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Terminology mining, term extraction, term recognition, or glossary extraction, is a subtask of information extraction. The goal of terminology extraction is to automatically extract relevant terms from a given corpus.

In the semantic web era, a growing number of communities and networked enterprises started to access and interoperate through the internet. Modeling these communities and their information needs is important for several web applications, like topic-driven web crawlers,^[1] web services,^[2] recommender systems,^[3] etc. The development of terminology extraction is essential to the language industry.

One of the first steps to model the knowledge domain of a virtual community is to collect a vocabulary of domain-relevant terms, constituting the linguistic surface manifestation of domain concepts. Several methods to automatically extract technical terms from domain-specific document warehouses have been described in the literature.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Typically, approaches to automatic term extraction make use of linguistic processors (part of speech tagging, phrase chunking) to extract terminological candidates, i.e. syntactically plausible terminological noun phrases, NPs (e.g. compounds "credit card", adjective-NPs "local tourist information office", and prepositional-NPs "board of directors" - in English, the first two constructs are the most frequent^{[citation needed]}). Terminological entries are then filtered from the candidate list using statistical and machine learning methods. Once filtered, because of their low ambiguity and high specificity, these terms are particularly useful for conceptualizing a knowledge domain or for supporting the creation of a domain ontology or a terminology base. Furthermore, terminology extraction is a very useful starting point for semantic similarity, knowledge management, human translation and machine translation, etc.

Bilingual terminology extraction

The methods for terminology extraction can be applied to parallel corpora. Combined with e.g. co-occurrence statistics, candidates for term translations can be obtained.^[17] Bilingual terminology can be extracted also from comparable corpora^[18] (corpora containing texts within the same text type, domain but not translations of documents between each other).

References

^ Menczer F., Pant G. and Srinivasan P. Topic-Driven Crawlers: machine learning issues.
^ Fan J. and Kambhampati S. A Snapshot of Public Web Services, in ACM SIGMOD Record archive Volume 34 , Issue 1 (March 2005).
^ Yan Zheng Wei, Luc Moreau, Nicholas R. Jennings. A market-based approach to recommender systems, in ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 23(3), 2005.
^ Bourigault D. and Jacquemin C. Term Extraction+Term Clustering: an integrated platform for computer-aided terminology, in Proc. of EACL, 1999.
^ Collier, N.; Nobata, C.; Tsujii, J. (2002). "Automatic acquisition and classification of terminology using a tagged corpus in the molecular biology domain". Terminology. 7 (2): 239–257. doi:10.1075/term.7.2.07col.
^ K. Frantzi, S. Ananiadou and H. Mima. (2000). Automatic recognition of multi-word terms: the C-value/NC-value method. In: C. Nikolau and C. Stephanidis (Eds.) International Journal on Digital Libraries, Vol. 3, No. 2., pp. 115-130.
^ K. Frantzi, S. Ananiadou and J. Tsujii. (1998) The C-value/NC-value Method of Automatic Recognition of Multi-word Terms, In: ECDL '98 Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, pp. 585-604. [isbn: 3-540-65101-2]
^ L. Kozakov, Y. Park, T. Fin, Y. Drissi, Y. Doganata, and T. Cofino. (2004). "Glossary extraction and utilization in the information search and delivery system for IBM Technical Support" (PDF). IBM System Journal. 43 (3).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Navigli R. and Velardi, P. Learning Domain Ontologies from Document Warehouses and Dedicated Web Sites. Computational Linguistics. 30 (2), MIT Press, 2004, pp. 151-179
^ Y. Park, R. J. Byrd, B. Boguraev. "Automatic glossary extraction: beyond terminology identification", International Conference On Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Taipei, Taiwan, 2002.
^ Sclano, F. and Velardi, P.. TermExtractor: a Web Application to Learn the Shared Terminology of Emergent Web Communities. To appear in Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications (I-ESA 2007). Funchal (Madeira Island), Portugal, March 28–30th, 2007.
^ P. Velardi, R. Navigli, P. D'Amadio. Mining the Web to Create Specialized Glossaries, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 23(5), IEEE Press, 2008, pp. 18-25.
^ Wermter J. and Hahn U. Finding New terminology in Very large Corpora, in Proc. of K-CAP'05, October 2–5, 2005, Banff, Alberta, Canada
^ Wong, W., Liu, W. & Bennamoun, M. (2007) Determining Termhood for Learning Domain Ontologies using Domain Prevalence and Tendency. In: 6th Australasian Conference on Data Mining (AusDM); Gold Coast. [isbn: 978-1-920682-51-4]
^ Wong, W., Liu, W. & Bennamoun, M. (2007) Determining Termhood for Learning Domain Ontologies in a Probabilistic Framework. In: 6th Australasian Conference on Data Mining (AusDM); Gold Coast. [isbn: 978-1-920682-51-4]
^ Wong, W., Liu, W. & Bennamoun, M. (2008). "Determination of Unithood and Termhood for Term Recognition". In M. Song and Y. Wu (ed.). Handbook of Research on Text and Web Mining Technologies. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-59904-990-8. ISBN 978-1-59904-990-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Macken, Lieve, Els Lefever, and Veronique Hoste. "TExSIS: Bilingual terminology extraction from parallel corpora using chunk-based alignment." Terminology 19.1 (2013): 1-30.
^ Rapp, Reinhard, Pierre Zweigenbaum, and Pascale Fung. Building and Using Comparable Corpora. Springer, 2013.

