Jump to content

Azerbaijan: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 40°18′N 47°42′E / 40.3°N 47.7°E / 40.3; 47.7
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Listen to this article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
Ejlabnet (talk | contribs)
m anti-azerbaiajnian propaganda to falsify and hide historical facts
Ejlabnet (talk | contribs)
m Adding the name of Chapter from the historical book (reference)
Line 92: Line 92:
Academic Igrar Aliyev suggested that the name of Azerbaijan derives from that of ''[[Atropates]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Houtsma|first=M. Th. |authorlink=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |year= 1993|location= |title= First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 |volume= |edition= reprint |publisher= BRILL |doi= |isbn=978-90-04-09796-4}}</ref><ref name="Schippmann">{{cite book |last=Schippmann|first=Klaus |authorlink= |year=1989 |location= |title=Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History|pages= 221–224|edition= |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |doi= |isbn=978-0-933273-95-5}}</ref> a [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Minahan|first=James |authorlink= |year=1998|location= |title=Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States|page= 20|edition= |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |doi= |isbn=978-0-313-30610-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chamoux|first=François |authorlink= |year=2003|location= |title=Hellenistic Civilization|page= 26|edition= |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |doi= |isbn=978-0-631-22241-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Bosworth A.B.|first=Baynham E.J.|authorlink= |year=2002|location= |title=Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction|page= 92|edition= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-925275-6}}</ref> [[satrap]] under the Achaemenid Empire, who was later reinstated as the satrap of Minor [[Medes|Media]] under [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Chaumont">{{Cite book|last=Chaumont|first=M. L.|chapter=Atropates|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=3.1|year=1987 |location=London |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atropates-aturpat-lit}}</ref><ref name="dictionary">{{cite book |last=Swietochowski|first=Tadeusz |authorlink= Tadeusz Swietochowski|year=1999|location= Lanham, Maryland|title=Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan|volume= |edition= |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |doi= |isbn=978-0-8108-3550-4}}</ref> The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant Zoroastrian religion. In the [[Avesta]], Frawardin [[Yasht]] ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"), there is a mention of ''âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide'', which literally translates from [[Avestan language|Avestan]] as "we worship the [[Fravashi]] of the holy Atropatene."<ref>{{cite book |last=Darmesteter|first=James|authorlink= James Darmesteter|year=2004|location= |title=Avesta Khorda Avesta: Book Of Common Prayer|page= 93|edition= reprint |chapter=Frawardin Yasht|chapter-url=http://www.avesta.org/ka/yt13sbe.htm|publisher=Kessinger Publishing |doi= |isbn=978-1-4191-0852-5}}</ref> Atropates ruled over the region of [[Atropatene]] (present [[Iranian Azerbaijan]]). The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian, probably Median, compounded name with the meaning "Protected by the (Holy) Fire" or "The Land of the (Holy) Fire."<ref name="Library of Congres">{{cite web| title =Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences | publisher = U.S. Library of Congress| url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+az0014)| accessdate = 7 June 2006 }}</ref> The Greek name is mentioned by [[Diodorus Siculus]] and [[Strabo]]. Over the span of millennia the name evolved to ''Āturpātākān'' then to ''Ādharbādhagān'', ''Ādharbāyagān'', ''Āzarbāydjān'' and present-day ''Azerbaijan'' (in Armenia, the country is called ''Adrbejan'', yet another archaic form). Ultimately, the name ''Azerbaijan'' comes from ''Azar-Payegan''. This word is translatable as ''Guardian of Fire'', "The Treasury" and "The Treasurer" of [[wikt:آذر#Persian|fire]] or "[[The Land of Fire]]"<ref name="Library of Congres"/> in [[Persian language|Modern Persian]].<ref>In dictionaries: [[F. Steingass]]: [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1321.steingass āẕar-bād-gān],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1315.steingass āẕar-abād-gūn],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1312.steingass āẕar, āẕur],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1202.steingass ādar],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:7577.steingass bāygān],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:2643.steingass pāy]. [[Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda|Dehkhoda]]: [http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-ea9b24bb1e294fa2bf5d069cf7a7d4ca-fa.html آذربایجان/Âzarbâyjân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-6c8f74978f37438caf268a1895f12ec4-fa.html آذربایگان/Âzarbâygân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-f820e15bdb8a4feb92ac56b0d47527e9-fa.html آذربادگان/Âzarbâdegân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-df5c38b8d0364700b4e5c292ddd147d4-fa.html آذر/Âzar],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-b386326aeeb846bfa47c3d17e5e9958e-fa.html آدر/Âdar],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-9552506dec3e4f44bf6636ac4afcc054-fa.html بایگان/Bâygân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-3f775b25b8c242059a134d9ef9dcdc92-fa.html بادگان/Bâdegân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-ef1a1a99fee24ccfa3fbdaf27941fd7a-fa.html -پای/pây-],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-ecf72f69d1044bb4a2c8fc65dff0be8d-fa.html گان-/-gân]([http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-7b6cfc76664a48ba9506295b2bf49bb3-fa.html جان-/-jân]) {{fa icon}}</ref> The name was changed to ''Azerbaijan'' following Arab conquest in the 7th century AD, where [[Arabic]] lacked the letters of ''G'' and ''P'', thus the spelling of ''Azer-payegan'' was modified to reflect this. Even, this theory is wildly accepted by some historians it was derived during the Soviet era with intention to de-turkify and disintegrate Azerbaijan from its Turkic roots.
Academic Igrar Aliyev suggested that the name of Azerbaijan derives from that of ''[[Atropates]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Houtsma|first=M. Th. |authorlink=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |year= 1993|location= |title= First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 |volume= |edition= reprint |publisher= BRILL |doi= |isbn=978-90-04-09796-4}}</ref><ref name="Schippmann">{{cite book |last=Schippmann|first=Klaus |authorlink= |year=1989 |location= |title=Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History|pages= 221–224|edition= |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |doi= |isbn=978-0-933273-95-5}}</ref> a [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Minahan|first=James |authorlink= |year=1998|location= |title=Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States|page= 20|edition= |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |doi= |isbn=978-0-313-30610-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chamoux|first=François |authorlink= |year=2003|location= |title=Hellenistic Civilization|page= 26|edition= |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |doi= |isbn=978-0-631-22241-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Bosworth A.B.|first=Baynham E.J.|authorlink= |year=2002|location= |title=Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction|page= 92|edition= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-925275-6}}</ref> [[satrap]] under the Achaemenid Empire, who was later reinstated as the satrap of Minor [[Medes|Media]] under [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Chaumont">{{Cite book|last=Chaumont|first=M. L.|chapter=Atropates|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=3.1|year=1987 |location=London |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atropates-aturpat-lit}}</ref><ref name="dictionary">{{cite book |last=Swietochowski|first=Tadeusz |authorlink= Tadeusz Swietochowski|year=1999|location= Lanham, Maryland|title=Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan|volume= |edition= |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |doi= |isbn=978-0-8108-3550-4}}</ref> The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant Zoroastrian religion. In the [[Avesta]], Frawardin [[Yasht]] ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"), there is a mention of ''âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide'', which literally translates from [[Avestan language|Avestan]] as "we worship the [[Fravashi]] of the holy Atropatene."<ref>{{cite book |last=Darmesteter|first=James|authorlink= James Darmesteter|year=2004|location= |title=Avesta Khorda Avesta: Book Of Common Prayer|page= 93|edition= reprint |chapter=Frawardin Yasht|chapter-url=http://www.avesta.org/ka/yt13sbe.htm|publisher=Kessinger Publishing |doi= |isbn=978-1-4191-0852-5}}</ref> Atropates ruled over the region of [[Atropatene]] (present [[Iranian Azerbaijan]]). The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian, probably Median, compounded name with the meaning "Protected by the (Holy) Fire" or "The Land of the (Holy) Fire."<ref name="Library of Congres">{{cite web| title =Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences | publisher = U.S. Library of Congress| url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+az0014)| accessdate = 7 June 2006 }}</ref> The Greek name is mentioned by [[Diodorus Siculus]] and [[Strabo]]. Over the span of millennia the name evolved to ''Āturpātākān'' then to ''Ādharbādhagān'', ''Ādharbāyagān'', ''Āzarbāydjān'' and present-day ''Azerbaijan'' (in Armenia, the country is called ''Adrbejan'', yet another archaic form). Ultimately, the name ''Azerbaijan'' comes from ''Azar-Payegan''. This word is translatable as ''Guardian of Fire'', "The Treasury" and "The Treasurer" of [[wikt:آذر#Persian|fire]] or "[[The Land of Fire]]"<ref name="Library of Congres"/> in [[Persian language|Modern Persian]].<ref>In dictionaries: [[F. Steingass]]: [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1321.steingass āẕar-bād-gān],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1315.steingass āẕar-abād-gūn],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1312.steingass āẕar, āẕur],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1202.steingass ādar],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:7577.steingass bāygān],[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:2643.steingass pāy]. [[Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda|Dehkhoda]]: [http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-ea9b24bb1e294fa2bf5d069cf7a7d4ca-fa.html آذربایجان/Âzarbâyjân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-6c8f74978f37438caf268a1895f12ec4-fa.html آذربایگان/Âzarbâygân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-f820e15bdb8a4feb92ac56b0d47527e9-fa.html آذربادگان/Âzarbâdegân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-df5c38b8d0364700b4e5c292ddd147d4-fa.html آذر/Âzar],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-b386326aeeb846bfa47c3d17e5e9958e-fa.html آدر/Âdar],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-9552506dec3e4f44bf6636ac4afcc054-fa.html بایگان/Bâygân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-3f775b25b8c242059a134d9ef9dcdc92-fa.html بادگان/Bâdegân],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-ef1a1a99fee24ccfa3fbdaf27941fd7a-fa.html -پای/pây-],[http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-ecf72f69d1044bb4a2c8fc65dff0be8d-fa.html گان-/-gân]([http://loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-7b6cfc76664a48ba9506295b2bf49bb3-fa.html جان-/-jân]) {{fa icon}}</ref> The name was changed to ''Azerbaijan'' following Arab conquest in the 7th century AD, where [[Arabic]] lacked the letters of ''G'' and ''P'', thus the spelling of ''Azer-payegan'' was modified to reflect this. Even, this theory is wildly accepted by some historians it was derived during the Soviet era with intention to de-turkify and disintegrate Azerbaijan from its Turkic roots.


Another theory is that Azerbaijan derives it is name from [[Khazars|Kingdom of Khazaria]] ("Hazar" in Turkic languages) is based on works of [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]]. Before, Arab conquest the territory of Azerbaijan was heavily populated by the Khazarians, who after the defeat from Arabs converted into Islam in order to retain their lands and privileges. Hence, the name of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijani is "Həzər Dənizi" (the Sea of Khazars). Hazar (name of nation) + boy ("people" in turkic languages) + j (bridging suffix) + an (land).
Another theory is that Azerbaijan derives it is name from [[Khazars|Kingdom of Khazaria]] ("Hazar" in Turkic languages) is based on works of the Iranian scholar [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]]. Before, Arab conquest the territory of Azerbaijan was heavily populated by the Khazarians, who after the defeat from Arabs converted into Islam in order to retain their lands and privileges. Hence, the name of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijani is "Həzər Dənizi" (the Sea of Khazars). Hazar (name of nation) + boy ("people" in turkic languages) + j (bridging suffix) + an (land).


According to "Oghuz-name" written by the Iranian scholar [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], the name of Azerbaijan was given by the legendary [[Oghuz Khagan|King Oghuz]], which means "the land of great people".
According to "Oghuz-name" written by the Iranian scholar [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] in Parsi, the chapter "Oghus-khan conquers Shirvan" he states that the name of Azerbaijan was given by the legendary [[Oghuz Khagan|King Oghuz]], which means "the land of great people".


