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{{no footnotes|date=May 2014}}
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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
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| genus = ''''' Lygus '''''
| genus = ''''' Lygus '''''
| genus_authority = [[Carl Wilhelm Hahn|Hahn]], 1833
| genus_authority = [[Carl Wilhelm Hahn|Hahn]], 1833
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
40+, see text
}}
}}
The genus '''''Lygus''''' includes over 40 species of plant-feeding insects in the family [[Miridae]]. At one time, nearly 200 species were classified as genus ''Lygus'', but most of those have since been reclassified into new or existing genera. The term '''lygus bug''' is used for any member of genus ''Lygus''. The more well-known lygus bugs are those that have [[agriculture|agricultural]] impacts. Some lygus bugs are very serious agricultural pests.
The genus '''''Lygus''''' includes over 40 species of plant-feeding insects in the family [[Miridae]]. The term '''lygus bug''' is used for any member of genus ''Lygus''.


==Species==
⚫
The insects appear as small oval creatures. Adult lygus are approximately 3 mm wide and 6 mm long, colored anything in a range from pale green to reddish brown or black. The bugs can be solid shaded or mottled, and have a distinctive triangle or V-shape on their backs. Adults are capable of [[flight]], and will often thus escape when approached. [[Nymph]]s are wingless, and being light green in color, are often mistaken for [[aphid]]s. However, lygus nymphs have harder exoskeletons, are typically more active, gain spots as they age, and lack aphid [[cornicle]]s.
At one time, nearly 200 species were classified as genus ''Lygus'', but most of those have since been reclassified into new or existing genera. Species within this genus include: <ref>[http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/lygus/match/1 Catalogue of life] </ref><ref>[http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=451911 Fauna europaea] </ref>
{{div col|cols=3}}
* ''[[Lygus abroniae]]''
* ''[[Lygus aeratus]]''
* ''[[Lygus atriflavus]]''
* ''[[Lygus atritibialis]]''
* ''[[Lygus borealis]]''
* ''[[Lygus bradleyi]]''
* ''[[Lygus ceanothi]]''
* ''[[Lygus convexicollis]]''
* ''[[Lygus elisus]]''
* ''[[Lygus gemellatus]]''
* ''[[Lygus hesperus]]''
* ''[[Lygus humeralis]]''
* ''[[Lygus keltoni]]''
* ''[[Lygus lineolaris]]''
* ''[[Lygus lupini]]''
* ''[[Lygus maritimus]]''
* ''[[Lygus mexicanus]]''
* ''[[Lygus oregonae]]''
* ''[[Lygus perplexus]]''
* ''[[Lygus plagiatus]]''
* ''[[Lygus potentillae]]''
* ''[[Lygus pratensis]]''
* ''[[Lygus punctatus]]''
* ''[[Lygus robustus]]''
* ''[[Lygus rolfsi]]''
* ''[[Lygus rubroclarus]]''
* ''[[Lygus rubrosignatus]]''
* ''[[Lygus rufidorsus]]''
* ''[[Lygus rugulipennis]]''
* ''[[Lygus scudderi]]''
* ''[[Lygus shulli]]''
* ''[[Lygus solidaginis]]''
* ''[[Lygus striatus]]''
* ''[[Lygus unctuosus]]''
* ''[[Lygus wagneri]]''
* ''[[Lygus vanduzeei]]''
* ''[[Lygus varius]]''
{{Div col end}}


