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==Key==
== Key ==
===Catalog numbers===
=== Catalog numbers ===
Individual specimens of animals in natural history collection are usually referred to by a combination of the abbreviated name of the collection and a catalog number. Thus, the tooth [[LACM 149371]]—a fossil from the [[Paleogene]] of Peru—is a specimen in the [[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County|Los Angeles County Museum]] with catalog number 149371. The following collections, with abbreviations as used below, hold gondwanathere specimens:{{Sfn|Wilson|Das Sarma|Anantharaman|2007|p=522}}
Individual specimens of animals in natural history collection are usually referred to by a combination of the abbreviated name of the collection and a catalog number. Thus, the tooth [[LACM 149371]]—a fossil from the [[Paleogene]] of Peru—is a specimen in the [[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County|Los Angeles County Museum]] with catalog number 149371. The following collections, with abbreviations as used below, hold gondwanathere specimens:{{Sfn|Wilson|Das Sarma|Anantharaman|2007|p=522}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 25: Line 25:
| VPL/JU || Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, [[Jammu University]] || [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
| VPL/JU || Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, [[Jammu University]] || [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
|}
|}
===Anatomy===
=== Anatomy ===
Gondwanatheres are known from jaw fragments and isolated teeth.
Gondwanatheres are known from jaw fragments and isolated teeth.
===Measurements===
=== Measurements ===
All measurements given are in millimeters. The following abbreviations are used for measurements of teeth:
All measurements given are in millimeters. The following abbreviations are used for measurements of teeth:
*H: height
* H: height
*L: length
* L: length
*W: width
* W: width
==India==
== India ==
A sudamericid gondwanathere was first recorded from India in 1997 on the basis of a single tooth, but not named.{{Sfn|Krause|Prasad|Koenigswald|Sahni|1997|p=505}} After additional material was discovered, the Indian sudamericid was independently named by two teams in 2007, as ''Bharattherium bonapartei'' and ''Dakshina jederi''.{{Sfnm|Prasad|1a2=Verma|1a3=Sahni|1a4=Krause|2007|Wilson|2a2=Das Sarma|2a3=Anantharaman|2007}} As the former name was published earlier, it prevails as the correct name for the Indian species.{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=91}} Three additional specimens were provisionally separated from ''Dakshina jederi'' on the basis of their small size, but may prove to belong to the same species.{{Sfn|Wilson|Das Sarma|Anantharaman|2007|pp=526–527}} The Indian gondwanatheres come from various sites in the [[Maastrichtian]] [[Intertrappean Beds]] of [[peninsular India]].{{Sfnm|Wilson|1a2=Das Sarma|1a3=Anantharaman|2007|1p=521|Prasad|2a2=Verma|2a3=Sahni|2a4=Krause|2007|2p=17}} These deposits and the associated [[Infratrappean Beds]] have also yielded the [[eutheria]]n mammals ''[[Deccanolestes]]'', ''[[Sahnitherium]]'', and ''[[Kharmerungulatum]]'' and a member of the archaic mammalian group [[Haramiyida]], ''[[Avashishta]]'', in addition to numerous other vertebrates.{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=91}}
A sudamericid gondwanathere was first recorded from India in 1997 on the basis of a single tooth, but not named.{{Sfn|Krause|Prasad|Koenigswald|Sahni|1997|p=505}} After additional material was discovered, the Indian sudamericid was independently named by two teams in 2007, as ''Bharattherium bonapartei'' and ''Dakshina jederi''.{{Sfnm|Prasad|1a2=Verma|1a3=Sahni|1a4=Krause|2007|Wilson|2a2=Das Sarma|2a3=Anantharaman|2007}} As the former name was published earlier, it prevails as the correct name for the Indian species.{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=91}} Three additional specimens were provisionally separated from ''Dakshina jederi'' on the basis of their small size, but may prove to belong to the same species.{{Sfn|Wilson|Das Sarma|Anantharaman|2007|pp=526–527}} The Indian gondwanatheres come from various sites in the [[Maastrichtian]] [[Intertrappean Beds]] of [[peninsular India]].{{Sfnm|Wilson|1a2=Das Sarma|1a3=Anantharaman|2007|1p=521|Prasad|2a2=Verma|2a3=Sahni|2a4=Krause|2007|2p=17}} These deposits and the associated [[Infratrappean Beds]] have also yielded the [[eutheria]]n mammals ''[[Deccanolestes]]'', ''[[Sahnitherium]]'', and ''[[Kharmerungulatum]]'' and a member of the archaic mammalian group [[Haramiyida]], ''[[Avashishta]]'', in addition to numerous other vertebrates.{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=91}}