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 17:29, 29 November 2015

Republic of Azerbaijan
Azərbaycan Respublikası (Azerbaijani)
Anthem: 
Location of Azerbaijan.
Location of Azerbaijan.
Capital
and largest city
Baku
Official languagesAzerbaijani
Demonym(s)Azerbaijani
GovernmentDominant-party presidential republic
• President
Ilham Aliyev
Artur Rasizade
LegislatureNational Assembly
Formation
28 May 1918
28 April 1920
• Independence from
the Soviet Union
30 August 1991 (declared)
18 October 1991 (independence)
• Constitution adopted
12 November 1995
Area
• Total
86,600 km2 (33,400 sq mi) (114th)
• Water (%)
1.6
Population
• 2015 estimate
9,624,900[1] (89th)
• Density
105.8/km2 (274.0/sq mi) (103rd)
GDP (PPP)2015 estimate
• Total
$168.4 billion[2]
• Per capita
$17,500[2]
GDP (nominal)2015 estimate
• Total
$87.763 billion[2]
• Per capita
$9,278[2]
Gini (2008)33.7[3]
medium inequality
HDI (2013)0.747[4]
high (76th)
CurrencyManat (₼) (AZN)
Time zoneAZT (UTC+04)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+5
Drives onright
Calling code994
ISO 3166 codeAZ
Internet TLD.az
  1. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is an unrecognised de facto sovereign state, widely considered de jure part of Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan and its main cities

Azerbaijan (/ˌæzərbˈɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Template:Lang-az [ɑzærbɑjdʒɑn]), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Template:Lang-az), is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, situated at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.[5] It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short border with Turkey in the northwest.

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first Muslim-majority democratic and secular republic.[6] It was also the first Muslim-majority country after Egypt[citation needed] to have operas, theaters and modern universities.[7] The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.[8][9] Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991,[10] before the official dissolution of the USSR. In September 1991, the disputed Armenian-majority Nagorno-Karabakh region re-affirmed its willingness to create a separate state as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.[11] The region, effectively independent since the beginning of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1991, is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan until a final solution to its status is found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE.[12][13][14][15]

Azerbaijan is a unitary constitutional presidential republic. The country is a member state of the Council of Europe, the OSCE and the NATO Partnership for Peace (PfP) program. It is one of the six independent Turkic-speaking states, being an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community. Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations.[16] It is one of the founding members of GUAM, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)[17] and Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. A member of the United Nations since 1992, Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May 2006 (the term of office began on 19 June 2006).[18] Azerbaijan is also a member state of the Non-Aligned Movement, holds observer status in World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union.[16][19]

The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion, and all major political forces in the country are secularist, but the majority of people and some opposition movements adhere to Shia Islam.[20] Azerbaijan has a high level of human development which ranks on par with most Eastern European countries.[21] It has a high rate of economic development[22] and literacy,[23] as well as a low rate of unemployment.[24] However, corruption in Azerbaijan is widespread, especially in the public service.[25][26] The ruling party, New Azerbaijan Party, has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses.[27][28]

Etymology

The original name of Azerbaijan (for both North and South) was Caspiane according to Strabo (book 11, chapter 2, section 15), which is also referred to Caspian Mountains (Caucasian Mountains) and Caspian Sea: [29]"According to Eratosthenes, the Caucasus is called "Caspius" by the natives, the name being derived perhaps from the "Caspii". Subsequent invasions, split Caspiane into two distinctive entities Atropatene in south, and later Caucasian Albania in north. Caspiana was turned into a little province along the Caspian shores, which later was incorporated into Caucasian Albania.

Academic Igrar Aliyev suggested that the name of Azerbaijan derives from that of Atropates,[30][31] a Persian[32][33][34] satrap under the Achaemenid Empire, who was later reinstated as the satrap of Minor Media under Alexander the Great.[35][36] The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant Zoroastrian religion. In the Avesta, Frawardin Yasht ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"), there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, which literally translates from Avestan as "we worship the Fravashi of the holy Atropatene."[37] Atropates ruled over the region of Atropatene (present Iranian Azerbaijan). The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian, probably Median, compounded name with the meaning "Protected by the (Holy) Fire" or "The Land of the (Holy) Fire."[38] The Greek name is mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo. Over the span of millennia the name evolved to Āturpātākān then to Ādharbādhagān, Ādharbāyagān, Āzarbāydjān and present-day Azerbaijan (in Armenia, the country is called Adrbejan, yet another archaic form). Ultimately, the name Azerbaijan comes from Azar-Payegan. This word is translatable as Guardian of Fire, "The Treasury" and "The Treasurer" of fire or "The Land of Fire"[38] in Modern Persian.[39] The name was changed to Azerbaijan following Arab conquest in the 7th century AD, where Arabic lacked the letters of G and P, thus the spelling of Azer-payegan was modified to reflect this. Even, this theory is wildly accepted by some historians it was derived during the Soviet era with intention to de-turkify and disintegrate Azerbaijan from its Turkic roots.

Another theory is that Azerbaijan derives it is name from Kingdom of Khazaria ("Hazar" in Turkic languages) is based on works of the Iranian scholar Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Before, Arab conquest the territory of Azerbaijan was heavily populated by the Khazarians, who after the defeat from Arabs converted into Islam in order to retain their lands and privileges. Hence, the name of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijani is "Həzər Dənizi" (the Sea of Khazars). Hazar (name of nation) + boy ("people" in turkic languages) + j (bridging suffix) + an (land).

According to "Oghuz-name" written by the Iranian scholar Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in Parsi, the chapter "Oghus-khan conquers Shirvan" he states that the name of Azerbaijan was given by the legendary King Oghuz, which means "the land of great people".

History

Antiquity

Petroglyphs in Gobustan dating back to 10,000 BC indicating a thriving culture. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of "outstanding universal value"

The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of the Azykh Cave.[40] The Upper Paleolithic and late Bronze Age cultures are attested in the caves of Tağılar, Damcılı, Zar, Yataq-yeri and in the necropolises of Leylatepe and Saraytepe.

Early settlements included the Scythians in the 9th century BC.[38] Following the Scythians, Iranian Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras.[36] The Medes forged a vast empire between 900–700 BC, which was integrated into the Achaemenids Empire around 550 BC. The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism.[41] Later it became part of Alexander the Great's Empire and its successor, the Seleucid Empire. During this period, Zoroastrianism spread in the Caucasus and Atropatene. Caucasian Albanians, the original inhabitants of northeastern Azerbaijan, ruled that area from around the 4th century BC, and established an independent kingdom that came under the cultural influence of the Armenians.[42]

In the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, following the overthrow of the Achaemenid Empire, the southwestern part of modern Azerbaijan was part of the Kingdom of Armenia ruled by the Orontid Dynasty; between the years 189 BC and 428 AD the western half of modern Azerbaijan, including the exclave of Nakhchivan, were included into the Kingdom of Greater Armenia ruled by Armenia's Artaxiad and Arsacid dynasties,[43][44] the latter itself a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia.

After the partition of the Kingdom of Armenia by Persia and Byzantium in 387 AD, the provinces of Artsakh and Utik, which had an ethnically mixed population, passed to Caucasian Albania.[45][46]

The Maiden Tower in Old Baku is a UNESCO World Heritage Site built in the 11th–12th century.

Feudal era

The Persian Sassanids turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in AD 252, while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century. Despite Sassanid rule, Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century, while fully subordinate to Sassanid Persia, and retained its monarchy.[35] In the first half of the 7th century AD, the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sassanids and Byzantines from the Caucasus region and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by King Javanshir, was suppressed in 667. Caucasian Albania however, came already under nominal Muslim rule through the Muslim conquest of Persia, as it made up part of the Sassanid territory upon advent of the Muslim conquest. The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids, Sajids, Shaddadids, Rawadids and Buyids. At the beginning of the 11th century, the territory was gradually seized by waves of Turkic Oghuz tribes from Central Asia. The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuqs, which entered the area now known as Azerbaijan by 1067.

The pre-Turkic population that lived on the territory of modern Azerbaijani Republic spoke several Indo-European and Caucasian languages, among them – Armenian language[47][48][49][50][51] and an Iranian language called the Old Azari language, which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language, the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today.[52] To distinguish it from the Turkic Azerbaijani or Azeri language, this Iranian language, is designated as the Azari language (or Old Azari language), because the Turkic language and people are also designated as "Azari" in the Persian language. However some linguists have also designated the Tati dialects of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan, like those spoken by the Tats, as a remnant of Azari.[53][54] Locally, the possessions of the subsequent Seljuq Empire were ruled by Atabegs, who were technically vassals of the Seljuq sultans, being sometimes de facto rulers themselves. Under the Seljuq Turks, local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khagani Shirvani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. The next ruling state of the Jalayirids was short-lived and fell under the conquests of Timur.

The local dynasty of the Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Timur's Empire, and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh. Following Timur's death, two independent and rival states emerged: Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu. The Shirvanshahs returned, maintaining a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 until 1539. During their conquest and persecution by the Iranian Safavids in 1501, the last dynasty imposed Shia Islam upon the formerly Sunni population,[55][56][57] as it did over its territories in modern-day Iran, as it was battling against the Sunni Ottoman Empire.[58] This, in combination with another series of events, the Safavids laid the foundation for the fact that both the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran are the only Shia majority countries ever since.[59] Despite efforts of the Safavids, the Ottomans briefly managed to occupy swaths of present-day Azerbaijan twice over the centuries. Also, Baku and its environs were briefly managed by the Russians in the early 18th century through the consequences of the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723). Despite these very brief intermissions by Safavid Iran's neighboring rivals, the land of what is nowadays Azerbaijan remained under intermittent Iranian rule from the earliest advent of the Safavids up to the course of the 19th century.

Modern era

Territories of the Northern and Southern Khanates (and Sultanates) within Iran in the 18th–19th centuries.[60]

After the Safavids, the area was ruled by the Iranian dynasties of Afshar and Zand and briefly by the Qajars, until the latters forced ceding to Russia in the course of the 19th century. However de facto self-ruling khanates[61][62][63][64][65] emerged in the area, especially following the collapse of the Zand dynasty and in the early Qajar era. These khanates, though often self-ruling, were vassals and subjects of the Iranian shah (King).[66] The khanates exercised control over their affairs via international trade routes between Central Asia and the West.[67] From the late 18th century and on, Imperial Russia changed to a more aggressive geo-political stance towards its two neighbors (and rivals) to the south, namely Iran and Turkey.[68] Following a chain of events that started with the re-subjugation of Georgia into Iran in 1795, Russia would now actively contest and battle with the latter over possession of the Caucasus region which was, for most of its part, in the hands of Iran.[69] The successful Russian campaigns in the later stages of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) were concluded with the Treaty of Gulistan, in which the shah's claims to some of the Khanates of the Caucasus were dismissed by Russia on the ground that they had been de facto independent long before their Russian occupation.[70]

The siege of Ganja Fortress in 1804 during the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) by the Russian forces under leadership of general Pavel Tsitsianov.

Following Qajar Iran's loss in the 1804-1813 war, it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates (alongside Georgia and Dagestan) to the Russian Empire per the Gulistan treaty.[71] The area to the north of the river Aras, amongst which the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, was Iranian territory until it was occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.[8][72][73][74][75][76] Under the Treaty of Turkmenchay which finalised the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828), Qajar Iran was forced to recognize Russian sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Lankaran Khanate,[71] comprising the last parts of the soil of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic that were still in Iranian hands. Some cession treaties were signed by individual Azeri khans, such as Ibrahim Khalil Khan (Treaty of Kurakchay), Huseyngulu Khan who ceded Baku Khanate and Mustafa Khan who ceded Shirvan Khanate.[77] After incorporation of all Caucasian territories from Iran into Russia, the new border between the two was set at the Aras River, which, upon the Soviet Union's disintegration, subsequently became part of the border between Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic.

Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to Russia in the 19th century, which thus included the territory of the modern-day Azerbaijan Republic, while as a result of that cession, the Azerbaijani ethnic group is nowadays parted between two nations: Iran and Azerbaijan.[78] Furthermore, the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran far outnumber those in neighbouring Azerbaijan.

After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I, Azerbaijan, together with Armenia and Georgia became part of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.

It was followed by the March Days massacres[79][80][81] that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire.[82] When the republic dissolved in May 1918, Azerbaijan declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). The ADR was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Muslim world.[8][83][84] Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men.[83] Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of Baku State University, which was the first modern-type university founded in Muslim East.[83]

Map presented by delegation from Azerbaijan to Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

By March 1920, it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack the much-needed Baku. Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku's oil.[85][86] Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it, establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920. Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in Karabakh, Azeris did not surrender their brief independence of 1918–20 quickly or easily. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest.[87]

On 13 October 1921, the Soviet republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars. The previously independent Naxicivan SSR would also become an autonomous ASSR within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars. On the other hand, Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri (then known as Alexandropol).

During World War II, Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of Soviet Union, with most of the Soviet Union's oil on the Eastern Front being supplied by Baku. By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in February 1942, the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan was awarded orders and medals. Operation Edelweiss carried out by the German Wehrmacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy (petroleum) dynamo of the USSR.[8] A fifth of all Azerbaijanis fought in the Second World War from 1941 to 1945. Approximately 681,000 people with over 100,000 of them women went to the front, while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3.4 million at the time.[88] Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front. More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named Heroes of the Soviet Union. Azerbaijani Major-General Azi Aslanov was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union.[89]

Republic era

Red Army paratroops during the Black January tragedy in 1990.

Following the politics of glasnost, initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh,[90] an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR. The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to Moscow's indifference to already heated conflict, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which culminated in Black January in Baku.[91] Later in 1990, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words "Soviet Socialist" from the title, adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic and restored flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag.[92] On 18 October 1991, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December 1991, when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved.[92]

The early years of independence were overshadowed by the Nagorno-Karabakh War with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia.[93] By the end of hostilities in 1994, Armenians controlled up to 14–16 percent of Azerbaijani territory, including Nagorno-Karabakh itself.[94][95] During the war many atrocities were committed including the massacre at Malibeyli and Gushchular, the Garadaghly, Agdaban and the Khojaly massacres.[96][97] Furthermore, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and more than a million people had been displaced.[98] Four United Nations Security Council Resolutions (822, 853, 874, and 884) demand for "the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan."[99] Many Russians and Armenians left Azerbaijan during the 1990s.[100] According to the 1970 census, there were 510,000 ethnic Russians and 484,000 Armenians in Azerbaijan.[101]

In 1993, democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev.[102] In 1994, Surat Huseynov, by that time a prime minister, attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev, but Huseynov was arrested and charged with treason.[103] A year later, in 1995, another coup was attempted against Aliyev, this time by the commander of the OMON special unit, Rovshan Javadov. The coup was averted, resulting in the killing of the latter and disbanding of Azerbaijan's OMON units.[104][105] At the same time, the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy.[106] In October 1998, Aliyev was reelected for a second term. Despite the much improved economy, particularly with the exploitations of Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field, Aliyev's presidency was criticized due to suspected vote fraud and corruption.[107]

Ilham Aliyev, the son of Heydar Aliyev, assumed as the chairmen of the New Azerbaijan Party as well as the office of presidency when his father died in 2003. He was reelected to a third term as president in October 2013. He then launched a crackdown on opposition elements. In November, he put two prominent opponents on trial for inciting riots ten months earlier: Ilgar Mammadov, the chairman of the opposition Republican Alternative (REAL); and Ilgar Mammadov, the deputy chairman of the New Equality Party (Musavat). In addition the dissident Islamic theologian Taleh Bagirzada was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. The opposition newspaper Azadiq was closed down. Three men were sentenced to life in prison on charges of plotting attacks in Baku in a conspiracy with Iran.[108]

Geography

Caucasus Mountains in northern Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijan is in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia, straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe. It lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and longitudes 44° and 51° E. The total length of Azerbaijan's land borders is 2,648 km (1,645 mi), of which 1007 kilometers are with Armenia, 756 kilometers with Iran, 480 kilometers with Georgia, 390 kilometers with Russia and 15 kilometers with Turkey.[109] The coastline stretches for 800 km (497 mi), and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the Caspian Sea is 456 km (283 mi).[109] The territory of Azerbaijan extends 400 km (249 mi) from north to south, and 500 km (311 mi) from west to east.

Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan: the Caspian Sea, whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north; and the extensive flatlands at the country's center. There are also three mountain ranges, the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, and the Talysh Mountains, together covering approximately 40 percent of the country.[110] The highest peak of Azerbaijan is mount Bazardüzü (4,466 m), while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea (−28 m). Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan, these volcanoes were also among nominees for the New7Wonders of Nature.[111]

The main water sources are surface waters. However, only 24 of the 8,350 rivers are greater than 100 km (62 mi) in length.[110] All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country.[110] The largest lake is Sarysu (67 km²), and the longest river is Kur (1,515 km), which is transboundary. Azerbaijan's four main islands in the Caspian Sea have a combined area of over thirty square kilometers.

Since the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991, the Azerbaijani government has taken drastic measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan. But national protection of the environment started to truly improve after 2001 when the state budget increased due to new revenues provided by the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. Within four years protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country's territory. Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection.[112]

Landscape

Mount Bazarduzu, the highest peak of Azerbaijan, as seen from Mount Shahdagh
The landscape of Khinalug valley.

Azerbaijan is home to a vast variety of landscapes. Over half of Azerbaijan's land mass consists of mountain ridges, crests, yailas, and plateaus which rise up to hypsometric levels of 400–1000 meters (including the Middle and Lower lowlands), in some places (Talis, Jeyranchol-Ajinohur and Langabiz-Alat foreranges) up to 100–120 meters, and others from 0–50 meters and up (Qobustan, Absheron). The rest of Azerbaijan's terrain consist of plains and lowlands. Hypsometric marks within the Caucasus region vary from about −28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466 meters (Bazardüzü peak).[113]

The formation of climate in Azerbaijan is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone, temperate of Siberian anticyclone, and Central Asian anticyclone.[114] Azerbaijan's diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country.[114] The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north. That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile, plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates.

9 out of 11 existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan.[115] Both the absolute minimum temperature ( −33 °C or −27.4 °F ) and the absolute maximum temperature ( 46 °C or 114.8 °F ) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad.[115] The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran (1,600 to 1,800 mm or 63 to 71 in) and the minimum in Absheron (200 to 350 mm or 7.9 to 13.8 in).[115]

Murovdag is the highest mountain range in the Lesser Caucasus.

Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan, they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period. This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country. The country's water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human introduced industrial activities. Artificial rivers (canals) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan's water systems. In terms of water supply, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 cubic metres (3,531,467 cubic feet) per year of water per square kilometer.[115] All big water reservoirs are built on Kur. The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin.

There are 8,350 rivers of various lengths within Azerbaijan. Only 24 rivers are over 100 kilometers long.[116] The Kura and Aras are the most popular rivers in Azerbaijan, they run through the Kura-Aras Lowland. The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea, originate mainly from the north-eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur–Devechi and Lankaran lowlands.

Yanar Dag, translated as "burning mountain", is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea near Baku, which itself is known as the "land of fire." Flames jet out into the air from a thin, porous sandstone layer. It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area.

Biodiversity

The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan.

The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. Animal carvings on architectural monuments, ancient rocks and stones survived up to the present times. The first information on the animal kingdom of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century.[110] Unlike fauna, the concept of animal kingdom covers not only the types of animals, but also the number of individual species.

There are 106 species of mammals, 97 species of fish, 363 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan.[110] The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse, a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan. The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper, speed, elegance and intelligence. It is one of the oldest breeds, with ancestry dating to the ancient world. However today the horse is an endangered species.[117]

Azerbaijan's flora consists of more than 4,500 species of higher plants. Due the unique climate in Azerbaijan, the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus.[118] About 67 percent of the species growing in the whole Caucasus can be found in Azerbaijan.

Politics

The son of former President Heydar Aliyev, Ilham Aliyev succeeded his father and has remained in power since 2003.

The structural formation of Azerbaijan's political system was completed by the adoption of the new Constitution on 12 November 1995. According to the Article 23 of Constitution, the state symbols of the Azerbaijan Republic are the flag, the coat of arms and the national anthem. The state power in Azerbaijan is limited only by law for internal issues, but for international affairs is additionally limited by the provisions of international agreements.

The government of Azerbaijan is based on the separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The legislative power is held by the unicameral National Assembly and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every five years, on the first Sunday of November. The Yeni Azerbaijan Party, and independents loyal to the ruling government, currently hold almost all of the Parliament's 125 seats. During the 2010 Parliamentary election, the opposition parties, Musavat and Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, failed to win a single seat. European observers found numerous irregularities in the run-up to the election and on election day.[119]

The executive power is held by the President, who is elected for a 5-year term by direct elections. The president is authorized to form the Cabinet, an inferior executive body, subordinated to him. The Cabinet of Azerbaijan consists primarily of the Prime Minister, his Deputies and Ministers. The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly, but he has the right to veto its decisions. To override the presidential veto, the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes. The judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and the Economic Court. The President nominates the judges in these courts.

The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president, and he organizes it according to the Constitution. It was established on 10 April 1997. The administrative department is not a part of the president's office but manages the financial, technical and pecuniary activities of both the president and his office.

Although Azerbaijan has held several elections since regaining its independence and it has many of the formal institutions of democracy, it remains classified as "not free" (on border with "partly free") by Freedom House.[120][121] In recent years, large numbers of Azerbaijani journalists, bloggers, lawyers, human rights activists have been rounded up and jailed for their criticism of President Aliyev and government authorities.[122] A resolution adopted by the European Parliament in September 2015 described Azerbaijan as "having suffered the greatest decline in democratic governance in all of Eurasia over the past ten years," noting as well that its dialogue with the country on human rights has "not made any substantial progress."[123]

Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats for promoting its causes abroad and legitimizing its elections at home, a practice which has been termed as 'caviar diplomacy'.[124][125][126][127]

Foreign relations

Vladimir Putin in Azerbaijan in August 2013

The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries, sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland.[128] The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan's independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year. The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain, on 6 November 1996.[129] Full diplomatic relations, including mutual exchanges of missions, were first established with Turkey, Pakistan, the United States, Iran[128] and Israel.[130] Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its "Special Relationship" with Turkey.[131][132]

Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations.[16] It holds observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement and World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union.[16] On 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly. The term of office began on 19 June 2006.[18]

Ilham Aliyev attends the Caspian Sea Summit in Astrakhan, Russia, 29 September 2014

Foreign policy priorities of Azerbaijan include, first of all, the restoration of its territorial integrity; elimination of the consequences of the loss of Nagorno-Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan;[133][134] integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structure; contribution to international security; cooperation with international organizations; regional cooperation and bilateral relations; strengthening of defense capability; promotion of security by domestic policy means; strengthening of democracy; preservation of the ethnic and religious tolerance; scientific, educational, and cultural policy and preservation of moral values; economic and social development; enhancing internal and border security; and migration, energy, and transportation security policy.[133]

The Azerbaijani government, in late 2007, stated that the long-standing dispute over the Armenian-occupied territory of Nagorno-Karabakh is almost certain to spark a new war if it remains unresolved.[133] The Government is in the process of increasing its military budget. Furthermore, economic sanctions by Turkey to the west and by Azerbaijan itself to the east have combined to greatly erode Armenia's economy, leading to steep increases in prices for basic commodities and a great decline in the Armenian state revenues.[135]

Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism. The country is contributing to peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Azerbaijan is an active member of NATO's Partnership for Peace program. It also maintains good relations with the European Union and could potentially one day apply for membership.[133]

Administrative divisions

Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions; 66 rayons (rayonlar, singular rayon) and 77 cities (şəhərlər, singular şəhər) of which 12 are under the direct authority of the republic.[136] Moreover, Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic (muxtar respublika) of Nakhchivan.[94] The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units, while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.

