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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Wes Craven
| name = Wes Craven
| image = Wes Craven 2010.jpg
| image = Wes Craven 2010.jpg
| caption = Craven in 2010
| caption = Craven in 2010
| birth_name = Wesley Earl Craven
| birth_name = Wesley Earl Craven
| image_size = 230px
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|08|02|mf=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|08|02|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| birth_place = [[Cleveland]], Ohio, United States
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|08|30|1939|08|02}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|08|30|1939|08|02}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S.
| death_cause = [[Brain cancer]]
| occupation = Director, writer, producer, actor
| occupation = Director, writer, producer, actor
| years_active = 1971–2015
| years_active = 1971–2015
| spouse = {{marriage|Bonnie Broecker|1964|1969|reason=divorced}}<br />{{marriage|Mimi Craven|1984|1987|reason=divorced}}<br />{{marriage|Iya Labunka|2004|2015|reason=his death}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Bonnie Broecker|1964|1969|reason=divorced}}<br />{{marriage|[[Mimi Craven]]|1984|1987|reason=divorced}}<br />{{marriage|Iya Labunka|2004|2015|reason=his death}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.wescraven.com}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.wescraven.com}}
| children = 2, including [[Jonathan Craven|Jonathan]]
| children=2, including [[Jonathan Craven|Jonathan]] Wes Craven died from Brain Cancer
}}
}}


'''Wesley Earl''' "'''Wes'''" '''Craven''' (August 2, 1939&nbsp;– August 30, 2015) was an American film director, writer, producer, and actor known for his work on [[horror film]]s, particularly [[slasher film]]s.
'''Wesley Earl''' "'''Wes'''" '''Craven''' (August 2, 1939&nbsp;– August 30, 2015) was an American film director, writer, producer, and actor known for his work on [[horror film]]s, particularly [[slasher film]]s. He was best known for creating the [[A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)|''A Nightmare on Elm Street'' franchise]] featuring the [[Freddy Krueger]] character, directing the [[A Nightmare on Elm Street|first installment]] and ''[[Wes Craven's New Nightmare]]'', and co-writing ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors]]'' with [[Bruce Wagner]].


⚫
Craven also directed all four films in the [[Scream (film series)|''Scream'' series]], and co-created the [[Ghostface (Scream)|Ghostface]] character. Some of his other films include ''[[The Hills Have Eyes (1977 film)|The Hills Have Eyes]]'', ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]'', ''[[Red Eye (2005 American film)|Red Eye]]'' and ''[[My Soul to Take]]''.
He was best known for creating the [[A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)|''A Nightmare on Elm Street'' franchise]] featuring the [[Freddy Krueger]] character, directing the [[A Nightmare on Elm Street|first installment]] and ''[[Wes Craven's New Nightmare]]'', and co-writing ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors]]'' with [[Bruce Wagner]].

⚫
Craven also directed all four films in the [[Scream (franchise)|''Scream'' series]], and co-created the [[Ghostface (Scream)|Ghostface]] character. Some of his other films include ''[[The Hills Have Eyes (1977 film)|The Hills Have Eyes]]'', ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]'', ''[[The People Under the Stairs]]'', ''[[Red Eye (2005 American film)|Red Eye]], [[The Serpent and the Rainbow (film)|The Serpent and the Rainbow]]'', and ''[[Vampire in Brooklyn]]''.

On August 30, 2015, Craven died of [[brain cancer]], at the age of 76, at his home in [[Los Angeles]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Craven was born in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], the son of Caroline (née Miller) and Paul Eugene Craven.<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/24/Wes-Craven.html Wes Craven Biography (1939–)] at filmreference.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://birth-records.mooseroots.com/l/6325004/Wesley-Earl-Craven|title=Wesley Earl Craven (b. 1939)|work=mooseroots.com|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref> He was raised in a strict [[Baptist]] family.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17talk-t.html The Horror of Being Wes Craven]</ref> Craven earned an undergraduate degree in [[English studies|English]] and [[Psychology]] from [[Wheaton College, Illinois|Wheaton College]] in [[Illinois]] and a master's degree in Philosophy and [[Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars|Writing]] from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref>[[John Kenneth Muir|Muir, John Kenneth]] (1998). ''Wes Craven: The Art of Horror''. Jefferson, South Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0576-7. pp. 8–9.</ref>
Craven was born in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], the son of Caroline (née Miller) and Paul Eugene Craven.<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/24/Wes-Craven.html Wes Craven Biography (1939–)] at filmreference.com</ref><ref>http://birth-records.mooseroots.com/l/6325004/Wesley-Earl-Craven</ref> He was raised in a strict Baptist family.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17talk-t.html The Horror of Being Wes Craven]</ref> Craven earned an undergraduate degree in [[English studies|English]] and [[Psychology]] from [[Wheaton College, Illinois|Wheaton College]] in [[Illinois]] and a master's degree in Philosophy and [[Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars|Writing]] from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref>[[John Kenneth Muir|Muir, John Kenneth]] (1998). ''Wes Craven: The Art of Horror''. Jefferson, South Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0576-7. pp. 8–9.</ref>