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|Wilson|4a2=Das Sarma|4a3=Anantharaman|2007|4pp=522, 525}}
|Wilson|4a2=Das Sarma|4a3=Anantharaman|2007|4pp=522, 525}}
|}
|}
==Madagascar==
== Madagascar ==
Up to four gondwanathere teeth have been recorded from Madagascar, of which only two have been fully described so far. Two were named as ''[[Lavanify miolaka]]'' in 1997 and two others may represent another gondwanathere or perhaps an entirely different mammalian group. All are from the Anembalembo Member of the [[Maevarano Formation]], which is Maastrichtian in age, though perhaps extending into the Campanian, and contains some other mammals, which have not been fully described, and other animals.{{Sfn|Krause|O'Connor|Rogers|Sampson|2006|pp=179, 186–188}}
Up to four gondwanathere teeth have been recorded from Madagascar, of which only two have been fully described so far. Two were named as ''[[Lavanify miolaka]]'' in 1997 and two others may represent another gondwanathere or perhaps an entirely different mammalian group. All are from the Anembalembo Member of the [[Maevarano Formation]], which is Maastrichtian in age, though perhaps extending into the Campanian, and contains some other mammals, which have not been fully described, and other animals.{{Sfn|Krause|O'Connor|Rogers|Sampson|2006|pp=179, 186–188}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 76: Line 76:
| UA 8653 || Left mf4 || Anembalembo Member, [[Maevarano Formation]] || ?[[Maastrichtian]] || ''[[Lavanify miolaka]]'' ([[holotype]]) || H: 11.2; L: 3.4; W: 3.2 || {{Sfnm|Krause|1a2=Prasad|1a3=Koenigswald|1a4=Sahni|1997|1p=504|Wilson|2a2=Das Sarma|2a3=Anantharaman|2007|2p=526}}
| UA 8653 || Left mf4 || Anembalembo Member, [[Maevarano Formation]] || ?[[Maastrichtian]] || ''[[Lavanify miolaka]]'' ([[holotype]]) || H: 11.2; L: 3.4; W: 3.2 || {{Sfnm|Krause|1a2=Prasad|1a3=Koenigswald|1a4=Sahni|1997|1p=504|Wilson|2a2=Das Sarma|2a3=Anantharaman|2007|2p=526}}
|}
|}
==Africa==
== Africa ==
The mainland African fossil record of gondwanatheres consists of a single fragmentary dentary from the Cretaceous of Tanzania that has been tentatively assigned to Sudamericidae. It is the only mammalian fossil found in the "[[Red Sandstone Unit]]", which has also yielded other vertebrates such as dinosaurs.{{Sfn|Krause|Gottfried|O'Connor|Roberts|2003}}
The mainland African fossil record of gondwanatheres consists of a single fragmentary dentary from the Cretaceous of Tanzania that has been tentatively assigned to Sudamericidae. It is the only mammalian fossil found in the "[[Red Sandstone Unit]]", which has also yielded other vertebrates such as dinosaurs.{{Sfn|Krause|Gottfried|O'Connor|Roberts|2003}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| [[TNM 02067]] || Left dentary with roots of incisor and five cheekteeth || TZ-07, "[[Red Sandstone Unit]]", Tanzania || Cretaceous (?[[Aptian]]–[[Cenomanian]]) || Possibly Sudamericidae || Length: 19.5; depth: 11.4; length of third cheektooth (the largest): 2.3; width of third cheektooth: 1.9 || {{Sfnm|Krause|1a2=Gottfried|1a3=O'Connor|1a4=Roberts|2003|O'Connor|2a2=Gottfried|2a3=Stevens|2a4=Roberts|2006|2p=282|Stevens|3a2=Gottfried|3a3=Roberts|3a4=Kapilima|2007|3pp=167–168}}
| [[TNM 02067]] || Left dentary with roots of incisor and five cheekteeth || TZ-07, "[[Red Sandstone Unit]]", Tanzania || Cretaceous (?[[Aptian]]–[[Cenomanian]]) || Possibly Sudamericidae || Length: 19.5; depth: 11.4; length of third cheektooth (the largest): 2.3; width of third cheektooth: 1.9 || {{Sfnm|Krause|1a2=Gottfried|1a3=O'Connor|1a4=Roberts|2003|O'Connor|2a2=Gottfried|2a3=Stevens|2a4=Roberts|2006|2p=282|Stevens|3a2=Gottfried|3a3=Roberts|3a4=Kapilima|2007|3pp=167–168}}
|}
|}
==Antarctica==
== Antarctica ==
A few gondwanathere specimens, tentatively referred to ''Sudamerica ameghinoi'', have been found in the Middle Eocene [[La Meseta Formation]] of [[Seymour Island]], Antarctica.{{Sfn|Goin|Reguero|Pascual|von Koenigswald|2006|pp=136–137}} Other mammals found in this formation include [[polydolopimorphia]]n and [[didelphimorphia]]n marsupials as well as [[ungulate]]s.{{Sfn|Goin|Reguero|Pascual|von Koenigswald|2006|p=141}}
A few gondwanathere specimens, tentatively referred to ''Sudamerica ameghinoi'', have been found in the Middle Eocene [[La Meseta Formation]] of [[Seymour Island]], Antarctica.{{Sfn|Goin|Reguero|Pascual|von Koenigswald|2006|pp=136–137}} Other mammals found in this formation include [[polydolopimorphia]]n and [[didelphimorphia]]n marsupials as well as [[ungulate]]s.{{Sfn|Goin|Reguero|Pascual|von Koenigswald|2006|p=141}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 92: Line 92:
| MLP 96-I-5-47 || Fragmentary ?left upper incisor || IAA 1/90, La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica || Possibly ''Sudamerica ameghinoi'' || H: 1.61; L: >5.37; W: 2.29 || {{Sfn|Goin|Reguero|Pascual|von Koenigswald|2006|p=137}}
| MLP 96-I-5-47 || Fragmentary ?left upper incisor || IAA 1/90, La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica || Possibly ''Sudamerica ameghinoi'' || H: 1.61; L: >5.37; W: 2.29 || {{Sfn|Goin|Reguero|Pascual|von Koenigswald|2006|p=137}}
|}
|}
==South America==
== South America ==
===Salamanca Formation===
=== Salamanca Formation ===
===Los Alamitos Formation===
=== Los Alamitos Formation ===
===Other records===
=== Other records ===
In addition to the more abundant remains from the Salamanca and Los Alamitos Formations, a few more gondwanatheres or possible gondwanatheres have been found at other South American localities. The [[Santa Rosa local fauna]] in the [[Paleogene]] of Peru has produced a variety of [[marsupial]]s and [[caviomorph]] rodents as well as a few [[notoungulate]]s (an extinct mammalian group), a possible bat, and a single possible gondwanathere tooth.{{Sfn|Campbell|2004}} The [[Allen Formation]] of Argentina, which is similar in age to the Los Alamitos Formation, has produced various dryolestoids and a single ferugliotheriid molariform.{{Sfn|Rougier|Chornogubsky|Casadio|Paéz Arango|2009}} The [[La Colonia Formation]], also in Argentina but perhaps slightly younger, has produced dryolestoids, ferugliotheriids (which have not been fully described and are not listed here), and ''[[Argentodites]]'', which has been interpreted as either a non-gondwanatherian multituberculate or an animal closely related to ''Ferugliotherium''.{{Sfnm|Kielan-Jaworowska|1a2=Ortiz-Jaureguizar|1a3=Vieytes|1a4=Pascual|2007|Gurovich|2a2=Beck|2009|2p=32|Rougier|3a2=Chornogubsky|3a3=Casadio|3a4=Paéz Arango|2009|3pp=233, 235|Rougier|4a2=Forasiepi|4a3=Hill|4a4=Novacek|2009|4p=196}}
