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'''''Pleurotus eryngii''''' (also known as '''king trumpet mushroom''', '''French horn mushroom''', '''king oyster mushroom''', '''king brown mushroom''', '''boletus of the steppes''', '''trumpet royale''') is an edible mushroom native to [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also [[fungiculture|grown]] in many parts of Asia.<ref name=iprime/>
'''''Pleurotus eryngii''''' (also known as '''king trumpet mushroom''', '''French horn mushroom''', '''king oyster mushroom''', '''king brown mushroom''', '''boletus of the steppes''',{{#tag:ref|The name "boletus of the steppes" is misleading as ''Pleurotus eryngii'' is a gilled mushroom in order [[Agaricales]] and ''Boletus'' is a genus of mushrooms with pores rather than gills in order [[Boletales]].|group=Note}} '''trumpet royale''') is an edible mushroom native to [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also [[fungiculture|grown]] in many parts of Asia.<ref name=iprime/>


==Description==
==Description==
''P. eryngii'' is the largest species in the [[oyster mushroom]] genus, ''[[Pleurotus]]'', which also contains the oyster mushroom ''[[Pleurotus ostreatus]]''. It has a thick, meaty white stem and a small tan cap (in young specimens). Its natural range extends from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] through the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and [[Central Europe]] into [[Western Asia]] and [[India]].<ref name=zerv01/> Unlike other species of ''Pleurotus'', which are [[wood-decay fungus|wood-decay fungi]], the ''P. eryngii'' complex are weak [[parasite]]s on the roots of [[herbaceous plant]]s, although they may also be [[fungiculture|cultured]] on organic wastes.<ref name=mushnews/><ref name=zerv01/>
''P. eryngii'' is the largest species in the oyster mushroom genus, ''[[Pleurotus]]'', which also contains the oyster mushroom ''[[Pleurotus ostreatus]]''. It has a thick, meaty white stem and a small tan cap (in young specimens). Its natural range extends from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] through the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and [[Central Europe]] into [[Western Asia]] and [[India]].<ref name=zerv01/> Unlike other species of ''Pleurotus'', which are [[wood-decay fungus|wood-decay fungi]], the ''P. eryngii'' complex are weak [[parasite]]s on the roots of [[herbaceous plant]]s, although they may also be [[fungiculture|cultured]] on organic wastes.<ref name=mushnews/><ref name=zerv01/>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Its species name is derived from the fact that it grows in association with the roots of ''[[Eryngium campestre]]'' or other ''[[Eryngium]]'' plants (English names: 'Sea Holly' or 'Eryngo'). ''P. eryngii'' is a [[species complex]], and a number of [[variety (botany)|varieties]] have been described, with differing plant associates in the carrot family ([[Apiaceae]]).
Its species name is derived from the fact that it grows in association with the roots of ''[[Eryngium campestre]]'' or other ''[[Eryngium]]'' plants (English names: 'Sea Holly' or 'Eryngo'). ''P. eryngii'' is a [[species complex]], and a number of [[variety (botany)|varieties]] have been described, with differing plant associates in the carrot family ([[Apiaceae]]).
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''eryngii'' <small>(DC.) Quél 1872</small> - associated with ''Eryngium'' ssp.
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''eryngii'' <small>(DC.) Quél 1872</small> – associated with ''Eryngium'' ssp.
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''ferulae'' <small>(Lanzi) Sacc. 1887</small> - associated with ''[[Ferula communis]]''<ref name=israel/>
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''ferulae'' <small>(Lanzi) Sacc. 1887</small> – associated with ''[[Ferula communis]]''<ref name=israel/>
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''tingitanus'' <small>Lewinsohn 2002</small> - associated with ''[[Ferula tingitana]]''<ref name=israel/>
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''tingitanus'' <small>Lewinsohn 2002</small> – associated with ''[[Ferula tingitana]]''<ref name=israel/>
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''elaeoselini'' <small>Venturella, Zervakis & La Rocca 2000</small> - associated with ''[[Elaeoselinum asclepium]]''<ref name=vent00/><ref name=estrada10/>
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''elaeoselini'' <small>Venturella, Zervakis & La Rocca 2000</small> – associated with ''[[Elaeoselinum asclepium]]''<ref name=vent00/><ref name=estrada10/>
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''thapsiae'' <small>Venturella, Zervakis & Saitta 2002</small> - associated with ''[[Thapsia garganica]]''<ref name=vent02/>
* ''P. eryngii'' var. ''thapsiae'' <small>Venturella, Zervakis & Saitta 2002</small> – associated with ''[[Thapsia garganica]]''<ref name=vent02/>
Other specimens of ''P. eryngii'' have been reported in association with plants in the genera ''[[Ferulago]]'', ''[[Cachrys]]'', ''[[Laserpitium]]'', and ''[[Diplotaenia]]''.<ref name=zerv01/>
Other specimens of ''P. eryngii'' have been reported in association with plants in the genera ''[[Ferulago]]'', ''[[Cachrys]]'', ''[[Laserpitium]]'', and ''[[Diplotaenia]]''.<ref name=zerv01/>