Craven briefly taught [[English studies|English]] at [[Westminster College, Pennsylvania|Westminster College]] and was a [[humanities]] professor at Clarkson College of Technology (later named [[Clarkson University]]) in [[Potsdam, New York]].<ref name="biography"/> He additionally taught at [[Madrid-Waddington Central School|Madrid-Waddington High School]] in [[Madrid, New York]].<ref name=newsday1994>{{cite news | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/277066940/Wes-Craven-interview-The-Man-Who-Created-Freddy-Krueger-is-Back-With-Renewed-Respect | title= The Man Who Created Freddy Krueger is Back With Renewed Respect | work=[[Newsday]] | location = [[New York]] | date= October 13, 1994| accessdate= August 31, 2015| authorlink= Frank Lovece | first= Frank|last=Lovece | archivedate= August 31, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150831225332/http://www.scribd.com/doc/277066940/Wes-Craven-interview-The-Man-Who-Created-Freddy-Krueger-is-Back-With-Renewed-Respect | deadurl=no}}</ref> During this time, he purchased a used [[16mm]] film camera and began making short movies. When his friend [[Tom Chapin]] informed him of a messenger position at a New York City [[post-production]] company run by his brother, future folk-rock star [[Harry Chapin]], Craven moved to Manhattan.<ref name=newsday1994 /> His first creative job in the [[film industry]] was as a [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|sound editor]] for Chapin's firm.<ref name="biography"/>


Craven briefly taught [[English studies|English]] at [[Westminster College, Pennsylvania|Westminster College]] and was a [[humanities]] professor at Clarkson College of Technology (now [[Clarkson University]]) in Potsdam, New York.<ref name="biography"/> His first job in the [[film industry]] was as a [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|sound editor]] for a [[post-production]] company in New York City.<ref name="biography"/>
Recalling his early training, Craven said in 1994, "Harry was a fantastic [[film editor]] and producer of [[industrial film|industrials]]. He taught me The Chapin Method [of editing]: 'Nuts and bolts! Nuts and bolts! Get rid of the - - - !' " Craven afterward became the firm's assistant manager, and broke into film editing with ''[[You've Got to Walk It Like You Talk It or You'll Lose That Beat]]'' (1971).<ref name=newsday1994 />


==Directing and writing career==
==Directing and writing career==
Craven left the academic world for the more lucrative role of pornographic film director.<ref name="NPRobit">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/30/436171462/wes-craven-master-horror-movie-director-dies-at-76|title=Wes Craven, Master Horror Movie Director, Dies At 76|publisher=NPR.org|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref> In the documentary ''[[Inside Deep Throat]]'', Craven says on camera he made "many hard core X-rated films" under pseudonyms. While his role in ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'' is undisclosed, most of his early known work involved writing, film editing or both.<ref name="NPRobit"/> Wes Craven's first feature film as director was ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]'' which was released in 1972.<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/wes-craven-193498|title=Wes Craven|publisher=Biography.com|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref>
Craven left the academic world for the more lucrative role of pornographic film director.<ref name="NPRobit">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/30/436171462/wes-craven-master-horror-movie-director-dies-at-76|title=Wes Craven, Master Horror Movie Director, Dies At 76|publisher=NPR.org|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref> In the documentary ''[[Inside Deep Throat]]'', Craven says on camera he made "many hard core X-rated films" under pseudonyms. While his role in ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'' is undisclosed, most of his early known work involved writing, film editing or both.<ref name="NPRobit"/> In 1972 Wes Craven directed his first feature film ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]''.<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/wes-craven-193498|title=Wes Craven|publisher=Biography.com|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref>


Craven frequently collaborated with [[Sean S. Cunningham]]. In Craven's debut feature, ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]'', Cunningham served as producer. Later, in Craven's best-known film, ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' (1984), Cunningham directed one of the chase scenes, although uncredited.<ref name="biography"/> Their characters, [[Freddy Krueger]] and [[Jason Voorhees]], appeared together in the slasher film ''[[Freddy vs. Jason]]'' (2003) with Cunningham acting as producer, while screenwriter Victor Miller is credited as "Character Creator". Later, in [[The Last House on the Left (2009 film)|''The Last House on the Left'' remake]] (2009), both Cunningham and Craven share production credits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/19559|title='Scream IV' Officially Greenlit with Wes Craven Attached}}</ref>
Craven frequently collaborated with [[Sean S. Cunningham]]. In Craven's debut feature, ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]'', Cunningham served as producer. Later, in Craven's most famous film, ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'', Cunningham directed one of the chase scenes, although uncredited.<ref name="biography"/> Their infamous characters, [[Freddy Krueger]] and [[Jason Voorhees]], appeared together in the 2003 slasher film ''[[Freddy vs. Jason]]'' with Cunningham acting as producer, while screenwriter Victor Miller is credited as "Character Creator". Later, in [[The Last House on the Left (2009 film)|''The Last House on the Left'' remake]], both Cunningham and Craven share production credits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/19559|title='Scream IV' Officially Greenlit with Wes Craven Attached}}</ref>