In addition to the more abundant remains from the Salamanca and Los Alamitos Formations, a few more gondwanatheres or possible gondwanatheres have been found at other South American localities. The [[Santa Rosa local fauna]] in the [[Paleogene]] of Peru has produced a variety of [[marsupial]]s and [[caviomorph]] rodents as well as a few [[notoungulate]]s (an extinct mammalian group), a possible bat, and a single possible gondwanathere tooth.{{Sfn|Campbell|2004}} The [[Allen Formation]] of Argentina, which is similar in age to the Los Alamitos Formation, has produced various dryolestoids and a single ferugliotheriid molariform.{{Sfn|Rougier|Chornogubsky|Casadio|Paéz Arango|2009}} The [[La Colonia Formation]], also in Argentina but perhaps slightly younger, has produced dryolestoids, ferugliotheriids (which have not been fully described and are not listed here), and ''[[Argentodites]]'', which has been interpreted as either a non-gondwanatherian multituberculate or an animal closely related to ''Ferugliotherium''.{{Sfnm|Kielan-Jaworowska|1a2=Ortiz-Jaureguizar|1a3=Vieytes|1a4=Pascual|2007|Gurovich|2a2=Beck|2009|2p=32|Rougier|3a2=Chornogubsky|3a3=Casadio|3a4=Paéz Arango|2009|3pp=233, 235|Rougier|4a2=Forasiepi|4a3=Hill|4a4=Novacek|2009|4p=196}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 106: Line 106:
| [[MPEF 604]] || Left p4 || Middle [[La Colonia Formation]], Chubut Province, Argentina || ?[[Maastrichtian]] || ''[[Argentodites coloniensis]]'' ([[holotype]]); originally identified as a possible [[cimolodonta]]n, later as related to ''[[Ferugliotherium]]'' || H: 2.10; L: 4.15; W: 1.35 || {{Sfnm|Kielan-Jaworowska|1a2=Ortiz-Jaureguizar|1a3=Vieytes|1a4=Pascual|2007|Gurovich|2a2=Beck|2009|2p=32|Rougier|3a2=Chornogubsky|3a3=Casadio|3a4=Paéz Arango|2009|3p=233}}
| [[MPEF 604]] || Left p4 || Middle [[La Colonia Formation]], Chubut Province, Argentina || ?[[Maastrichtian]] || ''[[Argentodites coloniensis]]'' ([[holotype]]); originally identified as a possible [[cimolodonta]]n, later as related to ''[[Ferugliotherium]]'' || H: 2.10; L: 4.15; W: 1.35 || {{Sfnm|Kielan-Jaworowska|1a2=Ortiz-Jaureguizar|1a3=Vieytes|1a4=Pascual|2007|Gurovich|2a2=Beck|2009|2p=32|Rougier|3a2=Chornogubsky|3a3=Casadio|3a4=Paéz Arango|2009|3p=233}}
|}
|}
==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
===Literature cited===
=== Literature cited ===
*<!--{{Sfn|Campbell|2004}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Campbell | first1 = Jr. | year = 2004 | pages = 155–163 | title = The Santa Rosa local fauna: A summary | journal = Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | volume = 40 | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Campbell|2004}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Campbell | first1 = Jr. | year = 2004 | pages = 155–163 | title = The Santa Rosa local fauna: A summary | journal = Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | volume = 40 | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Goin|Reguero|Pascual|von Koenigswald|2006}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Goin | first1 = F.J. | last2 = Reguero | first2 = M.A. | last3 = Pascual | first3 = R. | last4 = von Koenigswald | first4 = W. | last5 = Woodburne | first5 = M.O. | last6 = Case | first6 = J.A. | last7 = Marenssi | first7 = S.A. | last8 = Vieytes | first8 = C. | last9 = Vizcaíno | first9 = S.F. | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.10 | pages = 135–144 | title = First gondwanatherian mammal from Antarctica | journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications | volume = 258 | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Goin|Reguero|Pascual|von Koenigswald|2006}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Goin | first1 = F.J. | last2 = Reguero | first2 = M.A. | last3 = Pascual | first3 = R. | last4 = von Koenigswald | first4 = W. | last5 = Woodburne | first5 = M.O. | last6 = Case | first6 = J.A. | last7 = Marenssi | first7 = S.A. | last8 = Vieytes | first8 = C. | last9 = Vizcaíno | first9 = S.F. | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.10 | pages = 135–144 | title = First gondwanatherian mammal from Antarctica | journal = Geological Society, London, Special Publications | volume = 258 | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Goin|Vieytes|Vucetich|Carlini|2004}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Goin | first1 = F.J. | last2 = Vieytes | first2 = E.C. | last3 = Vucetich | first3 = M.G. | last4 = Carlini | first4 = A.A. | last5 = Bond | first5 = M. | year = 2004 | url = http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/SS-40.pdf | pages = 145–153 | title = Enigmatic mammal from the Paleogene of Perú | journal = Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | volume = 40 | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Goin|Vieytes|Vucetich|Carlini|2004}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Goin | first1 = F.J. | last2 = Vieytes | first2 = E.C. | last3 = Vucetich | first3 = M.G. | last4 = Carlini | first4 = A.A. | last5 = Bond | first5 = M. | year = 2004 | url = http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/SS-40.pdf | pages = 145–153 | title = Enigmatic mammal from the Paleogene of Perú | journal = Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | volume = 40 | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Gurovich|Beck|2009}}-->{{Cite journal
* <!--{{Sfn|Gurovich|Beck|2009}}-->{{cite journal
| last1 = Gurovich | first1 = Y.
| last1 = Gurovich | first1 = Y.
| last2 = Beck | first2 = R.
| last2 = Beck | first2 = R.
| doi = 10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3
| doi = 10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3
| title = The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria
| title = The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria
| journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution
| journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution
| volume = 16
| volume = 16
| issue = 1
| issue = 1
| pages = 25–49
| pages = 25–49
| year = 2009
| year = 2009
| pmid =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| pmc =
