He passed following judgements with regard to certain practices and faith in his book Fatawa-e-Razvia.[39][40] [41]

  • Islamic Law Shari'ah is the ultimate law and following it is obligatory for all Muslims;
  • To refrain from Bid'ah is of utmost importance;
  • A Sufi without knowledge or a Shaykh without actions is a tool in the hands of the devil;
  • It is impermissible to imitate the Kuffar, to mingle with the misguided [and heretics] and to participate in their festivals.
  • It is polytheism Shirk to prostrate to any other than Allah Ta'ala with the intention of worship. If such a prostration is out of reverence [Sajdah at-Tahiyyah], it is Haraam.
  • The iconography of the Shi'ah [ta'aziyah], Qawwali [sama'a] with musical, to make pictures of living things are forbidden.
  • It is not permissible for women to travel to visit graves or shrines of Awliya.

His work and Fatwas against other sects

Imam Ahmad Raza Khan Muhaddith (1856- 1921) declared infidels the founders of Deobandi, Ahle Hadith, Wahabi and Ahmadiyya sects on the basis of their writings in various book concerning the proper veneration of the Prophet Muhammad and finality of Prophet hood.[19][20][21][22][42] In defense of his verdict Imam Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from 268 traditional Sunni scholars in the South Asia,[23] and also got agreement from a number of leading ulama in Mecca and Medina.[21]

  • Ahmadiyya

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi awaited by some Muslims as well as a Ummati Nabi, a subordinate prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Islam to the Pristine form as practised by Muhammad and early Sahaba.[43][44] Ahmed Raza Khan branded Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani a heretic and apostate and called him and his followers kuffar.[45]

  • Deobandi

When Ahmed Raza visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad "The Reliable Proofs" for presentation to the scholars there. Ahmed Raza Khan collected opinions of the ulama of the Hejaz and compiled them in an compendium with the title "Sword of the Two Sanctuaries" (Template:Lang-ur, a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama, 20 Meccan and 13 Medinese. In that work, which was to inspire a reciprocal series of fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis continuing to the present, Ahmad Raza Khan denounced as kuffar the Deobandi leaders Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi.[46]

  • Wahabis

Ahmed Raza Khan declared Wahabis as Kuffar and collected many fatwas of various scholars against the Wahabbi Movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab who was predominant in the Arabian peninsula, just as he had done with the Ahmadis and Deobandis.[47]

  • Shias

Imam Ahmed Raza wrote various books against beliefs and faith of Shia community and declared various practices of Shia as Kufr (Infidelity).[48] According to Imam Ahmad Raza, most Shiites of his day were apostates because they repudiated necessities of religion. This includes, according to him, the following:[49][50]

Political views

Unlike other Muslim leaders in the region at the time, Khan and his movement opposed the Indian independence movement due to its leadership under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim.[51]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India is darul Islam and here Muslims enjoys religious freedom, they are free to practice Islam. He said that Government has not imposed restrictions and prohibitions to follow Islam. According to him those arguing the contrary merely wanted to take advantage of the provisions allowing Muslims living under non- Muslim rule to colect interest from commercial transactions and had no desire to fight Jehad or perform Hijrat.[52] Therefore, he opposed labeling British India to be Dar al-Harb ("land of war"), which meant that waging holy war jehad and migration from India Hijrat were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to the community. The Fatawa of Deobandi Ulema on the other hand were ambiguous and contrary. Qasim Nanotwi declared India darul harab for the obligation of hijrat but darul Islam for the purpose of usury transactions. Rashid Ahmed Gangohi's decree are also confusing and non committal. This stand of Imam Ahmed Raza Qadri was similar to another reformer Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Ubaidullah Ubaidi Suharwardy.[53]

Until just before the colonial period[clarification needed] the Muslim League mobilized the Sufis and Muslim masses to campaign for Pakistan[54] and many of Ahmed Raza Khan's followers played a significant and active role in the Pakistan Movement at educational and political fronts.[55]

Recognition

On June 21, 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a leading cleric and Sufi from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's programme Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, and said that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of Khan, and that those outside of that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him.[56]

Muhammad Iqbal said: "I have carefully studied the decrees of Imam Ahmed Raza and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acumen, intellectual caliber, the quality of his creative thinking, his excellent jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge. Once Imam Ahmed Raza forms an opinion he stays firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a sober reflection. Therefore, the need never arises to withdraw any of his religious decrees and judgements. With all this, by nature he was hot tempered, and if this was not in the way, then Shah Ahmed Raza would have been the Imam Abu Hanifa of his age."[57] In another place he says, "Such a genius and intelligent jurist did not emerge."[58]

Shaykh Yusuf an-Nabhani, Mufti of Lebanon when read judgments of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan, he declared that Imam Ahmed Raza Khan is a giant Imam and well learned man who is an expert in the sciences. Shaykh Ismail Makki, Librarian of Makkah Haram Library said that Imam Ahmed Raza is the absolute Shaykh of all teachers" While Shaykh ‘Ali bin Hassan Maliki, Mufti of Makkah city called Ahmed Raza Qadri, The encyclopaedia of all sciences.[41]

Criticism

The Barelvi movement was a movement which did not accept the views of the Deoband Ulama, the Ahl-eHadith and some others.[59] Deobandis and Wahabis criticized Ahmed Raza Khan and his beliefs.