Craven had a hand in launching actor [[Johnny Depp]]'s career by casting him in ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'', Depp's first major film role.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blitz,Krasniewicz |first= |date= |title=Johnny Depp: A Biography |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</ref>
Craven had a major hand in launching superstar [[Johnny Depp]]'s career by casting him in 1984's ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'', Depp's first major film role.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blitz,Krasniewicz |first= |date= |title=Johnny Depp: A Biography |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</ref>


Although known for directing horror/thriller films, he had worked on two films which are outside this genre: ''[[Music of the Heart]]'' (1999), and as one of the 22 directors responsible for ''[[Paris, je t'aime]]'' (2006).<ref name="NPRobit"/>
Although known for directing horror/thriller films, he had worked on two that were outside this genre: the 1999 film ''[[Music of the Heart]]'', and as one of the 22 directors in the 2006 collaboration ''[[Paris, je t'aime]]''.<ref name="NPRobit"/>


Craven created ''Coming of Rage'', a five-issue [[comic book]] series, with [[30 Days of Night|''30 Days of Night'' comic book]] writer [[Steve Niles]].<ref name="comic"/> The series was released in [[digital comics|digital form]] in 2014 by Liquid Comics with a print edition scheduled for an October 2015 debut.<ref name="comic">{{cite web|url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2015/07/17/wes-cravens-coming-of-rage-finally-comes-to-print-from-steve-niles-and-francesco-biagini/|title=Wes Craven's Coming Of Rage Finally Comes To Print From Steve Niles And Francesco Biagini - Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Movie, TV News|author=Rich Johnston|work=Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Movie, TV News|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref>
Craven created ''Coming of Rage'', a five-issue [[comic book]] series, with [[30 Days of Night|''30 Days of Night'' comic book]] writer [[Steve Niles]].<ref name="comic"/> The series was released in [[digital comics|digital form]] in 2014 by Liquid Comics with a print edition scheduled for an October 2015 debut.<ref name="comic">http://www.bleedingcool.com/2015/07/17/wes-cravens-coming-of-rage-finally-comes-to-print-from-steve-niles-and-francesco-biagini/</ref>


===Film style===
===Film style===
Craven's works tend to share a common exploration of the nature of reality. ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'', for example, dealt with the consequences of dreams in real life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/guide-to-Wes-Craven|title=Wes Craven: Film By Film|date=17 September 2015|work=Empire Magazine |accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>
Craven's works tend to share a common exploration of the nature of reality. ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'', for example, dealt with the consequences of dreams in real life. ''[[Wes Craven's New Nightmare|New Nightmare]]'' "brushes against" (but does not quite break) the [[fourth wall]] by having actress [[Heather Langenkamp]] play herself as she is haunted by the villain of the film in which she once starred.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/30/entertainment/wes-craven-horror-movie-director-death/|title=Wes Craven, horror movie director, dies at age 76|publisher=CNN.com|accessdate=August 30, 2015}}</ref> At one point in the film, the audience sees on Wes Craven's word processor a script he has written, which includes the exact conversation he just had with Heather — as if the script was being written as the action unfolded. ''[[The Serpent and the Rainbow (film)|The Serpent and the Rainbow]]'' portrays a man who cannot distinguish between nightmarish visions and reality.<ref name="CNN"/>
''[[Wes Craven's New Nightmare|New Nightmare]]'' "brushes against" (but does not quite break) the [[fourth wall]] by having actress [[Heather Langenkamp]] play herself as she is haunted by the villain of the film in which she once starred.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/30/entertainment/wes-craven-horror-movie-director-death/|title=Wes Craven, horror movie director, dies at age 76|publisher=CNN.com|accessdate=August 30, 2015}}</ref> At one point in the film, the audience sees on Wes Craven's word processor a script he has written, which includes the exact conversation he just had with Heather — as if the script was being written as the action unfolded. ''[[The Serpent and the Rainbow (film)|The Serpent and the Rainbow]]'' portrays a man who cannot distinguish between nightmarish visions and reality.<ref name="CNN"/>