Note: The cities under the direct authority of the republic in italics.

Military

Azerbaijani Navy fleet during the 2011 military parade in Baku.
Azerbaijani Special Forces during military parade.

The history of the modern Azerbaijan army dates back to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, when the National Army of the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918.[137][138] When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law on the Armed Forces of 9 October 1991.[139] The original date of the establishment of the short-lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day (26 June) in today's Azerbaijan.[140] As of 2002, Azerbaijan had 95,000 active personnel in its armed forces. There are also 17,000 paramilitary troops.[141] The armed forces have three branches: the Land Forces, the Air Forces and the Navy. Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub-groups that can be involved in state defense when needed. These are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Border Service, which includes the Coast Guard as well.[94] The Azerbaijan National Guard is a further paramilitary force. It operates as a semi-independent entity of the Special State Protection Service, an agency subordinate to the President.[142]

Contingent from the Azerbaijani military during the Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May 2015

Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties. Azerbaijan closely cooperates with NATO in programs such as Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan. Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its Peacekeeping Forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan.[143]

The defense budget of Azerbaijan for 2011 was set at US$3.1 billion.[144] In addition to that, $1.36 billion was planned to be used for the needs of the defense industry, which bring up the total military spending to $4.46 billion.[144][145] Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said on 26 June 2011 that the defence spending reached $3.3 billion that year.[146]

Azerbaijan's defense budget for 2013 is $3.7 billion.[147][148]

Azerbaijani defense industry manufactures small arms, artillery systems, tanks, armors and noctovision devices, aviation bombs, pilotless vehicles, various military vehicles and military planes and helicopters.[149][150][151][152]

Economy

After gaining independence in 1991, Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Islamic Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank.[153] The banking system of Azerbaijan consists of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan, commercial banks and non-banking credit organizations. The National (now Central) Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank, an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR. The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan's central bank, empowered to issue the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat, and to supervise all commercial banks. Two major commercial banks are the state-owned International Bank of Azerbaijan, which is run by Dr. Jahangir Hajiyev, and the UniBank.

Pushed up by spending and demand growth, the 2007 Q1 inflation rate reached 16.6%.[154] Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29% and 25% respectively against this figure, but price increases in non-oil industry encouraged inflation in the country.[154] Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so-called "Dutch disease" because of the fast-growing energy sector, which causes inflation and makes non-energy exports more expensive.

In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation was brought under control and this led to the launch of a new currency, the new Azerbaijani manat, on 1 January 2006, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy.[155][156]

In 2008, Azerbaijan was cited as one of the top 10 reformers by the World Bank's Doing Business Report.[157]

Azerbaijan led the world as the top reformer in 2007/08, with improvements on seven out of 10 indicators of regulatory reform. Azerbaijan started operating a one-stop shop in January 2008 that halved the time, cost and number of procedures to start a business. Business registrations increased by 40% in the first six months. Azerbaijan also eliminated the minimum loan cutoff of $1,100, more than doubling the number of borrowers covered by the credit registry. Also, taxpayers can now file forms and pay their taxes online. Azerbaijan's extensive reforms moved it far up the ranks, from 97 to 33 in the overall ease of doing business.

Azerbaijan is also ranked 57th in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2010–2011, which is above other CIS countries.[158] By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan increased 20-fold relative to its 1995 level.[159]

Energy

A pumping unit for the mechanical extraction of oil on the outskirts of Baku.

Two-thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas.[160] The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country's gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, complex ore and antimony.[160] In September 1994, a 30-year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and 13 oil companies, among them Amoco, BP, ExxonMobil, Lukoil and Statoil.[153] As Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation, Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development.[161] Meanwhile, the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure the macroeconomic stability, transparency in the management of oil revenue, and the safeguarding of resources for future generations.

Azeriqaz, a sub-company of SOCAR, intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021.[162]

Agriculture

Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region. About 54.9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural lands.[109] At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of utilized agricultural area.[163] In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m³.[163] Azerbaijan's agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures, horticulture and subtropical crops, green vegetables, viticulture and wine-making, cotton growing and medicinal plants.[164] In some lands it is profitable to grow grain, potatoes, sugar beets, cotton[165] and tobacco. Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products. The Caspian fishing industry is concentrated on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga. In 2002 the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships.[166]

Some portions of most products that were previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally (among them are Coca Cola by Coca Cola Bottlers LTD, beer by Baki-Kastel, parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan).[167]

Tourism

Shahdag Mountain Resort is the country's largest winter resort.

Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan. The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s. However, the fall of the Soviet Union, and the Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1990s, damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination.[168]

It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays.[169] In the recent years, Azerbaijan has also becoming a popular destination for religious, spa, and health care tourism.[170] During winter, the Shahdag Mountain Resort offers skiing with state of the art facilities.

The government of Azerbaijan has set the development of Azerbaijan as an elite tourist destination as a top priority. It is a national strategy to make tourism a major, if not the single largest, contributor to the Azerbaijani economy.[171] These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan.

Transportation

The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries, such as the Silk Road and the south–north corridor, highlights the strategic importance of transportation sector for the country's economy.[172] The transport sector in the country includes roads, railways, aviation, and maritime transport.

Azerbaijan is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline (BTC) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1,774 kilometers through the territories of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets.[173] The South Caucasus Pipeline, also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey, became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the Shah Deniz gas field. Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.[174] Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU-sponsored Silk Road Project.

In 2002, the Azerbaijani government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions. In the same year, the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.[175] The highest priority being; upgrading the transport network and transforming transportation services into one of the key comparative advantages of the country, as this would be highly conducive to the development of other sectors of the economy.

In 2012, the construction of Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway expected to provide transportation between Asia and Europe through connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east with Turkey's Marmaray to the European railway system in the west. Broad-gauge railways in 2010 stretched for 2,918 km (1,813 mi) and electrified railways numbered 1,278 km (794 mi). By 2010, there were 35 airports and one heliport.[94]

Science and technology

Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory

In the 21st century, a new oil and gas boom helped to improve the situation in Azerbaijan's science and technology sectors, and the government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation. The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable with those from oil production.[176]

Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector, mostly uninfluenced by the global financial crisis; rapid growth is forecast for at least five more years.[177]

The country has also been making progress in developing its telecoms sector. The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies (MCIT), as well as being an operator through its role in Aztelekom, is both a policy-maker and regulator. Public pay phones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks. Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration. As of 2009, there were 1,397,000 main telephone lines[178] and 1,485,000 internet users.[179] There are four GSM providers: Azercell, Bakcell, Azerfon (Nar Mobile), Nakhtel mobile network operators and one CDMA.

In the 21st century a number of prominent Azerbaijani geodynamics and geotectonics scientists, inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others, designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake-resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service.[180][181][182]

The Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency launched its first satellite AzerSat 1 into orbit in 7 February 2013 from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana at orbital positions 46° East.[183][184][185] The satellite will cover Europe and significant part of Asian countries and Africa and will have transmission for TV, radio broadcasting and the internet.[186] The launch of its own satellite on orbit is Azerbaijan's first action in realizing prospective projects to turn itself into a country with a space industry.[187][188]

Demographics

Ethnic composition (2009)[189]
Azerbaijani 91.60%
Lezgian 2.02%
Armenian 1.35%
Russian 1.34%
Talysh 1.26%
Other nations 2.43%

From the total population of 9,165,000 people as of July 2011, nearly 52% was urban population, the remaining 48% was the rural population.[190] 51% of the total population were female.[190] The sex ratio for total population in that year was therefore 0.97 males per female.[94]

The 2011 population growth-rate was 0.85%, compared to 1.09% worldwide.[94] A significant factor restricting the population growth is rather a high level of migration. In 2011 Azerbaijan saw migration of −1.14/1,000 people.[94]

The Azerbaijani diaspora is found in 42 countries[191] and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan, including the German cultural society "Karelhaus", Slavic cultural center, Azerbaijani-Israeli community, Kurdish cultural center, International Talysh Association, Lezgin national center "Samur", Azerbaijani-Tatar community, Crimean Tatars society, etc.[192]

The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census: 91.60% Azerbaijanis, 2.02% Lezgians, 1.35% Armenians (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh), 1.34% Russians, 1.26% Talysh, 0.56% Avars, 0.43% Turks, 0.29% Tatars, 0.28% Tats, 0.24% Ukrainians, 0.14% Tsakhurs, 0.11% Georgians, 0.10% Jews, 0.07% Kurds, other 0.21%.

Iranian Azerbaijanis are by far the largest minority in Iran. The number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran furthermore far outnumber those in neighboring Azerbaijan. The CIA World Factbook estimates Iranian Azerbaijanis as comprising 16% of Iran's population.[193]

Urbanization

In total, Azerbaijan has 77 cities, 64 smaller [rayon] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)-class cities, and one special legal status city. These are followed by 257 urban-type settlements and 4,620 villages.[194]

Language

The official language is Azerbaijani, which is spoken by approximately 92% of the population as a mother tongue. It belongs to the Turkic language family. Russian and English play significant roles as second or third languages of education and communication. There are a dozen other languages spoken natively in the country.[195] Armenian, Avar, Budukh,[196] Georgian, Juhuri,[196] Khinalug,[196] Kryts,[196] Lezgian, Rutul,[196] Talysh, Tat,[196] Tsakhur,[196] and Udi[196] are all spoken by minorities. Some of these language communities are very small and their numbers are decreasing.[197] Armenian is almost exclusively spoken in the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region.

Religion

The Bibi-Heybat Mosque before its destruction by the Bolsheviks in 1936. The mosque was built over the tomb of a descendant of Muhammad.[198]

Around 95% of the population are Muslims.[199] 85% of the Muslims are Shia Muslims and 15% Sunni Muslims,[200] and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the second highest Shia population percentage after Iran.[201] Other faiths are practised by the country's various ethnic groups. Under article 48 of its Constitution, Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom. In a 2006–2008 Gallup poll, only 21% of respondents from Azerbaijan stated that religion is an important part of their daily lives.[202]

Of the nation's religious minorities, Christians who estimated 280,000 (3.1%)[203] are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh).[94] In 2003, there were 250 Roman Catholics.[204] Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans, Baptists and Molokans.[205] The International Presbyterian Church has a member Presbyterian congregation in Baku.[206] There is also a small ethnic Azerbaijani Protestant community.[207][208] There are also Jewish, Bahá'í, Hare Krishna and Jehovah's Witnesses communities, as well as adherents of the other religious communities.[205] Some religious communities have been unofficially restricted from religious freedom. A U.S. State Department report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups, and many groups have difficulty registering with the SCWRA.[209]

Education

A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education, most notably in scientific and technical subjects.[210] In the Soviet era, literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point, despite two changes in the standard alphabet, from Perso-Arabic script to Latin in the 1920s and from Roman to Cyrillic in the 1930s. According to Soviet data, 100 percent of males and females (ages nine to forty-nine) were literate in 1970.[210] According to the United Nations Development Program Report 2009, the literacy rate in Azerbaijan is 99.5 percent.[211]

Since independence, one of the first laws that Azerbaijan's Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a modified-Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic.[212] Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change. Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education (banned during the Soviet period) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content. In addition to elementary schools, the education institutions include thousands of preschools, general secondary schools, and vocational schools, including specialized secondary schools and technical schools. Education through the eighth grade is compulsory.