Molecular studies have shown ''[[Pleurotus nebrodensis]]'' to be closely related to, but distinct from, ''P. eryngii''.<ref name=zerv01/> ''[[Pleurotus fossulatus]]'' may be another closely related species.<ref name=zerv01/>
Molecular studies have shown ''[[Pleurotus nebrodensis]]'' to be closely related to, but distinct from, ''P. eryngii''.<ref name=zerv01/> ''[[Pleurotus fossulatus]]'' may be another closely related species.<ref name=zerv01/>


==Uses==
==Uses==
The mushroom has a good shelf life. An effective cultivation method was introduced to Japan around 1993<!--When was it first introduced to Japanese cuisine?--> and has become popular there in a variety of dishes,<ref name=kippo/> and is now cultivated and sold commercially in [[Australia]]. Imported product is also commercially available in Australia and South Africa. It is also cultivated in Taiwan, China, South Korea, Italy, and the United States.<ref name=mushnews/> It has little flavor or aroma when raw. When cooked, it develops typical mushroom [[umami]] flavors with a texture similar to that of [[abalone]].
The mushroom has a good shelf life. An effective cultivation method was introduced to Japan around 1993<!--When was it first introduced to Japanese cuisine?--> and has become popular there in a variety of dishes,<ref name=kippo/> and is now cultivated and sold commercially in [[Australia]]. Imported product is also commercially available in Australia and South Africa. It is also cultivated in Taiwan, China, South Korea, Italy, and the United States.<ref name=mushnews/> It has little flavor or aroma when raw. When cooked, it develops typical mushroom [[umami]] flavors with a texture similar to that of [[abalone]].


''Pleurotus eryngii'' may naturally contain chemicals that stimulate the immune system.<ref name="pmid = 18577373"/> Dietary intake of ''Pleurotus eryngii'' may function as natural cholesterol lowering dietary agent.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Dietary effect of Pleurotus eryngii on biochemical function and histology in hypercholesterolemic rats|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23961153|journal = Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences|date = Oct 2011|issn = 1319-562X|pmc = 3730794|pmid = 23961153|pages = 403-409|volume = 18|issue = 4|doi = 10.1016/j.sjbs.2011.07.001|first = Nuhu|last = Alam|first2 = Ki Nam|last2 = Yoon|first3 = Jae Seong|last3 = Lee|first4 = Hae Jin|last4 = Cho|first5 = Mi Ja|last5 = Shim|first6 = Tae Soo|last6 = Lee}}</ref>
''Pleurotus eryngii'' may naturally contain chemicals that stimulate the immune system.<ref name="pmid = 18577373"/> Dietary intake of ''Pleurotus eryngii'' may function as natural cholesterol lowering dietary agent.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Dietary effect of Pleurotus eryngii on biochemical function and histology in hypercholesterolemic rats|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23961153|journal = Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences|date = Oct 2011|issn = 1319-562X|pmc = 3730794|pmid = 23961153|pages = 403-409|volume = 18|issue = 4|doi = 10.1016/j.sjbs.2011.07.001|first = Nuhu|last = Alam|first2 = Ki Nam|last2 = Yoon|first3 = Jae Seong|last3 = Lee|first4 = Hae Jin|last4 = Cho|first5 = Mi Ja|last5 = Shim|first6 = Tae Soo|last6 = Lee}}</ref>
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*[[Medicinal fungi]]
*[[Medicinal fungi]]
*[[List of Pleurotus species|List of ''Pleurotus'' species]]
*[[List of Pleurotus species|List of ''Pleurotus'' species]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}


==References==
==References==
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<ref name=estrada10>{{cite journal| journal=Fungal Biology| volume=114| issue=5-6|date=May–June 2010| pages=421–428| doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.003| title=''Pleurotus eryngii'' species complex: Sequence analysis and phylogeny based on partial EF1α and RPB2 genes| authors=Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada, Maria del Mar Jimenez-Gasco and Daniel J. Royse| pmid=20943152}}</ref>
<ref name=estrada10>{{cite journal| journal=Fungal Biology| volume=114| issue=5-6|date=May–June 2010| pages=421–428| doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.003| title=''Pleurotus eryngii'' species complex: Sequence analysis and phylogeny based on partial EF1α and RPB2 genes| authors=Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada, Maria del Mar Jimenez-Gasco and Daniel J. Royse| pmid=20943152}}</ref>