In ''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]'', the characters frequently reference horror films similar to their situations, and at one point Billy Loomis tells his girlfriend that life is just a big movie. This concept was emphasized in the sequels, as copycat stalkers reenact the events of a new film about the Woodsboro (Woodsboro being the fictional town where Scream is set) killings occurring in ''Scream''.<ref name="biography"/> ''Scream'' included a scene mentioning a [[Richard Gere]] [[urban legend]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/risque/homosexuality/gerbil.asp|title= Snopes Urban Legend About Gerbil and Richard Gere}}</ref> Craven stated in interviews that he received calls from agents telling him that if he left that scene in, he would never work again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Boulevard/7811/screamreferences.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021003142223/http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Boulevard/7811/screamreferences.html|title=Movie References in SCREAM|archivedate=October 3, 2002|work=geocities.com|accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,289310,00.html|title=Slashed and Burned|first= Steve |last= Simels | work=Entertainment Weekly|date=September 5, 1997}}</ref> The last film that he directed before his death was ''[[Scream 4]]''.<ref name="NPRobit"/>
In ''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]'', the characters frequently reference horror films similar to their situations, and at one point Billy Loomis tells his girlfriend that life is just a big movie. This concept was emphasized in the sequels, as copycat stalkers reenact the events of a new film about the Woodsboro killings occurring in ''Scream''.<ref name="biography"/> ''Scream'' included a scene mentioning the well-known [[Richard Gere]] [[urban legend]]. Craven stated in interviews that he received calls from agents telling him that if he left that scene in, he would never work again.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20021003142223/http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Boulevard/7811/screamreferences.html Movies Referenced in SCREAM]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,289310,00.html|title=Slashed and Burned|first= Steve |last= Simels | work=Entertainment Weekly|date=September 5, 1997}}</ref> He directed ''[[Scream 4]]''.<ref name="NPRobit"/>


==Awards and nominations==
==Awards and nominations==
Line 59: Line 52:
Craven designed the ''[[Halloween]]'' 2008 logo for [[Google]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comicmix.com/news/2008/10/31/wes-craven-carves-google-logo|title=Wes Craven Carves Google Logo}}</ref> and was the second celebrity personality to take over the [[YouTube]] homepage on Halloween.<ref name="Wes Craven Takes Over YouTube for Halloween!">{{Cite news | url = http://news.tubefilter.tv/2008/10/30/wes-craven-takes-over-youtube-for-halloween/ | title = Wes Craven Takes Over YouTube for Halloween! | work = [[Tubefilter|Tubefilter News]] | date = August 31, 2008 | accessdate =November 11, 2008}}</ref>
Craven designed the ''[[Halloween]]'' 2008 logo for [[Google]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comicmix.com/news/2008/10/31/wes-craven-carves-google-logo|title=Wes Craven Carves Google Logo}}</ref> and was the second celebrity personality to take over the [[YouTube]] homepage on Halloween.<ref name="Wes Craven Takes Over YouTube for Halloween!">{{Cite news | url = http://news.tubefilter.tv/2008/10/30/wes-craven-takes-over-youtube-for-halloween/ | title = Wes Craven Takes Over YouTube for Halloween! | work = [[Tubefilter|Tubefilter News]] | date = August 31, 2008 | accessdate =November 11, 2008}}</ref>


Craven had a letter published in the July 19, 1968 edition of [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]], praising that periodical's coverage of contemporary rock music, in particular [[Frank Zappa]]'s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QT8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA17-IA4#v=onepage&q=&f=true |title=Letters To The Editors|work =Life|author=Craven, Wes |date=July 19, 1968|page=17}}</ref>
Craven had a letter published in the July 19, 1968 edition of [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]], praising that periodical's coverage of contemporary rock music, in particular [[Frank Zappa]]'s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QT8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA17-IA4#v=onepage&q=&f=true |tite=Letters To The Editors|work =Life|author=Craven, Wes |date=July 19, 1968|page=17}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Craven's first marriage to Bonnie Broecker produced two children: [[Jonathan Craven]] (born 1965) and Jessica Craven (born 1968). Jonathan is a writer and director.<ref name="biography"/> Jessica was a singer/songwriter in the group the [[Chapin Sisters]]. The marriage ended in 1970. In 1982, Craven married a woman who would become known professionally as actress Mimi Craven. The two later divorced, with Wes Craven stating in interviews that the marriage dissolved after he discovered it "was no longer anything but a sham".<ref>{{cite book|author= Emery, Robert J. |url= https://books.google.com/?id=wSwypT4W94sC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=wes+craven+my+marriage+was+a+sham#v=onepage&q=wes%20craven%20my%20marriage%20was%20a%20sham&f=false |title=The Directors: Take Three|volume= 3|publisher= Allworth Press|date=2003|isbn=1581152450}}</ref> In 2004, Craven married Iya Labunka; she frequently worked as a producer on Craven's films.<ref name="Frost" />
Craven's first marriage to Bonnie Broecker produced two children: [[Jonathan Craven]] (born 1965) and Jessica Craven (born 1968). Jonathan is a writer and director with a few credits to his name.<ref name="biography"/> Jessica was a singer/songwriter in the group the [[Chapin Sisters]]. The marriage ended in 1970. In 1982, Craven married Millicent Eleanor Meyer. However, the two divorced. Craven stated in interviews that the marriage dissolved after he discovered it "was no longer anything but a sham".<ref>{{cite book|author= Emery, Robert J. |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=wSwypT4W94sC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=wes+craven+my+marriage+was+a+sham&source=bl&ots=rqoqkL11YO&sig=EwKjFYGwGx7xykcLXdbgZ3saxyw&hl=en&ei=azuVSsiTOZK-Np-OzfkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=wes%20craven%20my%20marriage%20was%20a%20sham&f=false |title=The Directors: Take Three|volume= 3|publisher= Allworth Press|date=2003|isbn=1581152450}}</ref> In 2004, Craven married Iya Labunka; she frequently worked as a producer on Craven's films.<ref name="Frost" />