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Kielan-Jaworowska|Ortiz-Jaureguizar|Vieytes|Pascual|2007}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Kielan-Jaworowska | first1 = Z. | last2 = Ortiz-Jaureguizar | first2 = E. | last3 = Vieytes | first3 = C. | last4 = Pascual | first4 = R. | last5 = Goin | first5 = F.J. | year = 2007 | url = http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app52-257.html | pages = 257–262 | title = First ?cimolodontan multituberculate mammal from South America | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Kielan-Jaworowska|Ortiz-Jaureguizar|Vieytes|Pascual|2007}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Kielan-Jaworowska | first1 = Z. | last2 = Ortiz-Jaureguizar | first2 = E. | last3 = Vieytes | first3 = C. | last4 = Pascual | first4 = R. | last5 = Goin | first5 = F.J. | year = 2007 | url = http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app52-257.html | pages = 257–262 | title = First ?cimolodontan multituberculate mammal from South America | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Krause|Gottfried|O'Connor|Roberts|2003}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Krause | first1 = D.W. | last2 = Gottfried | first2 = M.D. | last3 = O'Connor | first3 = P.M. | last4 = Roberts | first4 = E.M. | year = 2003 | url = http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/rukwa/documents/Krause%20et%20al%202003%20A%20Cretaceous%20mammal%20from%20Tanzania.pdf | pages = 321–330 | title = A Cretaceous mammal from Tanzania | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Krause|Gottfried|O'Connor|Roberts|2003}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Krause | first1 = D.W. | last2 = Gottfried | first2 = M.D. | last3 = O'Connor | first3 = P.M. | last4 = Roberts | first4 = E.M. | year = 2003 | url = http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/rukwa/documents/Krause%20et%20al%202003%20A%20Cretaceous%20mammal%20from%20Tanzania.pdf | pages = 321–330 | title = A Cretaceous mammal from Tanzania | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Krause|O'Connor|Rogers|Sampson|2006}}-->{{Cite journal
* <!--{{Sfn|Krause|O'Connor|Rogers|Sampson|2006}}-->{{cite journal
| last1 = Krause | first1 = D.W.
| last1 = Krause | first1 = D.W.
| last2 = O'Connor | first2 = P.M.
| last2 = O'Connor | first2 = P.M.
| last3 = Rogers | first3 = K.C.
| last3 = Rogers | first3 = K.C.
| last4 = Sampson | first4 = S.D.
| last4 = Sampson | first4 = S.D.
| last5 = Buckley | first5 = G.A.
| last5 = Buckley | first5 = G.A.
| last6 = Rogers | first6 = R.R.
| last6 = Rogers | first6 = R.R.
| title = Late Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from Madagascar: Implications for Latin American biogeography
| title = Late Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from Madagascar: Implications for Latin American biogeography
| journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
| journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
| volume = 93
| volume = 93
| issue = 2
| issue = 2
| pages = 178–208
| pages = 178–208
| doi = 10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[178:LCTVFM]2.0.CO;2
| doi = 10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[178:LCTVFM]2.0.CO;2
| year = 2006
| year = 2006
| pmid =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| pmc =
|ref=harv
|ref=harv
}}
}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Krause|Prasad|Koenigswald|Sahni|1997}}-->{{Cite journal
* <!--{{Sfn|Krause|Prasad|Koenigswald|Sahni|1997}}-->{{cite journal
| last1 = Krause | first1 = D. W.
| last1 = Krause | first1 = D. W.
| last2 = Prasad | first2 = G. V. R.
| last2 = Prasad | first2 = G. V. R.
| last3 = von Koenigswald <!--this is correct, see paper, and used in harvnb templates, so do not change --> | first3 = W.
| last3 = von Koenigswald <!--this is correct, see paper, and used in harvnb templates, so do not change --> | first3 = W.
| last4 = Sahni | first4 = A.
| last4 = Sahni | first4 = A.
| last5 = Grine | first5 = F. E.
| last5 = Grine | first5 = F. E.
| journal = Nature
| journal = Nature
| volume = 390
| volume = 390
| issue = 6659
| issue = 6659
| pages = 504–507
| pages = 504–507
| doi = 10.1038/37343
| doi = 10.1038/37343
| year = 1997
| year = 1997
| title = Cosmopolitanism among Gondwanan Late Cretaceous mammals
| title = Cosmopolitanism among Gondwanan Late Cretaceous mammals
| url=http://www.anat.stonybrook.edu/dkrause/articles/1997_lavanify.pdf
| url=http://www.anat.stonybrook.edu/dkrause/articles/1997_lavanify.pdf
| pmid =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| pmc =
|bibcode = 1997Natur.390..504K
|bibcode = 1997Natur.390..504K
| ref = harv}}
| ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|O'Connor|Gottfried|Stevens|Roberts|2006}}-->{{Cite journal
* <!--{{Sfn|O'Connor|Gottfried|Stevens|Roberts|2006}}-->{{cite journal
| last1 = O'Connor | first1 = P.
| last1 = O'Connor | first1 = P.
| last2 = Gottfried | first2 = M.
| last2 = Gottfried | first2 = M.
| last3 = Stevens | first3 = N.
| last3 = Stevens | first3 = N.
| last4 = Roberts | first4 = E.
| last4 = Roberts | first4 = E.
| last5 = Ngasala | first5 = S.
| last5 = Ngasala | first5 = S.
| last6 = Kapilima | first6 = S.
| last6 = Kapilima | first6 = S.
| last7 = Chami | first7 = R.
| last7 = Chami | first7 = R.
| doi = 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.022
| doi = 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.022
| title = A new vertebrate fauna from the Cretaceous Red Sandstone Group, Rukwa Rift Basin, Southwestern Tanzania
| title = A new vertebrate fauna from the Cretaceous Red Sandstone Group, Rukwa Rift Basin, Southwestern Tanzania
| journal = Journal of African Earth Sciences
| journal = Journal of African Earth Sciences
| volume = 44
| volume = 44
| issue = 3
| issue = 3
| pages = 277–288
| pages = 277–288
| year = 2006
| year = 2006
| pmid =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| pmc =
|ref=harv
|ref=harv
}}
}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Prasad|2008}}-->{{cite book | last1 = Prasad | first1 = G.V.R. | year = 2008 | url = http://www.iypeinsa.org/updates-09/art-18.pdf | publisher = The Indian National Academy of Sciences | location = New Delhi | pages = 90–96 | chapter = Sedimentary basins & fossil records | title = Glimpses of Geoscience Research in India: The Indian Report to IUGS 2004–2008 | editor1-last = Singhvi | editor1-first = A.K. | editor2-last = Bhattacharya | editor2-first = A | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Prasad|2008}}-->{{cite book | last1 = Prasad | first1 = G.V.R. | year = 2008 | url = http://www.iypeinsa.org/updates-09/art-18.pdf | publisher = The Indian National Academy of Sciences | location = New Delhi | pages = 90–96 | chapter = Sedimentary basins & fossil records | title = Glimpses of Geoscience Research in India: The Indian Report to IUGS 2004–2008 | editor1-last = Singhvi | editor1-first = A.K. | editor2-last = Bhattacharya | editor2-first = A | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Prasad|Verma|Sahni|Krause|2007}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Prasad | first1 = G.V.R. | last2 = Verma | first2 = O. | last3 = Sahni | first3 = A. | last4 = Krause | first4 = D.W. | last5 = Khosla | first5 = A. | last6 = Parmar | first6 = V. | year = 2007 | pages = 17–24 | title = A new late Cretaceous gondwanatherian mammal from central India | journal = Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Prasad|Verma|Sahni|Krause|2007}}-->{{cite journal | last1 = Prasad | first1 = G.V.R. | last2 = Verma | first2 = O. | last3 = Sahni | first3 = A. | last4 = Krause | first4 = D.W. | last5 = Khosla | first5 = A. | last6 = Parmar | first6 = V. | year = 2007 | pages = 17–24 | title = A new late Cretaceous gondwanatherian mammal from central India | journal = Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Rougier|Chornogubsky|Casadio|Paéz Arango|2009}}-->{{Cite journal