*The tarnished plant bug (''[[Lygus lineolaris]]'') feeds on over half of all commercially grown crop plants, but favors [[cotton plant|cotton]], [[alfalfa]], [[bean]]s, [[prunus|stone fruits]], and [[pinophyta|conifer]] seedlings. This bug can be found across [[North America]], from northern Canada to southern Mexico. <ref name="TPB-Vermont-Rec">{{Cite web|author=Liu, Houping; Skinner, Margaret; Parker, Bruce L. and Day, W. H.|date=May 2003|title=Recognizing Tarnished Plant Bug Damage|publisher=University of Vermont Entomology Laboratory|url=http://www.uvm.edu/~entlab/FieldCrop%20-%20Vegetable%20IPM/RecognizingTPBDamage.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123051521/http://www.uvm.edu/~entlab/FieldCrop%20-%20Vegetable%20IPM/RecognizingTPBDamage.pdf|archivedate=23 January 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
⚫
Lygus bugs are known for their destructive feeding habits - they puncture plant tissues with their piercing mouthparts, and feed by sucking [[sap]]. Both the physical injury and the plant's own reaction to the bugs' saliva cause damage to the plant. The females insert their eggs directly into the plant tissues using piercing [[ovipositor]]s, and the newly emerged [[nymph (biology)|nymphs]] are voracious consumers of plant tissue juices. Signs that a plant has been attacked by lygus bugs include discoloration, deformation of shoots and stems, curling of leaves, and lesions on the plant tissues.


*The western tarnished plant bug (''[[Lygus hesperus]]'') is a very serious pest of [[cotton plant|cotton]], [[strawberry|strawberries]], and seed crops such as [[alfalfa]]. <ref> Henry, Thomas J., and Richard C. Froeschner, eds. (1988) , Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States </ref> In the state of [[California]] alone the bug causes US$30 million in damage to cotton plants each year, and at least US$40 million in losses to the state's strawberry industry.<ref> Larry P. Pedigo [https://books.google.it/books?id=7JqfKQWBt_8C&pg=PT100&lpg=PT100&dq=lygus+hesperus+US$30+million&source=bl&ots=8WFRpsL9Du&sig=5734x0Cwqvq4tx3fH8qGvze6jkM&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPxsL-1ajJAhXCRQ8KHcu9DjUQ6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=lygus%20hesperus%20US%2430%20million&f=false e-Study Guide for: Entomology and Pest Management] </ref>
*The tarnished plant bug (''[[Lygus lineolaris]]'') feeds on over half of all commercially grown crop plants, but favors [[cotton plant|cotton]], [[alfalfa]], [[bean]]s, [[prunus|stone fruits]], and [[pinophyta|conifer]] seedlings. This bug can be found across [[North America]], from northern Canada to southern Mexico.


⚫
*The European tarnished plant bug (''[[Lygus rugulipennis]]'') is distributed throughout Europe, where it will feed on over 400 types of crop plant from [[peach|peach trees]] to [[wheat]] to [[lettuce]].<ref>[http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Miridae/lygus_rugulipennis.html British Bugs] </ref>
*The western tarnished plant bug (''[[Lygus hesperus]]'') is a very serious pest of [[cotton plant|cotton]], [[strawberry|strawberries]], and seed crops such as [[alfalfa]]. In the state of [[California]] alone the bug causes US$30 million in damage to cotton plants each year{{Cn|date=December 2013}}, and at least US$40 million in losses to the state's strawberry industry{{Cn|date=December 2013}}.


==Description==
⚫
*The European tarnished plant bug (''[[Lygus rugulipennis]]'') is distributed throughout Europe, where it will feed on over 400 types of crop plant from [[peach|peach trees]] to [[wheat]] to [[lettuce]] {{Cn|date=December 2013}}.
⚫
These insects appear as small oval creatures. Adult lygus are approximately 3&nbsp;mm wide and 6&nbsp;mm long, colored anything in a range from pale green to reddish brown or black. The bugs can be solid shaded or mottled, and have a distinctive triangle or V-shape on their backs. Adults are capable of [[flight]], and will often thus escape when approached. [[Nymph]]s are wingless, and being light green in color, are often mistaken for [[aphid]]s. However, lygus nymphs have harder exoskeletons, are typically more active, gain spots as they age, and lack aphid [[cornicle]]s. <ref name=AA> [http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/insects/lygus-bug.html General Lygus Information]</ref>

==Biology==
⚫
Lygus bugs are known for their destructive feeding habits - they puncture plant tissues with their piercing mouthparts, and feed by sucking [[sap]]. Both the physical injury and the plant's own reaction to the bugs' saliva cause damage to the plant. The females insert their eggs directly into the plant tissues using piercing [[ovipositor]]s, and the newly emerged [[nymph (biology)|nymphs]] are voracious consumers of plant tissue juices. Signs that a plant has been attacked by lygus bugs include discoloration, deformation of shoots and stems, curling of leaves, and lesions on the plant tissues.