External links

AlchemyAPI, a web-based multi-lingual keyword / terminology extraction API web application
Dandelion API is a web-based multi-lingual named entity extraction API / text similarity API / text classifier API on custom/IPTC categories
EntityClassifier.eu, an English/German/Dutch entity extraction web application and SaaS API built on top of Linked Hypernyms Dataset
Five Filters Term Extraction, a free software term extraction service web application
Gabor Melli's info page on terminology extraction
Heartsome Araya Bilingual Terminology Extractor for TMX files, by Heartsome Europe
Introduction to terminology management, by IBM
Intellexer is the terminology (concepts) extraction software available as SDK or REST API service
TermFinder, free online terminology extractor web application
TermExtractor, a free terminology extraction web application
Lexterm, a free/open-source Lexical Extractor for Terminology and Translation (mono- and bilingual extraction).
Anchovy Anchovy is a free multilingual cross-platform glossary editor and term extraction tool based on the open Glossary Markup Language (GlossML) format.
TerMine, a term management system by the UK's National Centre for Text Mining. web application
Ngram Statistics Package, open source package for identifying collocations
Semantria, a web-based multi-lingual keyword, entity, and theme extraction SaaS API web application
Sematext Key Phrase Extractor, a package for extraction of Collocations, Statistically Improbable Phrases (SIPs), etc. by Sematext
Sketch Engine, (bilingual) terminology extraction in a corpus manager tool
Terms-Gekko, online terminology extraction tool for translators and linguists by Gekko-Labs
Statistical Bilingual Terminology Extractor, online terminology extractor web application
TexLexAn - An open-source text summarizer and keyword extractor.
textCavate is a free multilingual API dedicated to keyword extraction.
Ultimate Research Assistant, A free online literacy tool with strong multi-lingual terminology extraction capabilities and visualizations including bar charts, mind maps, and taxonomies. Includes XML web services for term extraction, text summarization, and taxonomy generation / clustering.
Yahoo Term Extraction API web application
Zemanta API, a web-based keyword extraction and disambiguation API by Zemanta

[1] Menczer F., Pant G. and Srinivasan P. Topic-Driven Crawlers: machine learning issues.

[2] Fan J. and Kambhampati S. A Snapshot of Public Web Services, in ACM SIGMOD Record archive Volume 34 , Issue 1 (March 2005).

[3] Yan Zheng Wei, Luc Moreau, Nicholas R. Jennings. A market-based approach to recommender systems, in ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 23(3), 2005.

[4] Bourigault D. and Jacquemin C. Term Extraction+Term Clustering: an integrated platform for computer-aided terminology, in Proc. of EACL, 1999.

[5] Collier, N.; Nobata, C.; Tsujii, J. (2002). "Automatic acquisition and classification of terminology using a tagged corpus in the molecular biology domain". Terminology. 7 (2): 239–257. doi:10.1075/term.7.2.07col.

[6] K. Frantzi, S. Ananiadou and H. Mima. (2000). Automatic recognition of multi-word terms: the C-value/NC-value method. In: C. Nikolau and C. Stephanidis (Eds.) International Journal on Digital Libraries, Vol. 3, No. 2., pp. 115-130.