Craven was a [[Birdwatching|birder]]; in 2010, he joined [[National Audubon Society|Audubon]] California's Board of Directors.<ref name="Frost">{{cite web|url=http://www.audublog.org/?p=3931|title=Director Wes Craven joins Audubon California's Board of Directors|last=Frost|first=G|date=May 28, 2010 |work= Audublog | publisher= Audubon California (National Audubon Society)| accessdate=April 3, 2011}}</ref> His favorite films included ''[[Night of the Living Dead]]'' (1968), ''[[The Virgin Spring]]'' (1960) and ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]'' (1948).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmdoctor.co.uk/2013/11/01/fun-fridays-directors-favourite-films-post-halloween-wes-craven/ |title=Wes Craven Favourite Films |publisher='Film Doctor'' |date=November 1, 2013 |accessdate=August 30, 2015 }}</ref>
Craven was a [[Birdwatching|birder]]; in 2010, he joined [[National Audubon Society|Audubon]] California's Board of Directors.<ref name="Frost">{{cite web|url=http://www.audublog.org/?p=3931|title=Director Wes Craven joins Audubon California's Board of Directors|last=Frost|first=G|date=May 28, 2010 |work= Audublog | publisher= Audubon California (National Audubon Society)| accessdate=April 3, 2011}}</ref> His favorite films included ''[[Night of the Living Dead]]'' (1968), ''[[The Virgin Spring]]'' (1960), and ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]'' (1948).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmdoctor.co.uk/2013/11/01/fun-fridays-directors-favourite-films-post-halloween-wes-craven/ |title=Wes Craven Favourite Films |publisher='Film Doctor'' |date=November 1, 2013 |accessdate=August 30, 2015 }}</ref>


==Death and legacy==
==Death==
On August 30, 2015, Craven died of [[brain cancer]], at the age of 76, at his home in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="CNN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wes-craven-horror-maestro-dies-818806 |title=Wes Craven, Horror Maestro, Dies at 76 |publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter'' |date=August 30, 2015 |accessdate=August 30, 2015 }}</ref> The 10th episode of ''[[Scream (TV series)|Scream]]'' was dedicated in his memory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freedistrict.com/entertainment/screams-10th-episode-dedicated-to-wes-cravens-memory-14394.html|title=Scream’s 10th episode, dedicated to Wes Craven’s memory}}
On August 30, 2015, Craven died of [[brain cancer]] at his home in [[Los Angeles]]. He was 76 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wes-craven-horror-maestro-dies-818806 |title=Wes Craven, Horror Maestro, Dies at 76 |publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter'' |date=August 30, 2015 |accessdate=August 30, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="CNN"/>
</ref>


==Books==
==Books==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Year !! Title
! Year !! Title
|-
|-
| 1999 || ''Fountain Society''<ref name="Craven1999">{{cite book|author=Wes Craven|title=Fountain Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JZMmBhgwesC|date=November 1, 1999|publisher=Thorndike Press|isbn=978-0-7862-2270-4}}</ref>
| 1999 || ''Fountain Society''<ref name="Craven1999">{{cite book|author=Wes Craven|title=Fountain Society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2JZMmBhgwesC|date=November 1, 1999|publisher=Thorndike Press|isbn=978-0-7862-2270-4}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2013 || ''Coming of Rage''<ref name="CravenNiles2014">{{cite book|author1=Wes Craven|author2=Steve Niles|title=COMING OF RAGE #1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W4tBQAAQBAJ|date=October 25, 2014|publisher=Liquid Comics|isbn=978-1-62665-913-1}}</ref>
| 2013 || ''Coming of Rage''<ref name="CravenNiles2014">{{cite book|author1=Wes Craven|author2=Steve Niles|title=COMING OF RAGE #1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0W4tBQAAQBAJ|date=October 25, 2014|publisher=Liquid Comics|isbn=978-1-62665-913-1}}</ref>
|}
|}