==Economic importance==
The more well-known lygus bugs are those that have [[agriculture|agricultural]] impacts. Some lygus bugs are very serious agricultural pests. <ref name=AA/>


Some methods of [[biological pest control]] have proved useful against lygus bugs. For example, [[wasp]]s of the genus ''Peristenus'' are [[parasite|parasitoids]] of lygus bugs; an adult wasp will inject an egg into a lygus nymph, and once the egg hatches the wasp's larva will consume the nymph from the inside out.
Some methods of [[biological pest control]] have proved useful against lygus bugs. For example, [[wasp]]s of the genus ''Peristenus'' are [[parasite|parasitoids]] of lygus bugs; an adult wasp will inject an egg into a lygus nymph, and once the egg hatches the wasp's larva will consume the nymph from the inside out.


==External links==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
*[http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/insects/fad12s00.html General Lygus Information]
File:Lygus.pratensis4.-.lindsey.jpg
File:Lygus.wagneri.-.lindsey.jpg
File:Mirid April 2008-1.jpg
File:Lygus lineolaris 2.jpg
File:Lygus lineolaris on Trifolium.jpg
File:Lygus lineolaris.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Miridae]]
[[Category:Miridae]]

Revision as of 08:54, 24 November 2015

Lygus
Lygus pratensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Suborder:
Heteroptera
Infraorder:
Cimicomorpha
Superfamily:
Miroidea
Family:
Miridae
Genus:
Lygus

Hahn, 1833

The genus Lygus includes over 40 species of plant-feeding insects in the family Miridae. The term lygus bug is used for any member of genus Lygus.

Species

At one time, nearly 200 species were classified as genus Lygus, but most of those have since been reclassified into new or existing genera. Species within this genus include: [1][2]

  • The western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus) is a very serious pest of cotton, strawberries, and seed crops such as alfalfa. [4] In the state of California alone the bug causes US$30 million in damage to cotton plants each year, and at least US$40 million in losses to the state's strawberry industry.[5]

Description

These insects appear as small oval creatures. Adult lygus are approximately 3 mm wide and 6 mm long, colored anything in a range from pale green to reddish brown or black. The bugs can be solid shaded or mottled, and have a distinctive triangle or V-shape on their backs. Adults are capable of flight, and will often thus escape when approached. Nymphs are wingless, and being light green in color, are often mistaken for aphids. However, lygus nymphs have harder exoskeletons, are typically more active, gain spots as they age, and lack aphid cornicles. [7]

Biology

Lygus bugs are known for their destructive feeding habits - they puncture plant tissues with their piercing mouthparts, and feed by sucking sap. Both the physical injury and the plant's own reaction to the bugs' saliva cause damage to the plant. The females insert their eggs directly into the plant tissues using piercing ovipositors, and the newly emerged nymphs are voracious consumers of plant tissue juices. Signs that a plant has been attacked by lygus bugs include discoloration, deformation of shoots and stems, curling of leaves, and lesions on the plant tissues.

Economic importance

The more well-known lygus bugs are those that have agricultural impacts. Some lygus bugs are very serious agricultural pests. [7]

Some methods of biological pest control have proved useful against lygus bugs. For example, wasps of the genus Peristenus are parasitoids of lygus bugs; an adult wasp will inject an egg into a lygus nymph, and once the egg hatches the wasp's larva will consume the nymph from the inside out.

References

  1. ^ Catalogue of life
  2. ^ Fauna europaea
  3. ^ Liu, Houping; Skinner, Margaret; Parker, Bruce L. and Day, W. H. (May 2003). "Recognizing Tarnished Plant Bug Damage" (PDF). University of Vermont Entomology Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Henry, Thomas J., and Richard C. Froeschner, eds. (1988) , Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States
  5. ^ Larry P. Pedigo e-Study Guide for: Entomology and Pest Management
  6. ^ British Bugs
  7. ^ a b General Lygus Information
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