[7] K. Frantzi, S. Ananiadou and J. Tsujii. (1998) The C-value/NC-value Method of Automatic Recognition of Multi-word Terms, In: ECDL '98 Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, pp. 585-604. [isbn: 3-540-65101-2]

[8] L. Kozakov, Y. Park, T. Fin, Y. Drissi, Y. Doganata, and T. Cofino. (2004). "Glossary extraction and utilization in the information search and delivery system for IBM Technical Support" (PDF). IBM System Journal. 43 (3).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[9] Navigli R. and Velardi, P. Learning Domain Ontologies from Document Warehouses and Dedicated Web Sites. Computational Linguistics. 30 (2), MIT Press, 2004, pp. 151-179

[10] Y. Park, R. J. Byrd, B. Boguraev. "Automatic glossary extraction: beyond terminology identification", International Conference On Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Taipei, Taiwan, 2002.

[11] Sclano, F. and Velardi, P.. TermExtractor: a Web Application to Learn the Shared Terminology of Emergent Web Communities. To appear in Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications (I-ESA 2007). Funchal (Madeira Island), Portugal, March 28–30th, 2007.

[12] P. Velardi, R. Navigli, P. D'Amadio. Mining the Web to Create Specialized Glossaries, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 23(5), IEEE Press, 2008, pp. 18-25.

[13] Wermter J. and Hahn U. Finding New terminology in Very large Corpora, in Proc. of K-CAP'05, October 2–5, 2005, Banff, Alberta, Canada

[14] Wong, W., Liu, W. & Bennamoun, M. (2007) Determining Termhood for Learning Domain Ontologies using Domain Prevalence and Tendency. In: 6th Australasian Conference on Data Mining (AusDM); Gold Coast. [isbn: 978-1-920682-51-4]

[15] Wong, W., Liu, W. & Bennamoun, M. (2007) Determining Termhood for Learning Domain Ontologies in a Probabilistic Framework. In: 6th Australasian Conference on Data Mining (AusDM); Gold Coast. [isbn: 978-1-920682-51-4]

[16] Wong, W., Liu, W. & Bennamoun, M. (2008). "Determination of Unithood and Termhood for Term Recognition". In M. Song and Y. Wu (ed.). Handbook of Research on Text and Web Mining Technologies. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-59904-990-8. ISBN 978-1-59904-990-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[17] Macken, Lieve, Els Lefever, and Veronique Hoste. "TExSIS: Bilingual terminology extraction from parallel corpora using chunk-based alignment." Terminology 19.1 (2013): 1-30.

[18] Rapp, Reinhard, Pierre Zweigenbaum, and Pascale Fung. Building and Using Comparable Corpora. Springer, 2013.