<ref name="pmid = 18577373">{{citation | author = Nozaki H, Itonori S, Sugita M, Nakamura K, Ohba K, Suzuki A, Kushi Y. | title = Mushroom acidic glycosphingolipid induction of cytokine secretion from murine T cells and proliferation of NK1.1 alpha/beta TCR-double positive cells in vitro | journal =Biochem Biophys Res Commun. | volume = 373 | issue = 3 | pages = 435–9 |date=Aug 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.047 | pmid = 18577373}}</ref>
<ref name="pmid = 18577373">{{citation | author = Nozaki H, Itonori S, Sugita M, Nakamura K, Ohba K, Suzuki A, Kushi Y. | title = Mushroom acidic glycosphingolipid induction of cytokine secretion from murine T cells and proliferation of NK1.1 alpha/beta TCR-double positive cells in vitro | journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 373 | issue = 3 | pages = 435–9 |date=Aug 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.047 | pmid = 18577373}}</ref>


<ref name=israel>{{cite journal| title=The ''Pleurotus eryngii'' species-complex in Israel: Distribution and morphological description of a New Taxon| authors=Lewinsohn, D.; Wasser, S.P.; Reshetnikov, S.V.; Hadar, Y.; Nevo, E.| year=2002| volume=81| pages=51–67| journal=Mycotaxon}}</ref>
<ref name=israel>{{cite journal| title=The ''Pleurotus eryngii'' species-complex in Israel: Distribution and morphological description of a New Taxon| authors=Lewinsohn, D.; Wasser, S. P.; Reshetnikov, S. V.; Hadar, Y.; Nevo, E.| year=2002| volume=81| pages=51–67| journal=Mycotaxon}}</ref>


<ref name=vent00>{{cite journal| authors=Venturella, G.; Zervakis, G.; La Rocca, S.| title=''Pleurotus eryngii'' var. ''elaeoselini'' var. nov. from Sicily| journal=Mycotaxon| volume=76| pages=419–427| year=2000 |url=http://www.mycotaxon.com/vol/abstracts/76/76.419.html}}</ref>
<ref name=vent00>{{cite journal| authors=Venturella, G.; Zervakis, G.; La Rocca, S.| title=''Pleurotus eryngii'' var. ''elaeoselini'' var. nov. from Sicily| journal=Mycotaxon| volume=76| pages=419–427| year=2000 |url=http://www.mycotaxon.com/vol/abstracts/76/76.419.html}}</ref>
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*{{cite journal| journal=Mycological Progress| volume=9| issue=2| pages=181–194| doi=10.1007/s11557-009-0624-2| title=Genetic variability and molecular phylogeny of ''Pleurotus eryngii'' species-complex isolates from Iran, and notes on the systematics of Asiatic populations| authors=Rudabe Ravash, Behrouz Shiran, Aziz-Allah Alavi, Fereshteh Bayat, Saeideh Rajaee and Georgios I. Zervakis}}
*{{cite journal| journal=Mycological Progress| volume=9| issue=2| pages=181–194| doi=10.1007/s11557-009-0624-2| title=Genetic variability and molecular phylogeny of ''Pleurotus eryngii'' species-complex isolates from Iran, and notes on the systematics of Asiatic populations| authors=Rudabe Ravash, Behrouz Shiran, Aziz-Allah Alavi, Fereshteh Bayat, Saeideh Rajaee and Georgios I. Zervakis}}


*{{cite journal| authors=Abdollahzadeh, J., M.R. Asef and T. Mirmahmoodi| year=2007| title=The ''Pleurotus eryngii'' species-complex in Kurdistan region of Iran| journal=Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences| volume=10| pages=3006–3009| url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/pjbs/2007/3006-3009.pdf| doi=10.3923/pjbs.2007.3006.3009}}
*{{cite journal| authors=Abdollahzadeh, J., M. R. Asef and T. Mirmahmoodi| year=2007| title=The ''Pleurotus eryngii'' species-complex in Kurdistan region of Iran| journal=Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences| volume=10| pages=3006–3009| url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/pjbs/2007/3006-3009.pdf| doi=10.3923/pjbs.2007.3006.3009}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 21:04, 30 November 2015

Pleurotus eryngii
Pleurotus eryngii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Pleurotaceae
Genus:
Pleurotus
Species:
P. eryngii
Binomial name
Pleurotus eryngii
(DC.) Quél. 1872
Pleurotus eryngii
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is depressed or offset
Hymenium is decurrent
Stipe is bare
Spore print is white
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is choice