Line 84: Line 76:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Year
! Film
! Film
Line 129: Line 121:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978
|rowspan=3|1978
|''[[Stranger in Our House]]''
|''[[Stranger in Our House]]''
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 160: Line 152:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981
|rowspan=2|1981
|''[[Deadly Blessing]]''
|''[[Deadly Blessing]]''
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 192: Line 184:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|rowspan=2|1984
|''[[Invitation to Hell (1984 film)|Invitation to Hell]]''
|''[[Invitation to Hell (1984 film)|Invitation to Hell]]''
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 213: Line 205:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |1985
|rowspan=3|1985
|''[[Wes Craven's Chiller|Chiller]]''
|''[[Wes Craven's Chiller|Chiller]]''
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 244: Line 236:
|TV series, 5 episodes
|TV series, 5 episodes
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|rowspan=2|1986
|''[[Deadly Friend]]''
|''[[Deadly Friend]]''
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 287: Line 279:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|rowspan=2|1989
|''[[The People Next Door (TV series)|The People Next Door]]''
|''[[The People Next Door (TV series)|The People Next Door]]''
|
|
Line 341: Line 333:
|TV series
|TV series
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|rowspan=2|1993
|''Laurel Canyon''
|''Laurel Canyon''
|
|
Line 373: Line 365:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995
|rowspan=3|1995
|''[[Vampire in Brooklyn]]''
|''[[Vampire in Brooklyn]]''
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 413: Line 405:
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|"Fred" (school janitor)
|"Fred" (school janitor)
| rowspan="2" |Cameo
|rowspan=2|Cameo
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
|rowspan=2|1997
|''[[Scream 2]]''
|''[[Scream 2]]''
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 435: Line 427:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|rowspan=3|1998
|''Hollyweird''
|''Hollyweird''
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| rowspan="3" |TV movie
|rowspan=3|TV movie
|-
|-
|''[[Don't Look Down (film)|Don't Look Down]]''
|''[[Don't Look Down (film)|Don't Look Down]]''
Line 475: Line 467:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|rowspan=2|2000
|''[[Scream 3]]''
|''[[Scream 3]]''
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 507: Line 499:
|Cameo
|Cameo
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|rowspan=2|2002
|''They Shoot Divas, Don't They?''
|''They Shoot Divas, Don't They?''
|
|
Line 539: Line 531:
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|rowspan=2|2004
|''[[Tales from the Crapper]]''
|''[[Tales from the Crapper]]''
|
|
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|
|
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|rowspan=2|Himself
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005
|rowspan=5|2005
|''[[Dracula III: Legacy]]''
|''[[Dracula III: Legacy]]''
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
|rowspan=4|2006
|''[[Pulse (2006 film)|Pulse]]''
|''[[Pulse (2006 film)|Pulse]]''
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Remake
|rowspan=2|Remake
|-
|-
|''[[The Hills Have Eyes (2006 film)|The Hills Have Eyes]]''
|''[[The Hills Have Eyes (2006 film)|The Hills Have Eyes]]''
Line 650: Line 642:
|Segment: ''Père-Lachaise''
|Segment: ''Père-Lachaise''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|rowspan=2|2007
|''[[The Hills Have Eyes 2]]''
|''[[The Hills Have Eyes 2]]''
|
|
Line 669: Line 661:
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|Top hat-wearing hippy
|Top hat-wearing hippy
| rowspan="2" |[[cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|rowspan=2|[[cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
|-
|2008
|2008
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|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|rowspan=2|2011
| rowspan="2" |''[[Scream 4]]''
|rowspan=2|''[[Scream 4]]''
| rowspan="2" |<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|rowspan=2|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
| rowspan="2" |<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|rowspan=2|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|rowspan=2|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
| rowspan="2" |Coroner at the Randalls
|rowspan=2|Coroner at the Randalls
|Cameo
|Cameo
|-
|-
|Deleted scene
|Deleted scene
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|rowspan=2|2013
| rowspan="2" |''[[Castle (TV series)]]''
|rowspan=2|''[[Castle (TV series)]]''
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2" |<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|rowspan=2|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|rowspan=2|Himself
|[[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|[[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
|-
|Episode: "Scared to Death"
|Episode: "Scared to Death"
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|2015
|''[[Scream (TV series)]]''
|''[[Scream (TV series)|Scream (TV series)]]''
|
|
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
Line 738: Line 730:
|
|
|Executive producer
|Executive producer
|Season 1
⚫
|-
|''[[The Girl in the Photographs]]''
⚫
|
|<center>{{X mark}}</center>
⚫
|
⚫
|
⚫
|
⚫
|
⚫
|
|
|
⚫
|-
⚫
|}

===Highest-grossing films===

{{clarify|date=February 2013}}{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}<!-- see talk -->
This is a list of the top 10 highest-grossing films by Wes Craven; each has made at least $30 million.
{|class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Title
!Lifetime gross ([[United States dollar|US$]])
⚫
|-
|align="center"|1
|''Scream''
|align="center"|173,046,663
⚫
|-
|align="center"|2
|''Scream 2''
|align="center"|172,363,301
⚫
|-
|align="center"|3
|''Scream 3''
|align="center"|161,834,276
⚫
|-
|align="center"|4
|''Scream 4''
|align="center"|101,214,723
⚫
|-
|align="center"|5
|''Red Eye''
|align="center"|95,577,774
|-
|align="center"|6
|''The Hills Have Eyes'' (2006)
|align="center"|69,623,713
|-
|align="center"|7
|''The Hills Have Eyes 2''
|align="center"|67,915,885
|-
|align="center"|8
|''The Last House on the Left'' (2009)
|align="center"|45,286,228
|-
|align="center"|9
|''A Nightmare On Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors''
|align="center"|44,793,222
|-
|align="center"|10
|''The People Under the Stairs''
|align="center"|31,347,154
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.wescraven.com}}
* {{AllMovie name|86179}}
* {{dmoz|Arts/Movies/Filmmaking/Directing/Directors/C/Craven,_Wes/}}
* {{IMDb name|0000127}}
* [http://www.moviehole.net/interviews/20051109_exclusive_interview_wes_craven.html Wes Craven interview]
* {{YouTube|user=wescraven}}