Culture

The Azerbaijani carpet, a UNESCO Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences. Today, national traditions are well preserved in the country despite Western influences, including globalized on consumer culture. Some of the main elements of the Azerbaijani culture are: music, literature, folk dances and art, cuisine, architecture, cinematography and Novruz Bayram. The latter is derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in the ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism. Novruz is a family holiday.[213]

Azerbaijan folk consists of Azerbaijanis, the representative part of society, as well as of nations and ethnic groups, compactly living in various areas of the country. Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the Chokha and Papakhi. There are radio broadcasts in Russian, Armenian, Georgian, Kurdish, Lezgian and Talysh languages, which are financed from the state budget.[192] Some local radio stations in Balakan and Khachmaz organize broadcasts in Avar and Tat.[192] In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian, Kurdish (Dengi Kurd), Lezgian (Samur) and Talysh languages.[192] Jewish society "Sokhnut" publishes the newspaper Aziz.[192]

Music and folk dances

Uzeyir Hajibeyov merged traditional Azerbaijani music with Western styles in the early 20th century.

Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years.[214] For centuries Azerbaijani music has evolved under the badge of monody, producing rhythmically diverse melodies.[215] Azerbaijani music has a branchy mode system, where chromatization of major and minor scales is of great importance.[215] Among national musical instruments there are 14 string instruments, eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments.[216] According to The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "in terms of ethnicity, culture and religion the Azeri are musically much closer to Iran than Turkey."[217]

The Azerbaijani Mugam, a UNESCO Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity, 16th-century miniature of Nizami Ganjavi's Khosrow and Shirin tragic romance.

Mugham, meykhana and ashiq art are among the many musical traditions of Azerbaijan. Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes. When performing mugham, the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music. In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries, Azeri mugham is more free-form and less rigid; it is often compared to the improvised field of jazz.[218] UNESCO proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003. Meykhana is a kind of traditional Azeri distinctive folk unaccompanied song, usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject.

Ashiq combines poetry, storytelling, dance and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture. It is a mystic troubadour or traveling bard who sings and plays the saz. This tradition has its origin in the Shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples.[219] Ashiqs' songs are semi-improvised around common bases. Azerbaijan's ashiq art was included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO on 30 September 2009.[220]

Since the mid-1960s, Western-influenced Azerbaijani pop music, in its various forms, that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan, while genres as rock and hip hop of alternative music genres are encouraged. Azerbaijani pop and Azerbaijani folk music arose with the international popularity of performers like Alim Qasimov, Rashid Behbudov, Vagif Mustafazadeh, Muslim Magomayev, Shovkat Alakbarova and Rubaba Muradova.[221] Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest. The country's entry gained the third place in 2009 and fifth the following year.[222] Ell and Nikki won the first place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song "Running Scared", entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in 2012, in Baku.[223][224]

There are dozens of Azerbaijani folk dances. They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the Chokha, which is well-preserved within the national dances. Most dances have a very fast rhythm. The national dance shows the characteristics of the Azerbaijani nation.

Literature

Painting of Khurshidbanu Natavan, one of the most distinguished poets in Azerbaijani literature. She was also the daughter of the last ruler of the Karabakh Khanate.

Among the medieval authors born within the territorial limits of modern Azerbaijani Republic was Persian poet and philosopher Nizami, called Ganjavi after his place of birth, Ganja, who was the author of the Khamseh ("The Quintuplet"), composed of five romantic poems, including "The Treasure of Mysteries," “Khosrow and Shīrīn," and "Leyli and Mejnūn."[225]

The earliest known figure in Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoglu, who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Turkic ghazals.[226][227] In Persian ghazals he used his pen-name, while his Turkic ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu.[226]

Classical literature in Azerbaijani was formed in 14th century based on the various dialect Early Middle Ages dialects of Tabriz and Shirvan. Among the poets of this period were Gazi Burhanaddin, Haqiqi (pen-name of Jahan-shah Qara Qoyunlu), and Habibi.[228] The end of the 14th century was also the period of starting literary activity of Imadaddin Nesimi,[229] one of the greatest Turkic[230][231][232] Hurufi mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries[233] and one of the most prominent early Divan masters in Turkic literary history,[233] who also composed poetry in Persian[231][234] and Arabic.[233] The Divan and Ghazal styles were further developed by poets Qasim al-Anvar, Fuzuli and Khatai (pen-name of Safavid Shah Ismail I).

The Book of Dede Korkut consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century,[235] was not written earlier than the 15th century.[236][237] It is a collection of 12 stories reflecting the oral tradition of Oghuz nomads.[237] The 16th-century poet, Muhammed Fuzuli produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical Qazals in Arabic, Persian, and Azeri. Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment, and building upon the legacy of his predecessors, Fizuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society. His major works include The Divan of Ghazals and The Qasidas. In the same century, Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of Ashik (Template:Lang-az) poetic genre of bards. During the same period, under the pen-name of Khatāī (Template:Lang-ar for sinner) Shah Ismail I wrote about 1400 verses in Azeri,[238] which were later published as his Divan. A unique literary style known as qoshma (Template:Lang-az for improvization) was introduced in this period, and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor, Shah Tahmasp I.

In the span of the 17th and 18th centuries, Fizuli's unique genres as well Ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi of Tabriz, Shah Abbas Sani, Agha Mesih Shirvani, Nishat, Molla Vali Vidadi, Molla Panah Vagif, Amani, Zafar and others. Along with Turks, Turkmens and Uzbeks, Azeris also celebrate the Epic of Koroglu (from Template:Lang-az for blind man's son), a legendary folk hero.[239] Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan.[227]

Modern literature in Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly, while in Iran it is based on the Tabrizi one. The first newspaper in Azerbaijani, Akinchi was published in 1875. In the mid-19th century, it was taught in the schools of Baku, Ganja, Shaki, Tbilisi, and Yerevan. Since 1845, it has also been taught in the University of Saint Petersburg in Russia.

Folk art

Traditional Azerbaijani clothing and musical instruments.

Azerbaijanis have a rich and distinctive culture, a major part of which is decorative and applied art. This form of art is represented by a wide range of handicrafts, such as chasing, jeweler, engraving in metal, carving in wood, stone and bone, carpet-making, lasing, pattern weaving and printing, knitting and embroidery. Each of these types of decorative art, evidence of the and endowments of the Azerbaijan nation, is very much in favor here. Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants, travelers and diplomats who had visited these places at different times.

The Azerbaijani carpet is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes, with dense texture and a pile or pile-less surface, whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan's many carpet-making regions. In November 2010 the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage by UNESCO.[240][241]

Handwork coppery in Lahic.

Azerbaijan has been since the ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts. The archeological dig on the territory of Azerbaijan testifies to the well developed agriculture, stock raising, metal working, pottery, ceramics, and carpet-weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC. Archeological sites in Dashbulaq, Hasansu, Zayamchai, and Tovuzchai uncovered from the BTC pipeline have revealed early Iron Age artifacts.[242]

Azerbaijani carpets can be categorized under several large groups and a multitude of subgroups. Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of Latif Kerimov, a prominent scientist and artist. It was his classification that related the four large groups of carpets with the four geographical zones of Azerbaijan, Guba-Shirvan, Ganja-Kazakh, Karabakh and Tabriz.[243]

Cuisine

Dushbara, a traditional Azerbaijani meal.

The traditional cuisine is famous for an abundance of vegetables and greens used seasonally in the dishes. Fresh herbs, including mint, cilantro (coriander), dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leeks, chives, thyme, marjoram, green onion, and watercress, are very popular and often accompany main dishes on the table. Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes, which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea, local meat (mainly mutton and beef), and an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens. Saffron-rice plov is the flagship food in Azerbaijan and black tea is the national beverage.[244] Azerbaijanis often use traditional armudu (pear-shaped) glass as Azerbaijan have very strong tea culture.[245][246] Popular traditional dishes include bozbash (lamb soup that exists in several regional varieties with the addition of different vegetables), qutab (fried turnover with a filling of greens or minced meat) and dushbara (sort of dumplings of dough filled with ground meat and flavor).

Architecture

Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhchivan built in the 12th century

Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West.[247] Many ancient architectural treasures such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Walled City of Baku survive in modern Azerbaijan. Entries submitted on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list include the Ateshgah of Baku, Momine Khatun Mausoleum, Hirkan National Park, Binegadi National Park, Lökbatan Mud Volcano, Baku Stage Mountain, Caspian Shore Defensive Constructions, Shusha National Reserve, Ordubad National Reserve and the Palace of Shaki Khans.[248][249]

Among other architectural treasures are Quadrangular Castle in Mardakan, Parigala in Yukhary Chardaglar, a number of bridges spanning the Aras River, and several mausoleums. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, little monumental architecture was created, but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere. Among the most recent architectural monuments, the Baku subways are noted for their lavish decor.[250]

The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. Major projects such as Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center, Flame Towers, Baku Crystal Hall, Baku White City and SOCAR Tower have transformed the country's skyline and promotes its contemporary identity.[251][252]

Visual art

A miniature painting of a battle scene on the walls of the Palace of Shaki Khans, 18th century.

Azerbaijani art includes one of the oldest art objects in the world, which were discovered as Gamigaya Petroglyphs in the territory of Ordubad Rayon are dated back to the 1st to 4th centuries BC. About 1500 dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer, goats, bulls, dogs, snakes, birds, fantastic beings and also people, carriages and various symbols had been found out on basalt rocks.[253] Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl was convinced that people from the area went to Scandinavia in about 100 AD and took their boat building skills with them, and transmuted them into the Viking boats in Northern Europe.[254][255]

Over the centuries, Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes. Azerbaijani painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light, as exemplified in the works of Azim Azimzade and Bahruz Kangarli, and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs.[256] Azerbaijani painting enjoyed preeminence in Caucasus for hundreds of years, from the Romanesque and Ottoman periods, and through the Soviet and Baroque periods, the latter two of which saw fruition in Azerbaijan. Other notable artists who fall within these periods include Sattar Bahlulzade, Togrul Narimanbekov, Tahir Salahov, Alakbar Rezaguliyev, Mirza Gadim Iravani, Mikayil Abdullayev and Boyukagha Mirzazade.[257]

Cinematography

Scene from the Azerbaijani film "In oil and millions kingdom", 1916

The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898. In fact, Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography.[258] Therefore, it's not surprising that this apparatus soon showed up in Baku – at the start of the 20th century, this bay town on the Caspian was producing more than 50 percent of the world's supply of oil. Just like today, the oil industry attracted foreigners eager to invest and to work.[259] In 1919, during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, a documentary The Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence was filmed on Azerbaijan's independence day, 28 May, and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku.[260] After the Soviet power was established in 1920, Nariman Narimanov, Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan, signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan's cinema. This also influenced the creation of Azerbaijani animation.[260]

In 1991, after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union, the first Baku International Film Festival East-West was held in Baku. In December 2000, the former President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan. Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920. Once again, both choice of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker.[258]

There are three state-owned television channels: AzTV, Idman TV and Medeniyyet TV. One public channel and 6 private channels: İctimai Television, ANS TV, Space TV, Lider TV, Azad Azerbaijan TV, Xazar TV and Region TV.

Sports

Shakhriyar Mamedyarov was the 2013 World Rapid Chess and two-time European Team Chess champion.