* <!--{{Sfn|Rougier|Chornogubsky|Casadio|Paéz Arango|2009}}-->{{cite journal
| last1 = Rougier | first1 = G.
| last1 = Rougier | first1 = G.
| last2 = Chornogubsky | first2 = L.
| last2 = Chornogubsky | first2 = L.
| last3 = Casadio | first3 = S.
| last3 = Casadio | first3 = S.
| last4 = Paéz Arango | first4 = N.
| last4 = Paéz Arango | first4 = N.
| last5 = Giallombardo | first5 = A.
| last5 = Giallombardo | first5 = A.
| title = Mammals from the Allen Formation, Late Cretaceous, Argentina
| title = Mammals from the Allen Formation, Late Cretaceous, Argentina
| doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.006
| doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.006
| journal = Cretaceous Research
| journal = Cretaceous Research
| volume = 30
| volume = 30
| issue = 1
| issue = 1
| pages = 223–238
| pages = 223–238
| year = 2009
| year = 2009
| pmid =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| pmc =
| ref = harv
| ref = harv
}}
}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Rougier|Forasiepi|Hill|Novacek|2009}}-->{{Cite journal
* <!--{{Sfn|Rougier|Forasiepi|Hill|Novacek|2009}}-->{{cite journal
| last1 = Rougier | first1 = G.W.
| last1 = Rougier | first1 = G.W.
| last2 = Forasiepi | first2 = A.M.
| last2 = Forasiepi | first2 = A.M.
| last3 = Hill | first3 = R.V.
| last3 = Hill | first3 = R.V.
| last4 = Novacek | first4 = M.
| last4 = Novacek | first4 = M.
| title = New mammalian remains from the Late Cretaceous La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina
| title = New mammalian remains from the Late Cretaceous La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina
| doi = 10.4202/app.2006.0026
| doi = 10.4202/app.2006.0026
| journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
| journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
| volume = 54
| volume = 54
| issue = 2
| issue = 2
| pages = 195–212
| pages = 195–212
| year = 2009
| year = 2009
| pmid =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| pmc =
|ref=harv
|ref=harv
}}
}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Stevens|Gottfried|Roberts|Kapilima|2007}}-->{{cite book | last1 = Stevens | first1 = N.J. | last2 = Gottfried | first2 = M.D. | last3 = Roberts | first3 = E.M. | last4 = Kapilima | first4 = S. | last5 = Ngasala | first5 = S. | last6 = O'Connor | first6 = P.M. | year = 2007 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=2j7unoyZN-oC&pg=PA176 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 9780387738956 | pages = 159–180 | chapter = Paleontological exploration in Africa: A view from the Rukwa Rift Basin of Tanzania | title = Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins | editor1-last = Fleagle | editor1-first = J.G. | editor2-last = Gilbert | editor2-first = C.C | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Stevens|Gottfried|Roberts|Kapilima|2007}}-->{{cite book | last1 = Stevens | first1 = N.J. | last2 = Gottfried | first2 = M.D. | last3 = Roberts | first3 = E.M. | last4 = Kapilima | first4 = S. | last5 = Ngasala | first5 = S. | last6 = O'Connor | first6 = P.M. | year = 2007 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=2j7unoyZN-oC&pg=PA176 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-0-387-73895-6 | pages = 159–180 | chapter = Paleontological exploration in Africa: A view from the Rukwa Rift Basin of Tanzania | title = Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins | editor1-last = Fleagle | editor1-first = J.G. | editor2-last = Gilbert | editor2-first = C.C | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Vucetich|Vieytes|Pérez|Carloni|2010}}-->{{cite book | last1 = Vucetich | first1 = M.G. | last2 = Vieytes | first2 = E.C. | last3 = Pérez | first3 = M.E. | last4 = Carloni | first4 = A.A. | year = 2010 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oY7wkK6lV4cC&pg=PA203 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 9780521872416 | pages = 193–205 | chapter = The rodents from La Barranca and the early evolution of caviomorphs in South America | title = The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia | editor1-last = Madden | editor1-first = R.H. | editor2-last = Carlini | editor2-first = A.A. | editor3-last = Vucetich | editor3-first = M.G. | editor4-last = Kay | editor4-first = R.F | ref = harv}}
* <!--{{Sfn|Vucetich|Vieytes|Pérez|Carloni|2010}}-->{{cite book | last1 = Vucetich | first1 = M.G. | last2 = Vieytes | first2 = E.C. | last3 = Pérez | first3 = M.E. | last4 = Carloni | first4 = A.A. | year = 2010 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oY7wkK6lV4cC&pg=PA203 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-87241-6 | pages = 193–205 | chapter = The rodents from La Barranca and the early evolution of caviomorphs in South America | title = The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia | editor1-last = Madden | editor1-first = R.H. | editor2-last = Carlini | editor2-first = A.A. | editor3-last = Vucetich | editor3-first = M.G. | editor4-last = Kay | editor4-first = R.F | ref = harv}}
*<!--{{Sfn|Wilson|Das Sarma|Anantharaman|2007}}-->{{Cite journal
* <!--{{Sfn|Wilson|Das Sarma|Anantharaman|2007}}-->{{cite journal
| last1 = Wilson | first1 = G. P.
| last1 = Wilson | first1 = G. P.
| last2 = Das Sarma | first2 = D. C.
| last2 = Das Sarma | first2 = D. C.
| last3 = Anantharaman | first3 = S.
| last3 = Anantharaman | first3 = S.
| title = Late Cretaceous sudamericid gondwanatherians from India with paleobiogeographic considerations of Gondwanan mammals
| title = Late Cretaceous sudamericid gondwanatherians from India with paleobiogeographic considerations of Gondwanan mammals
| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
| volume = 27
| volume = 27
| issue = 2
| issue = 2
| pages = 521–531
| pages = 521–531
| year = 2007
| year = 2007
| issn = <!-- 0272-4634 -->
| issn = <!-- 0272-4634 -->
| doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[521:LCSGFI]2.0.CO;2
| doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[521:LCSGFI]2.0.CO;2
| pmid =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| pmc =
| ref = harv
| ref = harv