{{Wes Craven}}
{{Wes Craven}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
| NAME = Craven, Wesley Earl
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Wes Craven
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American film director, anti-American, anti-Christian,anti-Jew, financial supporter of terrorism and the Taliban
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1939-08-02
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| DATE OF DEATH = 2015-08-30
| PLACE OF DEATH = Los Angeles, California, United States
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Craven, Wes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Craven, Wes}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:1939 births]]

Revision as of 19:30, 22 January 2016

Wes Craven
Craven in 2010
Born
Wesley Earl Craven

(1939-08-02)August 2, 1939
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
DiedAugust 30, 2015(2015-08-30) (aged 76)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation(s)Director, writer, producer, actor
Years active1971–2015
Spouse(s)
Bonnie Broecker
​
​
(m. 1964; div. 1969)​

​
​
(m. 1984; div. 1987)​

Iya Labunka
​
​
(m. 2004; "his death" is deprecated; use "died" instead. 2015)​
Children2, including Jonathan Wes Craven died from Brain Cancer
Websitewww.wescraven.com

Wesley Earl "Wes" Craven (August 2, 1939 – August 30, 2015) was an American film director, writer, producer, and actor known for his work on horror films, particularly slasher films. He was best known for creating the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise featuring the Freddy Krueger character, directing the first installment and Wes Craven's New Nightmare, and co-writing A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors with Bruce Wagner.

Craven also directed all four films in the Scream series, and co-created the Ghostface character. Some of his other films include The Hills Have Eyes, The Last House on the Left, Red Eye and My Soul to Take.

Early life

Craven was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Caroline (née Miller) and Paul Eugene Craven.[1][2] He was raised in a strict Baptist family.[3] Craven earned an undergraduate degree in English and Psychology from Wheaton College in Illinois and a master's degree in Philosophy and Writing from Johns Hopkins University.[4]

Craven briefly taught English at Westminster College and was a humanities professor at Clarkson College of Technology (now Clarkson University) in Potsdam, New York.[5] His first job in the film industry was as a sound editor for a post-production company in New York City.[5]

Directing and writing career

Craven left the academic world for the more lucrative role of pornographic film director.[6] In the documentary Inside Deep Throat, Craven says on camera he made "many hard core X-rated films" under pseudonyms. While his role in Deep Throat is undisclosed, most of his early known work involved writing, film editing or both.[6] In 1972 Wes Craven directed his first feature film The Last House on the Left.[5]

Craven frequently collaborated with Sean S. Cunningham. In Craven's debut feature, The Last House on the Left, Cunningham served as producer. Later, in Craven's most famous film, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Cunningham directed one of the chase scenes, although uncredited.[5] Their infamous characters, Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees, appeared together in the 2003 slasher film Freddy vs. Jason with Cunningham acting as producer, while screenwriter Victor Miller is credited as "Character Creator". Later, in The Last House on the Left remake, both Cunningham and Craven share production credits.[7]

Craven had a major hand in launching superstar Johnny Depp's career by casting him in 1984's A Nightmare on Elm Street, Depp's first major film role.[8]

Although known for directing horror/thriller films, he had worked on two that were outside this genre: the 1999 film Music of the Heart, and as one of the 22 directors in the 2006 collaboration Paris, je t'aime.[6]

Craven created Coming of Rage, a five-issue comic book series, with 30 Days of Night comic book writer Steve Niles.[9] The series was released in digital form in 2014 by Liquid Comics with a print edition scheduled for an October 2015 debut.[9]

Film style

Craven's works tend to share a common exploration of the nature of reality. A Nightmare on Elm Street, for example, dealt with the consequences of dreams in real life. New Nightmare "brushes against" (but does not quite break) the fourth wall by having actress Heather Langenkamp play herself as she is haunted by the villain of the film in which she once starred.[10] At one point in the film, the audience sees on Wes Craven's word processor a script he has written, which includes the exact conversation he just had with Heather — as if the script was being written as the action unfolded. The Serpent and the Rainbow portrays a man who cannot distinguish between nightmarish visions and reality.[10]