Sport in Azerbaijan has ancient roots, and even now, both traditional and modern sports are still practiced. Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan's national sport, in which Azerbaijan won up to fourteen medals, including four golds since joining the National Olympic Committee. Currently, the most popular sports include football and chess.[261]

Football is the most popular sport in Azerbaijan, and the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan with 9,122 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country.[262][263] The national football team of Azerbaijan demonstrates relatively low performance in the international arena compared to the nation football clubs. The most successful Azerbaijani football clubs are Neftchi Baku, Inter Baku, Qarabağ, and Khazar Lankaran. In 2012, Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition, beating APOEL of Cyprus 4-2 on aggregate in the play-off round of the 2012-13 UEFA Europa League.[264][265] In 2014, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of UEFA Europa League. Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijan national futsal team reached fourth place in the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship, while domestic club Araz Naxçivan clinched bronze medals at the 2009–10 UEFA Futsal Cup and 2013–14 UEFA Futsal Cup.[266] Azerbaijan is the main sponsor of Spanish football club Atlético de Madrid, a partnership that the club describes should 'promote the image of Azerbaijan in the world'.[267]

Azerbaijan is one of the traditional powerhouses of world chess,[268] having hosted many international chess tournaments and competitions and became European Team Chess Championship winners in 2009 and 2013.[269][270][271] Notable chess players from country's chess schools that made a great impact on the game in world, includes Teimour Radjabov, Shahriyar Mammadyarov, Vladimir Makogonov, Vugar Gashimov and former World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. As of 2014, country's home of Shamkir Chess a category 22 event and one of the highest rated tournaments of all time.[272] Backgammon also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture.[273] The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public.[274] There are also different variations of backgammon developed and analyzed by Azerbaijani experts.[275]

File:The opening ceremony of the first European games 7.jpg
Baku Olympic Stadium was used for the first European Games in June 2015.

Azerbaijan is one of the leading volleyball countries in the world and its Azerbaijan Women's Volleyball Super League is one of strongest women leagues in world. Its women's national team came fourth at the 2005 European Championship.[276] Over the last years, clubs like Rabita Baku and Azerrail Baku achieved great success at European cups.[277] Azerbaijani volleyball players include likes of Valeriya Korotenko, Oksana Parkhomenko, Inessa Korkmaz, Natalya Mammadova and Alla Hasanova.

Azerbaijan has a Formula One race-track and country will be hosting its first Formula One Grand Prix in 2016.[278]

Other well-known Azerbaijani athletes are Namig Abdullayev, Toghrul Asgarov, Rovshan Bayramov, Sharif Sharifov, Mariya Stadnik and Farid Mansurov in wrestling, Elnur Mammadli, Elkhan Mammadov and Nazim Huseynov in judo, Rafael Aghayev in karate, Magomedrasul Majidov and Aghasi Mammadov in boxing, Nizami Pashayev in Olympic weightlifting, Azad Asgarov in pankration, Eduard Mammadov in kickboxing, and K-1 fighter Zabit Samedov.

Azerbaijan hosted several major sport competitions in last decade, including the 2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship, 2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, 2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships, 2010 European Wrestling Championships, 2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships, 2014 European Taekwondo Championships.[279] On 8 December 2012, Baku was selected to host the 2015 European Games, the first to be held in competition's history.[280] The most important annual sporting events held in the country are Baku Cup and Tour d'Azerbaïdjan cycling race.