Revision as of 23:14, 16 December 2015

Key

Catalog numbers

Individual specimens of animals in natural history collection are usually referred to by a combination of the abbreviated name of the collection and a catalog number. Thus, the tooth LACM 149371—a fossil from the Paleogene of Peru—is a specimen in the Los Angeles County Museum with catalog number 149371. The following collections, with abbreviations as used below, hold gondwanathere specimens:[1]

Abbreviation Name Location
FMNH Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois, United States
GSI/SR/PAL Palaeontology Division, Southern Region, Geological Survey of India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
LACM Los Angeles County Museum Los Angeles, California, United States
MACN Museo Argentino de las Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardo Rivadavia' Buenos Aires, Argentina
MLP Museo de La Plata La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
MML Museo Municipal de Lamarque Lamarque, Río Negro, Argentina
MPEF Museo Paleontológico 'Egidio Feruglio' Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
TNM Tanzanian National Museums Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
UA University of Antananarivo Antananarivo, Madagascar
VPL/JU Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, Jammu University Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Anatomy

Gondwanatheres are known from jaw fragments and isolated teeth.

Measurements

All measurements given are in millimeters. The following abbreviations are used for measurements of teeth:

  • H: height
  • L: length
  • W: width

India

A sudamericid gondwanathere was first recorded from India in 1997 on the basis of a single tooth, but not named.[2] After additional material was discovered, the Indian sudamericid was independently named by two teams in 2007, as Bharattherium bonapartei and Dakshina jederi.[3] As the former name was published earlier, it prevails as the correct name for the Indian species.[4] Three additional specimens were provisionally separated from Dakshina jederi on the basis of their small size, but may prove to belong to the same species.[5] The Indian gondwanatheres come from various sites in the Maastrichtian Intertrappean Beds of peninsular India.[6] These deposits and the associated Infratrappean Beds have also yielded the eutherian mammals Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, and Kharmerungulatum and a member of the archaic mammalian group Haramiyida, Avashishta, in addition to numerous other vertebrates.[4]