Pleurotus eryngii (also known as king trumpet mushroom, French horn mushroom, king oyster mushroom, king brown mushroom, boletus of the steppes,[Note 1] trumpet royale) is an edible mushroom native to Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also grown in many parts of Asia.[1]

Description

P. eryngii is the largest species in the oyster mushroom genus, Pleurotus, which also contains the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. It has a thick, meaty white stem and a small tan cap (in young specimens). Its natural range extends from the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean Basin and Central Europe into Western Asia and India.[2] Unlike other species of Pleurotus, which are wood-decay fungi, the P. eryngii complex are weak parasites on the roots of herbaceous plants, although they may also be cultured on organic wastes.[3][2]

Taxonomy

Its species name is derived from the fact that it grows in association with the roots of Eryngium campestre or other Eryngium plants (English names: 'Sea Holly' or 'Eryngo'). P. eryngii is a species complex, and a number of varieties have been described, with differing plant associates in the carrot family (Apiaceae).

  • P. eryngii var. eryngii (DC.) Quél 1872 – associated with Eryngium ssp.
  • P. eryngii var. ferulae (Lanzi) Sacc. 1887 – associated with Ferula communis[4]
  • P. eryngii var. tingitanus Lewinsohn 2002 – associated with Ferula tingitana[4]
  • P. eryngii var. elaeoselini Venturella, Zervakis & La Rocca 2000 – associated with Elaeoselinum asclepium[5][6]
  • P. eryngii var. thapsiae Venturella, Zervakis & Saitta 2002 – associated with Thapsia garganica[7]

Other specimens of P. eryngii have been reported in association with plants in the genera Ferulago, Cachrys, Laserpitium, and Diplotaenia.[2]

Molecular studies have shown Pleurotus nebrodensis to be closely related to, but distinct from, P. eryngii.[2] Pleurotus fossulatus may be another closely related species.[2]

Uses

The mushroom has a good shelf life. An effective cultivation method was introduced to Japan around 1993 and has become popular there in a variety of dishes,[8] and is now cultivated and sold commercially in Australia. Imported product is also commercially available in Australia and South Africa. It is also cultivated in Taiwan, China, South Korea, Italy, and the United States.[3] It has little flavor or aroma when raw. When cooked, it develops typical mushroom umami flavors with a texture similar to that of abalone.

Pleurotus eryngii may naturally contain chemicals that stimulate the immune system.[9] Dietary intake of Pleurotus eryngii may function as natural cholesterol lowering dietary agent.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The name "boletus of the steppes" is misleading as Pleurotus eryngii is a gilled mushroom in order Agaricales and Boletus is a genus of mushrooms with pores rather than gills in order Boletales.

References

  1. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
  2. ^ a b c d e Zervakis, Georgios I.; Venturella, Giuseppe; Papadopoulou, Kalliopi (2001). "Genetic polymorphism and taxonomic infrastructure of the Pleurotus eryngii species-complex as determined by RAPD analysis, isozyme profiles and ecomorphological characters". Microbiology. 147 (11): 3183–3194. doi:10.1099/00221287-147-11-3183.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ a b "Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis: from the wild to commercial production". Mushroom News. February 2008. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b "The Pleurotus eryngii species-complex in Israel: Distribution and morphological description of a New Taxon". Mycotaxon. 81: 51–67. 2002. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini var. nov. from Sicily". Mycotaxon. 76: 419–427. 2000. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "Pleurotus eryngii species complex: Sequence analysis and phylogeny based on partial EF1α and RPB2 genes". Fungal Biology. 114 (5–6): 421–428. May–June 2010. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.003. PMID 20943152. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  7. ^ "Pleurotus eryngii var. thapsiae var. nov. from Sicily". Mycotaxon. 81: 69–74. 2002. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  8. ^ [2] [dead link‍]
  9. ^ Nozaki H, Itonori S, Sugita M, Nakamura K, Ohba K, Suzuki A, Kushi Y. (Aug 2008), "Mushroom acidic glycosphingolipid induction of cytokine secretion from murine T cells and proliferation of NK1.1 alpha/beta TCR-double positive cells in vitro", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 373 (3): 435–9, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.047, PMID 18577373{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Alam, Nuhu; Yoon, Ki Nam; Lee, Jae Seong; Cho, Hae Jin; Shim, Mi Ja; Lee, Tae Soo (Oct 2011). "Dietary effect of Pleurotus eryngii on biochemical function and histology in hypercholesterolemic rats". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18 (4): 403–409. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2011.07.001. ISSN 1319-562X. PMC 3730794. PMID 23961153.
  • "Genetic variability and molecular phylogeny of Pleurotus eryngii species-complex isolates from Iran, and notes on the systematics of Asiatic populations". Mycological Progress. 9 (2): 181–194. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0624-2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
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