See also

Template:Wikipedia books

References

  1. ^ azadlıq saytı: demoqrafik vəziyyət – xəbərin yayınlanma tarixi: 11 iyun 2015
  2. ^ a b c d "Azerbaijan". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  3. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  4. ^ "Human Development Index, 2012 Update". United Nations. 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  5. ^ While often politically aligned with Europe, Azerbaijan is generally considered to be at least mostly in Southwest Asia geographically with its northern part bisected by the standard Asia-Europe divide, the Greater Caucasus. The United Nations classification of world regions places Azerbaijan in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook places it mostly in Southwest Asia [1] and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary places it in both; NationalGeographic.com, and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia. Conversely, some sources place Azerbaijan in Europe such as Worldatlas.com.
  6. ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-231-07068-3, ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3 and Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN 1-86064-822-3, ISBN 978-1-86064-822-9.
  7. ^ E. Cornell, Svante (2006). The Politicization of Islam in Azerbaijan. Silk Road Paper. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–270.
  8. ^ a b c d Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press. pp. 69, 133. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3.
  9. ^ Pipes, Richard (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917–1923 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 218–220, 229. ISBN 978-0-674-30951-7.
  10. ^ King, David C. (2006). Azerbaijan. Marshall Cavendish. p. 27. ISBN 978-0761420118.
  11. ^ Zürcher, Christoph (2007). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0814797099.
  12. ^ Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года (in Russian). United Nations. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  13. ^ Резолюция СБ ООН № 853 от 29 июля 1993 года (in Russian). United Nations. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  14. ^ Резолюция СБ ООН № 874 14 октября 1993 года (in Russian). United Nations. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  15. ^ Резолюция СБ ООН № 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года (in Russian). United Nations. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  16. ^ a b c d "Azerbaijan: Membership of international groupings/organisations:". British Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Europa Publications Limited (1998). Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-5.
  18. ^ a b "Elections & Appointments – Human Rights Council". United Nations. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "The non-aligned engagement". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  20. ^ Cornell, Svante E. (2010). Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 165, 284. Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity, an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam.... The government, for its part, has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values... Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle.... Unlike Turkey, Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism... the conflict with Armenia has bred frustration that is increasingly being answered by a combined Islamic and nationalist sentiment, especially among younger people... All major political forces are committed to secularism and are based, if anything, on a nationalist agenda.
  21. ^ "Human Development Index and its components" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme.
  22. ^ "Interactive Infographic of the World's Best Countries". Newsweek. 15 August 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Literacy rate among schoolchildren in Azerbaijan is 100% – UN report – News.Az – Published 28 October 2011.
  24. ^ "Employment statistics in Azerbaijan". The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  25. ^ Azerbaijan and the 2013 presidential election UK Parliament briefing paper, 25 October 2013
  26. ^ Transparency International e.V. "2012 Corruption Perceptions Index -- Results". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  27. ^ "Introduction: Azerbaijan". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  28. ^ "Human Rights Watch: Azerbaijan". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  29. ^ "Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 2, section 15". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2015. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 9 (help)
  30. ^ Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 (reprint ed.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4.
  31. ^ Schippmann, Klaus (1989). Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History. Encyclopædia Iranica. pp. 221–224. ISBN 978-0-933273-95-5.
  32. ^ Minahan, James (1998). Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-313-30610-5.
  33. ^ Chamoux, François (2003). Hellenistic Civilization. John Wiley and Sons. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-631-22241-5.
  34. ^ Bosworth A.B., Baynham E.J. (2002). Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-925275-6.
  35. ^ a b Chaumont, M. L. (1987). "Atropates". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 3.1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Cite error: The named reference "Chaumont" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  36. ^ a b Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1999). Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3550-4.
  37. ^ Darmesteter, James (2004). "Frawardin Yasht". Avesta Khorda Avesta: Book Of Common Prayer (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-4191-0852-5.
  38. ^ a b c "Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 June 2006.
  39. ^ In dictionaries: F. Steingass: āẕar-bād-gān,āẕar-abād-gūn,āẕar, āẕur,ādar,bāygān,pāy. Dehkhoda: آذربایجان/Âzarbâyjân,آذربایگان/Âzarbâygân,آذربادگان/Âzarbâdegân,آذر/Âzar,آدر/Âdar,بایگان/Bâygân,بادگان/Bâdegân,-پای/pây-,گان-/-gân(جان-/-jân) Template:Fa icon
  40. ^ Azakov, Siyavush. "National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan" (PDF). Institute of Physics. Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
  41. ^ Chaumont, M. L. (1984). "Albania". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  42. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Azerbaijan. Chapter History
  43. ^ Maps and accompanying commentary in Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001: map 19 (Orontid Armenia, p. 33), map 20 (Empire of Tigranes the Great, p. 34, map 21 (Artaxiad Armenia, p. 35), map 27 (Arsakid Armenia, p. 45
  44. ^ A. E. Redgate. The Armenians. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. Maps 2.1, 7.2, 8.2
  45. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 102.
  46. ^ Robert H. Hewsen. Ethno-history and the Armenian influence upon the Caucasian Albanians. Classical Armenian culture: Influence and creativity, Scholars press, Philadelphia, 1982, p.33.
  47. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, map Caucasian Albania.
  48. ^ Robert H. Hewsen, "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians," in Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity, ed. Thomas J. Samuelian (Philadelphia: Scholars Press, 1982), p. 45
  49. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 32–33, map 19 (shows the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the Orontids' Kingdom of Armenia)
  50. ^ Моисей Хоренский. Армянская География VII в. Перевод Патканова К.П. СПб., 1877. стр. 40,17
  51. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Artsakh," in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983
  52. ^ Yarshater, E. (1987). "The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III/2.
  53. ^ Ludwig, Paul (1998). Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies. Vol. 1 (Nicholas Sims-Williams (ed.) ed.). Cambridge: Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 978-3-89500-070-6.
  54. ^ Roy, Olivier (2007). The new Central Asia: geopolitics and the birth of nations (reprint ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84511-552-4.
  55. ^ R. Ward, Steven (2009). Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.
  56. ^ Malcolm Wagstaff, John (1985). The evolution of middle eastern landscapes: an outline to A.D. 1840, Part 1840. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-389-20577-7.
  57. ^ L. Altstadt, Audrey (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Hoover Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8179-9182-1.
  58. ^ Akiner, Shirin (2004). The Caspian: politics, energy and security. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7007-0501-6.
  59. ^ "The Caspian". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  60. ^ "In Safavi times, Azerbaijan was applied to all the muslim-ruled khanates of the eastern Caucasian as well as to the area south of the Araz River as fas as the Qezel Uzan River, the latter region being approximately the same as the modern Iranian ostans of East and West Azerbaijan." Atkin, Muriel (1980). Russia and Iran, 1780–1828. University of Minnesota Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-8166-5697-4.
  61. ^ Bertsch, Gary Kenneth (2000). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Routledge. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-415-92273-9. Shusha became the capital of an independent "Azeri" khanate in 1752 (Azeri in the sense of Muslims who spoke a version of the Turkic language we call Azeri today)
  62. ^ Nafziger, E. Wayne; Stewart, Frances; Väyrynen, Raimo (2000). War, Hunger, and Displacement: Analysis. Oxford University press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-829739-0.
  63. ^ Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh (May 1997). "Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 29 (2): 210. doi:10.1017/s0020743800064473. In 1795, Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ambitions. Fearing for his independence, he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan, and Georgia.
  64. ^ Baddeley, John Frederick (1908). The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. Harvard University: Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7007-0634-1. Vasily Potto sums up Tsitsianoff's achievements and character as follows: "In the short time he passed there (in Transcaucasia) he managed to completely alter the map of the country. He found it composed of minutely divided, de facto independent Muhammadan States leaning upon Persia, namely, the khanates of Baku, Shirvan, Shekeen, Karabagh, Gandja, and Erivan" {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  65. ^ Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0. Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom. Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795, he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalry and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul-Qa'da/May, set off for Azarbaijan, intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura, formerly under Safavid control. This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh, with its capital at Shusha; Ganja, with its capital of the same name; Shirvan across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and to the north-west, on both banks of the Kura, Christian Georgia (Gurjistan), with its capital at Tiflis. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  66. ^ Encyclopedia of Soviet law By Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons, Page 457
  67. ^ King, Charles (2008). The ghost of freedom: a history of the Caucasus. University of Michigan. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-517775-6.
  68. ^ Ga ́bor A ́goston,Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing, 1 jan. 2009 ISBN 1438110251 p 125
  69. ^ Multiple Authors. "Caucasus and Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  70. ^ Swietochowski, Tadeusz (2004). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8.
  71. ^ a b Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond pp 728-729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1598849484
  72. ^ L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-89774-940-4.
  73. ^ E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan (2000). Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7425-0063-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. ^ Andreeva, Elena (2010). Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-415-78153-4.
  75. ^ Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000). The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-975-6782-18-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-465-04576-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ Семенов Ю.И. "Национальная политика в императорской России. Цивилизованные окраины (Финляндия, Польша, Прибалтика, Бессарабия, Украина, Закавказье, Средняя Азия)" (in Russian). Российская Академия наук Центр по изучению межнациональных отношений Координационно-методический центр Института этнологии и антропологии имени Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  78. ^ Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003 Taylor and Francis, 2003. ISBN 1857431375 p 104
  79. ^ Russia and a Divided Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, by Tadeusz Świętochowski, Columbia University Press, 1995, p. 66
  80. ^ Smith, Michael (April 2001). "Anatomy of Rumor: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917–1920". Journal of Contemporary History. 36 (2): 228. doi:10.1177/002200940103600202. The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus
  81. ^ Minahan, James B. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. p. 22. ISBN 0-313-30610-9. The tensions and fighting between the Azeris and the Armenians in the federation culminated in the massacre of some 12,000 Azeris in Baku by radical Armenians and Bolshevik troops in March 1918
  82. ^ Michael Smith. "Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory". Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States) (in Russian). Sakharov Center. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  83. ^ a b c Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951). The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917–1921. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–270. ISBN 978-0-8305-0076-5.
  84. ^ Schulze, Reinhard. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN 978-1-86064-822-9.
  85. ^ Горянин, Александр (28 August 2003). Очень черное золото (in Russian). GlobalRus. Archived from the original on 6 September 2003. Retrieved 28 August 2003. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  86. ^ Горянин, Александр. История города Баку. Часть 3. (in Russian). Window2Baku.
  87. ^ Pope, Hugh (2006). Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world. New York: The Overlook Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-58567-804-4.
  88. ^ "Azerbaijan celebrates day of victory over fascism". "Contact.az". 9 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  89. ^ "Victory over Nazis 'was impossible without Baku oil'". "AzerNEWS". 8 May 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  90. ^ Michael P., Croissant (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications. United States of America: Praeger Publishers. pp. 36, 37. ISBN 0-275-96241-5.
  91. ^ "Human Rights Watch. "Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights"". "Human Rights Watch".
  92. ^ a b "Milli Məclisin tarixi. Azərbaycan SSR Ali Soveti (1920–1991-ci illər)". Retrieved 1 December 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  93. ^ Full text of the Bishkek Protocol with signatures of representatives of Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Armenia. http://peacemaker.un.org/armeniaazerbaijan-bishkekprotocol94
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h "Azerbaijan". World Factbook. CIA. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  95. ^ Thomas De Waal. Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press, p. 286. ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9.
  96. ^ "Massacre by Armenians Being Reported". New York Times. 3 March 1992. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  97. ^ Smolowe, Jill (16 March 1992). "TIME Magazine – Tragedy Massacre in Khojaly". Time.com. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  98. ^ A Conflict That Can Be Resolved in Time: Nagorno-Karabakh. International Herald Tribune. 29 November 2003.
  99. ^ "General Assembly adopts resolution reaffirming territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, demanding withdrawal of all Armenian forces". United Nations General Assembly. 14 March 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  100. ^ Southern Caucasus: Facing Integration Problems, Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life. EurasiaNet.org. 30 August 2003.
  101. ^ "Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic". The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).
  102. ^ "Azerbaijan: Rise to power". Encyclopedia of the Nations. 3 October 1993. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  103. ^ "Timeline: Azerbaijan A chronology of key events:". BBC. 31 March 2011.
  104. ^ "Azeri rights activist says 35 imprisoned special police unit members very sick". BBC Archive. 2 June 2000. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  105. ^ Efron, Sonni (18 March 1995). "Azerbaijan Coup Attempt Crushed Caucasus: Loyal forces storm a building and overcome mutinous police units, president reports". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  106. ^ Mulvey, Stephen (14 October 2003). "Aliyev and son keep it in the family". "BBC". Retrieved 14 October 2003.
  107. ^ "Azerbaijan's Geidar Aliev dies at 80". "ChinaDaily". 16 December 2003. Archived from the original on 17 December 2003. Retrieved 13 December 2003. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  108. ^ "Nov 2013 – Action against opposition". Keesing's Record of World Events. November 2013. p. 53026.
  109. ^ a b c "Geographical data". The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  110. ^ a b c d e "Azerbaijan: Biodiversity". Central Asia and Caucasus Institute. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  111. ^ "Azerbaijan's mud volcanoes on Seven Wonders of Nature shortlist". News.Az. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  112. ^ "Ecological problems in Azerbaijan". Enrin.grida.no. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  113. ^ "Orography of Azerbaijan". United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  114. ^ a b "Azerbaijan – Climate". Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  115. ^ a b c d "Climate". Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic. Institute of Hydrometeorology, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  116. ^ "Azerbaijan: Geography". Central Asia and Caucasus Institute.
  117. ^ "The Karabakh Horse". Karabakh Foundation.
  118. ^ "Azerbaijan – Flora". Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  119. ^ "Monitors criticize Azeri elections". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  120. ^ "Azerbaijan – Freedom House". FreedomHouse.org. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  121. ^ "Combined Average Ratings: Independent Countries 2009". FreedomHouse.org. 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  122. ^ "Jailed without trial in Azerbaijan," The Washington Post. March 1, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  123. ^ "No, this is the truth about Azerbaijan’s repression." The Washington Post. September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  124. ^ DISGRACED AZERBAIJAN AND THE END OF ELECTION MONITORING AS WE KNOW IT
  125. ^ Jamie Doward. "Plush hotels and caviar diplomacy: how Azerbaijan's elite wooed MPs". the Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  126. ^ "Europe's caviar diplomacy with Azerbaijan must end". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  127. ^ "Baku Smooths Over Its Rights Record With A Thick Layer Of Caviar". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  128. ^ a b "Azerbaijan – Foreign Relations". Country Studies. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
  129. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
  130. ^ Lenk, Arthur (7 March 2007). "15th Anniversary of Israel-Azebraijan Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  131. ^ Kardas, Saban. "Turkey Develops Special Relationship with Azerbaijan". Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  132. ^ Katik, Mevlut. "Azerbaijan and Turkey Coordinate Nagorno-Karabakh Negotiation Position". EurasiaNet. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  133. ^ a b c d "National Security Concept of the Republic of Azerbaijan" (PDF). United Nations. 23 May 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
  134. ^ Selim Özertem, Hasan. "Independence of Kosovo and the Nagorno-Karabakh Issue". TurkishWeekly. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
  135. ^ "Armenia opposes Turkish-Azeri railway". ISN Zürich. Retrieved 3 July 2006.
  136. ^ "The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Administrative and territorial units of Azerbaijan Republic". Azstat.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  137. ^ Azerbaijan: Short History of Statehood, Embassy of Republic of Azerbaijan in Pakistan, 2005, Chapter 3.