Specimen Organ Locality Age Identity Measurements References
GSI/SR/PAL-G059 Left mf3 Gokak Maastrichtian Bharattherium bonapartei H: 5.97; L: 4.58; W: 2.52 [7]
GSI/SR/PAL-G070 Right mf4 Gokak Maastrichtian Bharattherium bonapartei H: 8.40; L: 2.49; W: 1.75 [8]
GSI/SR/PAL-G074 Right mf4 (holotype of Dakshina jederi) Gokak Maastrichtian Bharattherium bonapartei H: 7.57; L: 3.66; W: 2.99 [9]
GSI/SR/PAL-G111 Right upper incisor Gokak Maastrichtian Indeterminate gondwanathere, possibly Bharattherium H: 1.03 [10]
GSI/SR/PAL-G112 Lower incisor Gokak Maastrichtian Indeterminate gondwanathere, possibly Bharattherium H: 1.03 [5]
GSI/SR/PAL-G211 Uncertain (lower incisor?) Gokak Maastrichtian Indeterminate gondwanathere, possibly Bharattherium L: 4.54; W: 1.51 [5]
GSI/SR/PAL-N071 Left mf4 Naskal Maastrichtian Bharattherium bonapartei H: 7.16; L: >2.14; W: >2.42 [11]
GSI/SR/PAL-N210 Left i1 Naskal Maastrichtian Bharattherium bonapartei H: 3.39 [7]
GSI/SR/PAL-N212 Right mf4 Naskal Maastrichtian Bharattherium bonapartei H: 5.86; L: >2.66; W: >2.04 [7]
VPL/JU/IM/33 Molariform Kisalpuri Maastrichtian Bharattherium bonapartei (holotype) H: 7.33; L: 2.66; W: 2.0 [12]
VPL/JU/NKIM/25 Left mf4 Naskal Maastrichtian Bharattherium bonapartei L: c. 2.5; W: c. 1.8[13] [14]

Madagascar

Up to four gondwanathere teeth have been recorded from Madagascar, of which only two have been fully described so far. Two were named as Lavanify miolaka in 1997 and two others may represent another gondwanathere or perhaps an entirely different mammalian group. All are from the Anembalembo Member of the Maevarano Formation, which is Maastrichtian in age, though perhaps extending into the Campanian, and contains some other mammals, which have not been fully described, and other animals.[15]

Specimen Organ Locality Age Identity Measurements References
FMNH PM 59520 Fragmentary molariform Anembalembo Member, Maevarano Formation ?Maastrichtian Lavanify miolaka H: 9.8 [16]
"Tooth A" Fragmentary molariform Anembalembo Member, Maevarano Formation ?Maastrichtian Gondwanatheria (distinct from Lavanify; see Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar: Cretaceous) – [17]
"Tooth B" Crown of a molariform Anembalembo Member, Maevarano Formation ?Maastrichtian Gondwanatheria (perhaps same taxon as "tooth A"), or possibly a different, otherwise unknown mammalian group (see Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar: Cretaceous) – [18]
UA 8653 Left mf4 Anembalembo Member, Maevarano Formation ?Maastrichtian Lavanify miolaka (holotype) H: 11.2; L: 3.4; W: 3.2 [19]

Africa

The mainland African fossil record of gondwanatheres consists of a single fragmentary dentary from the Cretaceous of Tanzania that has been tentatively assigned to Sudamericidae. It is the only mammalian fossil found in the "Red Sandstone Unit", which has also yielded other vertebrates such as dinosaurs.[20]

Specimen Organ Locality Age Identity Measurements References
TNM 02067 Left dentary with roots of incisor and five cheekteeth TZ-07, "Red Sandstone Unit", Tanzania Cretaceous (?Aptian–Cenomanian) Possibly Sudamericidae Length: 19.5; depth: 11.4; length of third cheektooth (the largest): 2.3; width of third cheektooth: 1.9 [21]

Antarctica

A few gondwanathere specimens, tentatively referred to Sudamerica ameghinoi, have been found in the Middle Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctica.[22] Other mammals found in this formation include polydolopimorphian and didelphimorphian marsupials as well as ungulates.[23]

Specimen Organ Locality Age Identity Measurements References
MLP 95-I-10-5 Jaw fragment with partial incisor IAA 1/90, La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica Possibly Sudamerica ameghinoi H (jaw, at mental foramen): 6.05; W (jaw, at mental foramen): 3.49; H (incisor): 3.65; W (incisor): 1.53 [22]
MLP 96-I-5-47 Fragmentary ?left upper incisor IAA 1/90, La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica Possibly Sudamerica ameghinoi H: 1.61; L: >5.37; W: 2.29 [24]

South America

Salamanca Formation

Los Alamitos Formation

Other records

In addition to the more abundant remains from the Salamanca and Los Alamitos Formations, a few more gondwanatheres or possible gondwanatheres have been found at other South American localities. The Santa Rosa local fauna in the Paleogene of Peru has produced a variety of marsupials and caviomorph rodents as well as a few notoungulates (an extinct mammalian group), a possible bat, and a single possible gondwanathere tooth.[25] The Allen Formation of Argentina, which is similar in age to the Los Alamitos Formation, has produced various dryolestoids and a single ferugliotheriid molariform.[26] The La Colonia Formation, also in Argentina but perhaps slightly younger, has produced dryolestoids, ferugliotheriids (which have not been fully described and are not listed here), and Argentodites, which has been interpreted as either a non-gondwanatherian multituberculate or an animal closely related to Ferugliotherium.[27]

Specimen Organ Locality Age Identity Measurements References
LACM 149371 ?Left last upper molariform Santa Rosa, Peru Paleogene (?Mustersan–Deseadan) Possibly related to Ferugliotherium L: 2.65; W: 2.02; H: 1.30 [28]
MML-Pv 16 Left mf1 Cerro Tortuga, Allen Formation, Río Negro Province, Argentina ?Maastrichtian Trapalcotherium matuastensis (holotype) L: 2.48; W: 2.07 [29]
MPEF 604 Left p4 Middle La Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina ?Maastrichtian Argentodites coloniensis (holotype); originally identified as a possible cimolodontan, later as related to Ferugliotherium H: 2.10; L: 4.15; W: 1.35 [30]

