Tropicoporus tropicalis: Difference between revisions
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==Diseases== |
==Diseases== |
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''Tropicoporus tropicalis'' rarely causes diseases in animals and human. <ref name=chowdhary2014 /> However, it is an opportunistic pathogen, that has potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals. <ref name=chowdhary2014 /> |
''[[Tropicoporus]] tropicalis'' rarely causes diseases in animals and human. <ref name=chowdhary2014 /> However, it is an opportunistic pathogen, that has potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals. <ref name=chowdhary2014 /> |
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===Human=== |
===Human=== |
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The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[granulomatous disease]]. <ref name=sutton2005 /> <ref name=davis2007 /> Moreover, two similar [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[granulomatous disease]] cases of ''I. tropicalis'' inducing [[osteomyelitis]] in immunodeficient children and adults was later documented. <ref name=nguyen2009 /> |
The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[granulomatous disease]]. <ref name=sutton2005 /> <ref name=davis2007 /> Moreover, two similar [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[granulomatous disease]] cases of ''I. tropicalis'' inducing [[osteomyelitis]] in immunodeficient children and adults was later documented. <ref name=nguyen2009 /> |
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Tropicoporus tropicalis
Tropicoporus tropicalis is part of the Hymenochaetaceae family. It is a wood-decaying basidiomycetes that is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil. [1] [2] [3] [4] In the natural environment, the fungus is associated with white rot woody angiosperms, and has its annual fruiting body on tree trunks and branches. [1] Tropicoporus tropicalis has two kinds of hyphae (a dimitic hyphal system), generative and skeletal, that lack clamp connections. [1][5][6][7]
The fungus was only recently renamed to Tropicoporus tropicalis from Inonotus tropicalis, which is part of the Inonotus clade B . [8] But historically, it was given different names based on different methods of determination, such as phylogenetic analysis of rDNA. [9]
| Tropicoporus tropicalis | |
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| Genus: | Tropicoporus
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| Species: | T. tropicalis
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| Tropicoporus tropicalis L.W.Zhou et al (2015)
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Taxonomy, classification, and phylogeny
The earliest record of Tropicoporus tropicalis is by the name Poria rickii, which is then modified into Phellinus rickii, and then renamed to Phellinus tropicalis. [6] However, it is later suggested that Phellinus tropicalis should belong to one of the Inonotus sensu stricto clade after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's rDNA nuclear LSU sequence. [9] The name Inonotus rickii was also used to describe this fungus, and it is also a specie of Inonotus sensu stricto. [10]
The genus Inonotus contains at least three clades (A, B, and C), and Clade B and C have species from the Inonotus linteus complex, which was transferred from Inonotus sensu stricto. [8] [5] However, the Inonotus linteus complex is later divided into Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus. [8] After the transfer from Inonotus sensu stricto to Inonotus linteus, and then to Tropicoporus, the fungus is currently named as Tropicoporus tropicalis. [8]
Description and characteristics
Tropicoporus tropicalis is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless. [6] It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies,[7], with annual fruiting bodies and dimitic hyphal system, [9] which refers to the appearance of two kinds of hyphae: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-septate, and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-septate, and dull yellowish brown). [6] [5] [1] Moreover, the hyphae are either thin or thick walled that lack clamp connections. [7] Aside from the absence of clamp connections, the fungus also lacks setal hyphae. [5] However, it has numerous reddish brown Hymenial setae that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm, [5] [10] and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin. [6] [10] The Basidiocarp is annual, resupinate, and hyaline. [8] [5] The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to ochraceous, and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature. [10] Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the basidiospores are small, with basidiospores having more than 3.5 um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5 um wide when it is sub-globose. [8] [5]
Physiology
The fungus grows:
- Moderately rapid in MEA (Malt Extract Agar) [6]
- In 0.05% cycloheximide [7]
The mat diameter of the fungus has correlation with temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36°C, while the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44°C. [6] Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% KOH, only the Hyphae can be stained by phloxine, a reddish dye. [6] Furthermore, Tropicoporus tropicalis is found to be highly resistant to caspofungin and posaconazole, two different anti-fungal compounds. [7]
Ecology and habitat
Tropicoporus tropicalis is a poroid wood-decaying basidiomycete [1] [2] that is usually associated with white rot woody angiosperms, [7] grow on deciduous wood, [3] and have fruiting body on infected tree trunks and branches. [1] It is mainly found in the tropical zone [8] and humid climate [3], such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Flordia, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia. [4]
Diseases
Tropicoporus tropicalis rarely causes diseases in animals and human. [7] However, it is an opportunistic pathogen, that has potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals. [7]
Human
The first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. [4] [11] Moreover, two similar chronic granulomatous disease cases of I. tropicalis inducing osteomyelitis in immunodeficient children and adults was later documented. [3]
Animal
The fungus has only been recorded to cause fungal pericardial effusion and myocarditis in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (specie was non-pigmented, and has indication of a hyalohyphomycosis infection) [2]; and a granulomatous mediastinal mass in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog [12]
References
- ^ a b c d e f De Simone, Daniele; D’Amico, Lorella; Bressanin, Daniela; Motta, Emma; Annesi, Tiziana (17 August 2010). "Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances". Mycological Progress. 10 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5.
- ^ a b c Ribas, Thibault; Pipe-Martin, Hannah; Kim, Kenneth S.; Leissinger, Mary K.; Bauer, Rudy W.; Grasperge, Britton J.; Grooters, Amy M.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Pariaut, Romain (June 2015). "Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 17 (2): 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004.
- ^ a b c d Nguyen, D.K.; Davis, C.M.; Chinen, J.; Vallejo, J.G.; Noroski, L.M. (February 2009). "Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 123 (2): S13 – S13. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060.
- ^ a b c Sutton, D. A.; Thompson, E. H.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Iwen, P. C.; Nakasone, K. K.; Jung, H. S.; Rosenblatt, H. M.; Paul, M. E. (4 February 2005). "Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (2): 982–987. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005.
- ^ a b c d e f g Campos-Santana, Marisa De; Robledo, Gerardo; Decock, Cony; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges Da (March 2015). "Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 36 (1): 43–78. doi:10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Larsen, Michael J.; Lombard, Frances F. (January 1988). "Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms". Mycologia. 80 (1): 72. doi:10.2307/3807495.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chowdhary, A.; Kathuria, S.; Agarwal, K.; Meis, J. F. (8 September 2014). "Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review". Medical Mycology. 52 (8): 782–797. doi:10.1093/mmy/myu047.
- ^ a b c d e f g Zhou, Li-Wei; Vlasák, Josef; Decock, Cony; Assefa, Addisu; Stenlid, Jan; Abate, Dawit; Wu, Sheng-Hua; Dai, Yu-Cheng (26 April 2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations". Fungal Diversity. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8.
- ^ a b c Wagner, T; Fischer, M (2002). "Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera". Mycologia. 94 (6): 998–1016. PMID 21156572.
- ^ a b c d Gottlieb, Alexandra M.; Wright, Jorge E.; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (August 2002). "Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses". Mycological Progress. 1 (3): 299–313. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5.
- ^ Davis, CM; Noroski, LM; Dishop, MK; Sutton, DA; Braverman, RM; Paul, ME; Rosenblatt, HM (July 2007). "Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease". The Pediatric infectious disease journal. 26 (7): 655–6. PMID 17596815.
- ^ Sheppard, B. J.; McGrath, E.; Giuffrida, M.; Craft, S. L. M.; Kung, C. Y.; Smith, M. E. (8 August 2013). "Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25 (5): 566–572. doi:10.1177/1040638713499341.