  138. ^ Creation of National Army in 1918 Template:Ru icon.
  139. ^ Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Armed Forces, No. 210-XII, 9 October 1991 Template:Ru icon.
  140. ^ Azerbaijan's Army Day (26 June) declared by Presidential Decree of 22 May 1998.
  141. ^ C. W. Blandy Azerbaijan: Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option? Advanced Research and Assessment Group. Caucasus Series 08/17. – Defense Academy of the United Kingdom, 2008, p.12
  142. ^ Выступление Президента Азербайджанской Республики, Верховного Главнокомандующего Гейдара Алиева на церемонии, посвященной 5-й годовщине образования Национальной гвардии – Штаб Национальной гвардии Азербайджана (in Russian). Heydar Aliyev Heritage Research Center. 25 December 1996.
  143. ^ Abbasov, Shahin. "Azerbaijan: Baku Can Leapfrog over Ukraine, Georgia for NATO Membership". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  144. ^ a b Владимир Мухин (24 January 2011). "Карабахский детонатор на взводе – В Баку и Ереване все четче звучит воинственная риторика". Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  145. ^ "Russia's neighbors are preparing for war (CIS countries and Georgia has surprised the world of increasing military expenditures)". Gruzianews.ru. 22 February 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  146. ^ "AFP: Azerbaijan warns Armenia with show of military might". Google.com. 26 June 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  147. ^ Eastern approaches Ex-communist Europe (3 October 2013). "The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A festering sore". The Economist. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  148. ^ "Baku says Armenian president still hypocrite before world community". News.Az. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  149. ^ "Azerbaijan to start manufacturing arms, military hardware in 2008". BBC Monitoring Service. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  150. ^ "Azerbaijan to produce tanks, aviation bombs and pilotless vehicles in 2009". panarmenian. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  151. ^ "Uzeir Jafarov: "Azerbaijan will be unable to produce competitive military technique in the next five years"". Today.Az. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  152. ^ "President Ilham Aliyev attends the openings of several defense-related facilities". Today.Az. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  153. ^ a b "Azerbaijan – General Information". Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  154. ^ a b "Azerbaijan's Q1 inflation rate 16.6%, National Bank Chief says". Today.Az. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
  155. ^ Mehdizade, Sevinj. "Azerbaijan's New Manats: Design and Transition to a New Currency". Azerbaijan International.
  156. ^ Ismayilov, Rovshan. "Azerbaijan's Manat Makeover: Good Times Ahead?". EurasiaNet. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  157. ^ "Top 10 reformers from Doing Business 2009". World Bank Group. Doing Business. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  158. ^ "World Economic Forum – The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  159. ^ Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09454.pdf
  160. ^ a b "Azerbaijan – General Information". Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  161. ^ "Azerbaijan: Economy". globalEDGE. Retrieved 29 May 2007. [dead link]
  162. ^ "SOCAR plans to completed full gasification of Azerbaijan only by 2021". Azerbaijan Business Center. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
  163. ^ a b "Natural resources". The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  164. ^ "Azerbaijan: Status of Database". Central Asia and Caucasus Institute. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
  165. ^ "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Azerbaijan". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  166. ^ "Azerbaijan: Transportation". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  167. ^ "Industry" (PDF). Statistical Yearbook of Azerbaijan 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  168. ^ "Rapid Tourism Assessment for the Azerbaijan Tourism Sector Development Program – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)". Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  169. ^ Azərbaycan Qarabağın turizm imkanlarını təbliğ edir Template:Az icon
  170. ^ Ismayilov, Rovshan. "Azerbaijan: Baku Boom Has Yet to Hit Regions". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  171. ^ "Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan: Goals". Tourism.az. 6 February 2004. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  172. ^ Ziyadov, Taleh. "The New Silk Roads" (PDF). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program.
  173. ^ Zeyno Baran (2005). "The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Turkey" (PDF). The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program: 103–118. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  174. ^ "SCP Commissioning Commences" (Press release). BP. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
  175. ^ "List of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Road Traffic" (PDF). UN Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  176. ^ "Azerbaijan aims for hi-tech state". Euronews. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  177. ^ "Azerbaijan is in TOP 10 of countries showing dynamic growth in Internet and mobile communications penetration". bakutel.az. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  178. ^ CIA.gov, CIA World Factbook Telephones – main lines in use, Azerbaijan 1,397,000 main lines
  179. ^ CIA.gov, CIA World Factbook Internet users, Azerbaijan Internet users: 1,485,000.
  180. ^ "Azerbaijani scientist invents earthquake-resistant building". News.Az. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  181. ^ "International Station for the Forecasting of Earthquakes Atropatena-AZ3, Baku, Azerbaijan". Global Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes.
  182. ^ Азербайджанский ученый изобрел метод оповещения о землетрясении (in Russian). BlackSea News. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  183. ^ "Arianespace signs deal to launch Azerbaijani satellite". News.Az. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  184. ^ "Azerbaijan signs deal with Arianespace to launch satellite". Space Travel. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  185. ^ "Orbital Contracted to Build Azerbaijan's First Satellite". SatelliteToday. 28 November 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  186. ^ "Baku developing satellite to kick off national space program". Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  187. ^ "Meeting held to coordinate orbital slots for Azersat". News.Az. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  188. ^ "Азербайджан рассчитывает запустить спутник связи AzerSat" (in Russian). ComNews. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  189. ^ The State Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic, The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 census.
  190. ^ a b "Population". Azerbaijan Gender Information Center. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
  191. ^ "Xaricdəki təşkilatlar" (in Azerbaijani). State Committee on Work with Diaspora. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
  192. ^ a b c d e "Ethnic minorities". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 17 April 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
  193. ^ CIA – The World Factbook. CIA.gov "Iran".
  194. ^ "Demoqrafik göstəricilər". Gender.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  195. ^ "Ethnologue report for Azerbaijan". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  196. ^ a b c d e f g h "Endangered languages in Europe and North Asia". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  197. ^ Clifton, John M., editor. 2002 (vol 1.), 2003 (vol. 2). Studies in languages of Azerbaijan. Baku, Azerbaijan and Saint Petersburg, Russia: Institute of International Relations, Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and North Eurasian Group, SIL International.
  198. ^ Sharifov, Azad. "Legend of the Bibi-Heybat Mosque". Azerbaijan International. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  199. ^ "Mapping The Global Muslim Population" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  200. ^ Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion
  201. ^ Juan Eduardo Campo,Encyclopedia of Islam, p.625
  202. ^ GALLUP – What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common – data accessed on 19 August 2014
  203. ^ "Global Christianity". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  204. ^ "Catholic Church in Azerbaijan". Catholic-Hierarchy. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  205. ^ a b Corley, Felix (9 March 2002). "Azerbaijan: 125 religious groups re-registered". Keston News Service. Retrieved 9 April 2002.
  206. ^ http://www.ipchurch.org.uk/our-churches/
  207. ^ "5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity" (in Russian). Day.az. 7 July 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  208. ^ "Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan" (in Azerbaijani). Tehran Radio. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  209. ^ http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/192997.pdf
  210. ^ a b "Azerbaijan: A Country Study, Education, Health, and Welfare". Country Studies.
  211. ^ "Human Development Report 2009" (PDF). United Nations Development Program 2009. Retrieved 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  212. ^ "Education in Azerbaijan, The Challenges of Transition". Azerbaijan International. Retrieved Winter 1996. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  213. ^ Waters, Zena. "What exactly is Novruz Bayram". Azerbaijan Today. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  214. ^ David C. King. Azerbaijan, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, p. 94
  215. ^ a b Энциклопедический музыкальный словарь, 2-е изд., Москва, 1966 (Encyclopedical Music Dictionary (1966), 2nd ed., Moscow)
  216. ^ "The Azerbaijan musical instruments". Atlas.musigi-dunya.az. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
  217. ^ During, Jean (2001). "Azerbaijan". The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-23111-1.
  218. ^ Duncan, Ishhad. "The Baku Jazz Festival: Reviving a Tradition in Azerbaijan". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 8 May 2005. Retrieved 27 April 2005. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  219. ^ "ashik,shaman"European University Institute, Florence, Italy (retrieved10 August 2006).
  220. ^ "Azerbaijan's ashug art included into UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage". Today.Az. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  221. ^ Hutcheon, David (19 September 2008). "Alim Qasimov: the living legend you've never heard of". The Times. London. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
  222. ^ Augstein, Frank. "Azerbaijan duo upset favorites Ireland for first-time win at 2011 Eurovision Song Contest". Daily Journal. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  223. ^ "Azerbaijan wins the Eurovision Song Contest". BBC. 14 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  224. ^ Lusher, Adam (15 May 2011). "Azerbaijan wins Eurovision Song Contest". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  225. ^ Azerbaijan. Cultural life. Encyclopædia Britannica.
  226. ^ a b Beale, Thomas William; Keene Henry George (1894). An Oriental Biographical Dictionary. W.H.Allen. p. 311.
  227. ^ a b A.Caferoglu, "Adhari(azeri)",in Encyclopedia of Islam, (new edition), Vol. 1, (Leiden, 1986)
  228. ^ Tyrrell, Maliheh S. (2001). Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period, 1920–1990. Lexington Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7391-0169-8.
  229. ^ Průšek, Jaroslav (1974). Dictionary of Oriental Literatures. Basic Books. p. 138. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  230. ^ Baldick, Julian (2000). Mystical Islam: An Introduction to Sufism. I. B. Tauris. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-86064-631-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  231. ^ a b Burrill, Kathleen R.F. (1972). The Quatrains of Nesimi Fourteenth-Century Turkic Hurufi. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. ISBN 978-90-279-2328-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  232. ^ Lambton, Ann K. S.; Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lewis, Bernard (1970). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 689. ISBN 978-0-521-29138-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  233. ^ a b c "Seyid Imadeddin Nesimi". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  234. ^ Babinger, Franz (2008). "Nesīmī, Seyyid ʿImād al-Dīn". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
  235. ^ Michael E. Meeker, "The Dede Korkut Ethic", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Aug. 1992), 395–417. excerpt: The Book of Dede Korkut is an early record of oral Turkic folktales in Anatolia, and as such, one of the mythic charters of Turkish nationalist ideology. The oldest versions of the Book of Dede Korkut consist of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century. The twelve stories that are recorded in these manuscripts are believed to be derived from a cycle of stories and songs circulating among Turkic peoples living in northeastern Anatolia and northwestern Azerbaijan. According to Lewis (1974), an older substratum of these oral traditions dates to conflicts between the ancient Oghuz and their Turkish rivals in Central Asia (the Pecheneks and the Kipchaks), but this substratum has been clothed in references to the 14th-century campaigns of the Akkoyunlu Confederation of Turkic tribes against the Georgians, the Abkhaz, and the Greeks in Trebizond. Such stories and songs would have emerged no earlier than the beginning of the 13th century, and the written versions that have reached us would have been composed no later than the beginning of the 15th century. By this time, the Turkic peoples in question had been in touch with Islamic civilization for several centuries, had come to call themselves "Turcoman" rather than "Oghuz," had close associations with sedentary and urbanized societies, and were participating in Islamized regimes that included nomads, farmers, and townsmen. Some had abandoned their nomadic way of life altogether.
  236. ^ Cemal Kafadar(1995), "in Between Two Worlds: Construction of the Ottoman states", University of California Press, 1995. Excerpt: "It was not earlier than the fifteenth century. Based on the fact that the author is buttering up both the Akkoyunlu and Ottoman rulers, it has been suggested that the composition belongs to someone living in the undefined border region lands between the two states during the reign of Uzun Hassan (1466–78). G. Lewis on the hand dates the composition "fairly early in the 15th century at least."
  237. ^ a b İlker Evrım Bınbaş,Encyclopædia Iranica, "Oguz Khan Narratives" Encyclopædia Iranica | Articles. Retrieved October 2010. "The Ketāb-e Dede Qorqut, which is a collection of twelve stories reflecting the oral traditions of the Turkmens in the 15th-century eastern Anatolia, is also called Oḡuz-nāma"
  238. ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1942). "The Poetry of Shah Ismail". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 10 (4): 1053. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090182.
  239. ^ Samuel, Geoffrey; Gregor, Hamish; Stutchbury, Elisabeth (1994). Tantra and Popular Religion in Tibet. International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan. p. 60. ISBN 978-81-85689-68-5.
  240. ^ "The traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan". Unesco.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  241. ^ "Azerbaijani carpet entered UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage". Azerbaijan Press Agency. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  242. ^ "Ancient Heritage of the BTC – SCP Pipeline Corridor". Smithsonian. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  243. ^ "Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura". UNESCO.
  244. ^ Akhmedov, IA. Азербайджанская кухня (in Russian). Издательство "Ишыг".
  245. ^ "Chaihana: culture in action". Aze.info. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  246. ^ The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Audrey L. Altstadt. Books.google.com. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  247. ^ Khanlou, Pirouz. "Baku's Architecture A Fusion of East and West". Azerbaijan International. Retrieved Winter 1994. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  248. ^ "Azerbaijan Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List". UNESCO.
  249. ^ "World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan". World Heritage Site.
  250. ^ "Over 70 underground stations to be built in Baku". News.Az. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  251. ^ 1 February 2012 Jon Walton (1 February 2012). "$100 Billion Khazar Islands Taking Shape". Construction Digital. Retrieved 25 March 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  252. ^ Glass, Nick. "Flame Towers light up Baku's historic skyline". CNN. CNN.com. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  253. ^ Наскальные рисунки Гямигая
  254. ^ "ORNAMENTS COMING FROM GOBUSTAN". Diva International.
  255. ^ "Gobustan Rock Art". www.worldheritagesite.org. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  256. ^ "Azerbaijani Artists". http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/. Retrieved 11 October 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  257. ^ "Steps of Time & Art is not only ugly". universes-in-universe.org. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  258. ^ a b "Cinema in Azerbaijan: Pre-Soviet Era". "Azerbaijan International". Autumn 1997. Retrieved Autumn 1997. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  259. ^ Celebrating 100 Years in Film, not 80 by Aydin Kazimzade. Azerbaijan International, Autumn 1997
  260. ^ a b "Azerbaijani cinema in 1920–1935: Silent films". OCAZ.eu.
  261. ^ "Sport". Expatwoman.com. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  262. ^ "Azərbaycanda nə qədər futbolçu var?". news.milli.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  263. ^ "Football in Azerbaijan". www.fifa.com. FIFA. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  264. ^ "Нефтчи" стал первым азербайджанским футбольным клубом, вышедшим в групповой этап еврокубков – ФОТО. 1news.az (in Russian). Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  265. ^ ЦСКА вылетел из еврокубков. UEFA (in Russian). uefa.com. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  266. ^ "Araz clinch third place on penalties". UEFA. 25 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010. [dead link]
  267. ^ "Azerbaijan: Official Atlético sponsor". Club Atlético de Madrid. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  268. ^ "Chess with Luke McShane". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  269. ^ "Azerbaijan's chess team became European champion". Today.Az. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  270. ^ "Azerbaijan, Russia take gold at the European Team Chess Championship". Chessdom. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  271. ^ "World Chess Champion: Zeynab Mammadyarova". Azerbaijan International. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  272. ^ "Carlsen beats Nakamura for perfect 2/2 start in the Gashimov Memorial". www.theweekinchess.com. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  273. ^ История нард (in Russian). 1-Kalyan. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
  274. ^ Нарды – игра, требующая сноровки и удачи Template:Ru icon
  275. ^ История Нард (in Russian). Nards.
  276. ^ "More than just Mammadova: Azerbaijan's ladies cause World Championship upset". www.fivb.org. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  277. ^ "Vakıfbank women achieve historic success, winning intercontinental volleyball trophy". www.hurriyetdailynews.com. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  278. ^ Sylt, Christian. "F1 Will Race in Azerbaijan in 2016 Says Ecclestone". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  279. ^ "Azerbaijan is a country known for its love of sport and sportsmanship". www.baku2015.com. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  280. ^ "Baku 2015 heralds new era in European sports movement". www.washingtontimes.com. The Washington Times. Retrieved 27 January 2014.

Further reading

  • Olukbasi, Suha. Azerbaijan: A Political History. I.B. Tauris (2011). Focus on post-Soviet era.
  • de Waal, Thomas. Black Garden. NYU (2003). ISBN 0-8147-1945-7
  • Goltz, Thomas. Azerbaijan Diary : A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic. M E Sharpe (1998). ISBN 0-7656-0244-X
Listen to this article
(2 parts, 3 minutes)
Spoken Wikipedia icon
These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated
Error: no date provided
, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
General information
Major government resources
Major news media
Tourism

40°18′N 47°42′E / 40.3°N 47.7°E / 40.3; 47.7