References

  1. ^ Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007, p. 522.
  2. ^ Krause et al. 1997, p. 505.
  3. ^ Prasad 2007; Wilson 2007.
  4. ^ a b Prasad 2008, p. 91.
  5. ^ a b c Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007, pp. 526–527.
  6. ^ Wilson 2007, p. 521; Prasad 2007, p. 17.
  7. ^ a b c Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007, pp. 522, 525.
  8. ^ Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007, pp. 522, 524.
  9. ^ Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007, pp. 522–524.
  10. ^ Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007, p. 527.
  11. ^ Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007, pp. 522, 524–525.
  12. ^ Prasad et al. 2007, pp. 19–20.
  13. ^ Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007, p. 525.
  14. ^ Krause 1997, pp. 505–506; Koenigswald 1999, pp. 290–293; Prasad 2007, pp. 19–20; Wilson 2007, pp. 522, 525.
  15. ^ Krause et al. 2006, pp. 179, 186–188.
  16. ^ Krause et al. 1997, pp. 504–505.
  17. ^ Krause et al. 2006, p. 186.
  18. ^ Krause et al. 2006, pp. 186–187.
  19. ^ Krause 1997, p. 504; Wilson 2007, p. 526.
  20. ^ Krause et al. 2003.
  21. ^ Krause 2003; O'Connor 2006, p. 282; Stevens 2007, pp. 167–168.
  22. ^ a b Goin et al. 2006, pp. 136–137.
  23. ^ Goin et al. 2006, p. 141.
  24. ^ Goin et al. 2006, p. 137.
  25. ^ Campbell 2004.
  26. ^ Rougier et al. 2009.
  27. ^ Kielan-Jaworowska 2007; Gurovich 2009, p. 32; Rougier 2009, pp. 233, 235; Rougier 2009, p. 196.
  28. ^ Goin 2004; Vucetich 2010, pp. 201–202.
  29. ^ Rougier et al. 2009, pp. 232–233.
  30. ^ Kielan-Jaworowska 2007; Gurovich 2009, p. 32; Rougier 2009, p. 233.

Literature cited

  • Campbell, Jr. (2004). "The Santa Rosa local fauna: A summary". Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 40: 155–163. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Goin, F.J.; Reguero, M.A.; Pascual, R.; von Koenigswald, W.; Woodburne, M.O.; Case, J.A.; Marenssi, S.A.; Vieytes, C.; Vizcaíno, S.F. (2006). "First gondwanatherian mammal from Antarctica". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 258: 135–144. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.10. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Goin, F.J.; Vieytes, E.C.; Vucetich, M.G.; Carlini, A.A.; Bond, M. (2004). "Enigmatic mammal from the Paleogene of Perú" (PDF). Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 40: 145–153. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. (2009). "The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (1): 25–49. doi:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E.; Vieytes, C.; Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J. (2007). "First ?cimolodontan multituberculate mammal from South America". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 (2): 257–262. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Krause, D.W.; Gottfried, M.D.; O'Connor, P.M.; Roberts, E.M. (2003). "A Cretaceous mammal from Tanzania" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (3): 321–330. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Krause, D.W.; O'Connor, P.M.; Rogers, K.C.; Sampson, S.D.; Buckley, G.A.; Rogers, R.R. (2006). "Late Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from Madagascar: Implications for Latin American biogeography". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 93 (2): 178–208. doi:10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[178:LCTVFM]2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Krause, D. W.; Prasad, G. V. R.; von Koenigswald, W.; Sahni, A.; Grine, F. E. (1997). "Cosmopolitanism among Gondwanan Late Cretaceous mammals" (PDF). Nature. 390 (6659): 504–507. Bibcode:1997Natur.390..504K. doi:10.1038/37343. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • O'Connor, P.; Gottfried, M.; Stevens, N.; Roberts, E.; Ngasala, S.; Kapilima, S.; Chami, R. (2006). "A new vertebrate fauna from the Cretaceous Red Sandstone Group, Rukwa Rift Basin, Southwestern Tanzania". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 44 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.022. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Prasad, G.V.R. (2008). "Sedimentary basins & fossil records". In Singhvi, A.K.; Bhattacharya, A (eds.). Glimpses of Geoscience Research in India: The Indian Report to IUGS 2004–2008 (PDF). New Delhi: The Indian National Academy of Sciences. pp. 90–96. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Prasad, G.V.R.; Verma, O.; Sahni, A.; Krause, D.W.; Khosla, A.; Parmar, V. (2007). "A new late Cretaceous gondwanatherian mammal from central India". Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 73 (1): 17–24. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Rougier, G.; Chornogubsky, L.; Casadio, S.; Paéz Arango, N.; Giallombardo, A. (2009). "Mammals from the Allen Formation, Late Cretaceous, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 30 (1): 223–238. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.006. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Rougier, G.W.; Forasiepi, A.M.; Hill, R.V.; Novacek, M. (2009). "New mammalian remains from the Late Cretaceous La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (2): 195–212. doi:10.4202/app.2006.0026. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Stevens, N.J.; Gottfried, M.D.; Roberts, E.M.; Kapilima, S.; Ngasala, S.; O'Connor, P.M. (2007). "Paleontological exploration in Africa: A view from the Rukwa Rift Basin of Tanzania". In Fleagle, J.G.; Gilbert, C.C (eds.). Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins. Springer. pp. 159–180. ISBN 978-0-387-73895-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Vucetich, M.G.; Vieytes, E.C.; Pérez, M.E.; Carloni, A.A. (2010). "The rodents from La Barranca and the early evolution of caviomorphs in South America". In Madden, R.H.; Carlini, A.A.; Vucetich, M.G.; Kay, R.F (eds.). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Wilson, G. P.; Das Sarma, D. C.; Anantharaman, S. (2007). "Late Cretaceous sudamericid gondwanatherians from India with paleobiogeographic considerations of Gondwanan mammals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (2): 521–531. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[521:LCSGFI]2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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