Death

Ahmed Raza Khan died on 28 October 1921 CE (25th Safar 1340h) at the age of 65, in his home at Bareilly city on Friday.[41]

His spiritual successors and students

There were many Mureeds (Disciples) and Khulafa (successors) of A'la Hadrat. They are 35 are in the other parts of the world and 30 in Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. These are the leading ones.[60]

  • Mawlana Muhammad Hamid Raza Khan Noori Barakaati
  • Mawlana Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri Noori Barakaati
  • Mawlana Abdus Salaam Jabalpuri
  • Allamah Maulana Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi (Sadrul-Afaadil)
  • Allamah Mawlana Sayyid Zafar'uddeen Bihaari (Malikul Ulema)
  • Mawlana Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi
  • Mawlana Mufti Amjad Ali Aazmi
  • Sheikh Zia'uddeen Ahmed Al Madani
  • Maulana Burhaanul Haq (Burhaan-e-Millat,)
  • Mawlana Mukhtar Ahmad Siddiqi Meerati
  • Sheikh Muhammad Abd al-Hayy
  • Sheikh Ahmad Khalil
  • Sheikh Ahmad Khudravi
  • Sheikh Muhammad bin Abi Bakr
  • Sheikh Muhammad Sa'id
  • Mawlana Sayyid Ahmad Ashraf &
  • Mawlana Shah Sulayman Ashraf

Legacy

Research institutes

  • Jamiatur Raza is an Islamic university located near Bareilly in India. It was established by Akhtar Raza Khan on 29 May 2000.
  • Imam Ahmed Raza Research Institute, Karachi, Pakistan is dedicated to research on the teachings of Ahmed Raza Khan.
  • Jamia Nizamia Rizvia, Lahore], Pakistan
  • Imam Ahmed Raza Academy, South Africa]
  • Raza Academy, Mumbai, India
  • Raza Academy, Stockport, UK

Organizations

  • Jamat Raza-E-Mustafa, Bareilly, India
  • Sunni Razvi Society International] (Holland, Mauritius, Spain, South Africa, UK)
  • Al-Raza Islamic Educational and welfare Trust, UK

Others

See also

References

  1. ^ Hayat-e-Aala Hadhrat, vol.1 p.1
  2. ^ a b Rahman, Tariq. "Munāẓarah Literature in Urdu: An Extra-Curricular Educational Input in Pakistan's Religious Education." Islamic Studies (2008): 197-220.
  3. ^ See: He denied and condemned Taziah, Qawwali, tawaf of mazar, sada except Allah SWT, women visit at Shrines of Sufis.
    • Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World (2011), p. 113. Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 9780761479291
    • Globalisation, Religion & Development (2011), p. 53. Farhang Morady and İsmail Şiriner (eds.). London: International Journal of Politics and Economics.
    • Rowena Robinson (2005) Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India, p. 191. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, ISBN 0761934081
    • Roshen Dalal (2010) The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, p. 51. Revised edition. City of Westminster: Penguin Books, ISBN 9780143415176
    • Barbara D. Metcalf (2009) Islam in South Asia in Practice, p. 342. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    • The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism (2007), p. 92. Oliver Roy and Antoine Sfeir (eds.), New York: Columbia University Press.
    • Gregory C. Doxlowski and Usha Sanyal (October–December 1999). "Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (4): 707–709. doi:10.2307/604866. JSTOR 604866.
    • Elizabeth Sirriyeh (1999) Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World, p. 49. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1058-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e Usha Sanyal (1998). "Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century". Modern Asian Studies. 32 (3): 635. doi:10.1017/S0026749X98003059. Cite error: The named reference "journals.cambridge.org" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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  57. ^ Arafat, 1970, Lahore.
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  59. ^ Islam in Britain: Past, Present and the Future by Mohammad Shahid Raza
  60. ^ Shah Ahmed Rida Khan - The "Neglected Genius of the East" by Professor Muhammad Ma'sud Ahmad M.A. P.H.D. - Courtesy of "The Muslim Digest", May/June, 1985, pp. 223-230
  61. ^ http://runningstatus.in/. "Ala Hazrat Express/14312 Live Running Train Status". runningstatus.in. Retrieved 28 July 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |author= (help)
  62. ^ "Ala Hazrat Barelvi Commemorative Stamp". stampsathi.in. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  63. ^ Commemorative Stamps, India.

Further reading

Template:Persondata

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