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 ==External links==
+* [http://www.alchemyapi.com/enwiki/api/keyword/ AlchemyAPI], a web-based multi-lingual keyword / terminology extraction API web application
-* [http://www.intellexer.com/clusterizer.html Intellexer] is the terminology (concepts) extraction software available as SDK or REST API service
-* [http://www.textcavate.com/ textCavate] is a free multilingual API dedicated to [[keyword extraction]].
 * [https://dandelion.eu/ Dandelion API] is a web-based multi-lingual named entity extraction API / text similarity API / text classifier API on custom/IPTC categories
+* [https://entityclassifier.eu EntityClassifier.eu], an English/German/Dutch entity extraction  web application and SaaS API built on top of [[Linked Hypernyms Dataset]]
-* [http://texlexan.sourceforge.net/ TexLexAn] - An open-source text summarizer and keyword extractor.
-* [http://www.maxprograms.com/products/anchovy.html Anchovy] Anchovy is a free multilingual cross-platform glossary editor and term extraction tool based on the open [http://www.maxprograms.com/glossml/glossml.pdf Glossary Markup Language] (GlossML) format.
-* [http://www.linguoc.cat/index_en.html Lexterm], a free/open-source Lexical Extractor for Terminology and Translation (mono- and bilingual extraction).
-* [http://sematext.com/products/key-phrase-extractor/index.html Sematext Key Phrase Extractor], a package for extraction of Collocations, Statistically Improbable Phrases (SIPs), etc. by [[Sematext]]
 * [http://fivefilters.org/term-extraction/ Five Filters Term Extraction], a free software term extraction service web application
-* [http://www.alchemyapi.com/api/keyword/ AlchemyAPI], a web-based multi-lingual keyword / terminology extraction API web application
+* [http://www.gabormelli.com/RKB/Terminology_Extraction_Task Gabor Melli's info page on terminology extraction]
+* [http://www.heartsome.de/en/termextraction.php Heartsome Araya Bilingual Terminology Extractor for TMX files], by Heartsome Europe
-* [http://developer.zemanta.com/ Zemanta API], a web-based keyword extraction and disambiguation API by [[Zemanta]]
-* [https://www.terms-gekko.com Terms-Gekko], online terminology extraction tool for translators and linguists by [http://www.gekko-labs.com Gekko-Labs]
-* [http://developer.yahoo.com/search/content/V1/termExtraction.html Yahoo Term Extraction] API web application
 * [http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/topics/terminology/introduction.html Introduction to terminology management], by [[IBM]]
+* [http://www.intellexer.com/clusterizer.html Intellexer] is the terminology (concepts) extraction software available as SDK or REST API service
-* [http://www.nactem.ac.uk/software/termine/ TerMine], a term management system by the UK's [[National Centre for Text Mining]]. web application
-* [http://lcl2.di.uniroma1.it/termextractor TermExtractor], a free terminology extraction web application
 * [http://labs.translated.net/terminology-extraction/ TermFinder], free online terminology extractor web application
-* [http://www.termserver.eu/cms/content/view/14/28/ Statistical Bilingual Terminology Extractor], online terminology extractor web application
+* [http://lcl2.di.uniroma1.it/termextractor TermExtractor], a free terminology extraction web application
+* [http://www.linguoc.cat/index_en.html Lexterm], a free/open-source Lexical Extractor for Terminology and Translation (mono- and bilingual extraction).
+* [http://www.maxprograms.com/products/anchovy.html Anchovy] Anchovy is a free multilingual cross-platform glossary editor and term extraction tool based on the open [http://www.maxprograms.com/glossml/glossml.pdf Glossary Markup Language] (GlossML) format.
+* [http://www.nactem.ac.uk/software/termine/ TerMine], a term management system by the UK's [[National Centre for Text Mining]]. web application
 * [http://ngram.sourceforge.net Ngram Statistics Package], open source package for identifying collocations
-* [http://www.heartsome.de/en/termextraction.php Heartsome Araya Bilingual Terminology Extractor for TMX files], by Heartsome Europe
-* [http://www.gabormelli.com/RKB/Terminology_Extraction_Task Gabor Melli's info page on terminology extraction]
-* [http://ultimate-research-assistant.com/ Ultimate Research Assistant], A free online literacy tool with strong multi-lingual terminology extraction capabilities and visualizations including bar charts, mind maps, and taxonomies. Includes XML web services for [http://www.ultimate-research-assistant.com/oem/informationextractorservice.htm term extraction], [http://ultimate-research-assistant.com/oem/TextSummarizerService.htm text summarization], and [http://ultimate-research-assistant.com/oem/ClusteringEngineService.htm taxonomy generation / clustering].
 * [https://semantria.com/technology/entity-extraction Semantria], a web-based multi-lingual keyword, entity, and theme extraction SaaS API web application
+* [http://sematext.com/products/key-phrase-extractor/index.html Sematext Key Phrase Extractor], a package for extraction of Collocations, Statistically Improbable Phrases (SIPs), etc. by [[Sematext]]
-* [https://entityclassifier.eu EntityClassifier.eu], an English/German/Dutch entity extraction  web application and SaaS API built on top of [[Linked Hypernyms Dataset]]
 * [https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/terminology-extraction/ Sketch Engine], (bilingual) terminology extraction in a corpus manager tool
+* [https://www.terms-gekko.com Terms-Gekko], online terminology extraction tool for translators and linguists by [http://www.gekko-labs.com Gekko-Labs]
+* [http://www.termserver.eu/cms/content/view/14/28/ Statistical Bilingual Terminology Extractor], online terminology extractor web application
+* [http://texlexan.sourceforge.net/ TexLexAn] - An open-source text summarizer and keyword extractor.
+* [http://www.textcavate.com/ textCavate] is a free multilingual API dedicated to [[keyword extraction]].
+* [http://ultimate-research-assistant.com/ Ultimate Research Assistant], A free online literacy tool with strong multi-lingual terminology extraction capabilities and visualizations including bar charts, mind maps, and taxonomies. Includes XML web services for [http://www.ultimate-research-assistant.com/oem/informationextractorservice.htm term extraction], [http://ultimate-research-assistant.com/oem/TextSummarizerService.htm text summarization], and [http://ultimate-research-assistant.com/oem/ClusteringEngineService.htm taxonomy generation / clustering].
+* [http://developer.yahoo.com/search/content/V1/termExtraction.html Yahoo Term Extraction] API web application
+* [http://developer.zemanta.com/ Zemanta API], a web-based keyword extraction and disambiguation API by [[Zemanta]]
 {{Natural Language Processing}}

Revision as of 23:47, 30 December 2015

Bilingual terminology extraction

See also

References

External links