In Scream, the characters frequently reference horror films similar to their situations, and at one point Billy Loomis tells his girlfriend that life is just a big movie. This concept was emphasized in the sequels, as copycat stalkers reenact the events of a new film about the Woodsboro killings occurring in Scream.[5] Scream included a scene mentioning the well-known Richard Gere urban legend. Craven stated in interviews that he received calls from agents telling him that if he left that scene in, he would never work again.[11][12] He directed Scream 4.[6]

Awards and nominations

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Wes Craven

During his career, Wes Craven was nominated for and won several awards, including the Saturn Award.[13]

In 1977, he won the critic's award at the Sitges Film Festival for his film The Hills Have Eyes.[14] The Gérardmer Film Festival granted him the Grand Prize in 1997 for Scream.[15] In 2012, the New York City Horror Film Festival awarded Craven the Lifetime Achievement Award.[16]

Other work

Craven designed the Halloween 2008 logo for Google[17] and was the second celebrity personality to take over the YouTube homepage on Halloween.[18]

Craven had a letter published in the July 19, 1968 edition of Life magazine, praising that periodical's coverage of contemporary rock music, in particular Frank Zappa's.[19]

Personal life

Craven's first marriage to Bonnie Broecker produced two children: Jonathan Craven (born 1965) and Jessica Craven (born 1968). Jonathan is a writer and director with a few credits to his name.[5] Jessica was a singer/songwriter in the group the Chapin Sisters. The marriage ended in 1970. In 1982, Craven married Millicent Eleanor Meyer. However, the two divorced. Craven stated in interviews that the marriage dissolved after he discovered it "was no longer anything but a sham".[20] In 2004, Craven married Iya Labunka; she frequently worked as a producer on Craven's films.[21]

Craven was a birder; in 2010, he joined Audubon California's Board of Directors.[21] His favorite films included Night of the Living Dead (1968), The Virgin Spring (1960), and Red River (1948).[22]

Death

On August 30, 2015, Craven died of brain cancer at his home in Los Angeles. He was 76 years old.[23][10]

Books

Year Title
1999 Fountain Society[24]
2013 Coming of Rage[25]

Filmography

Year Film Director (Executive)
Producer 		Writer Cinematographer Editor Actor Role Notes
1971 Together
☒N
1972 The Last House on the Left
☒N
☒N
☒N
1977 The Hills Have Eyes
☒N
☒N
☒N
1978 Stranger in Our House
☒N
 TV movie
The Evolution of Snuff
☒N
Here Come the Tigers
☒N
1981 Deadly Blessing
☒N
☒N
Kent State
☒N
 TV movie
1982 Swamp Thing
☒N
☒N
1984 Invitation to Hell
☒N
 TV movie
A Nightmare on Elm Street
☒N
☒N
1985 Chiller
☒N
 TV movie
The Hills Have Eyes Part II
☒N
☒N
The Twilight Zone
☒N
 TV series, 5 episodes
1986 Deadly Friend
☒N
Casebusters
☒N
 Episode of anthology TV series Disneyland
1987 A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors
☒N
☒N
1988 The Serpent and the Rainbow
☒N
1989 The People Next Door
☒N
☒N
 TV series, co-creator
Shocker
☒N
☒N
☒N
☒N
 The neighbor
1990 Night Visions
☒N
☒N
☒N
 TV movie
1991 The People Under the Stairs
☒N
☒N
☒N
1992 Nightmare Cafe
☒N
☒N
 TV series
1993 Laurel Canyon
☒N
Body Bags
☒N
 Pasty faced man in garage Cameo
1994 Wes Craven's New Nightmare
☒N
☒N
☒N
☒N
 Himself
1995 Vampire in Brooklyn
☒N
The Hills Have Eyes III
☒N
 aka Mind Ripper
The Fear
☒N
 Dr. Arnold
1996 Scream
☒N
☒N
 "Fred" (school janitor) Cameo
1997 Scream 2
☒N
☒N
☒N
 Doctor
Wishmaster
☒N
1998 Hollyweird
☒N
 TV movie
Don't Look Down
☒N
☒N
Carnival of Souls
☒N
☒N
1999 Music of the Heart
☒N
2000 Scream 3
☒N
☒N
 Tourist Cameo
Dracula 2000
☒N
2001 Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back
☒N
 Himself Cameo
2002 They Shoot Divas, Don't They?
☒N
 TV movie
They
☒N
2003 Dracula II: Ascension
☒N
2004 Tales from the Crapper
☒N
 Himself
The Cutting Edge: The Magic of Movie Editing
☒N
2005 Dracula III: Legacy
☒N
Cursed
☒N
Inside Deep Throat
☒N
 Himself
Feast
☒N
Red Eye
☒N
2006 Pulse
☒N
 Remake
The Hills Have Eyes
☒N
The Breed
☒N
Paris, je t'aime
☒N
☒N
☒N
 Vampire's Victim Segment: Père-Lachaise
2007 The Hills Have Eyes 2
☒N
☒N
 Remake
The Tripper
☒N
 Top hat-wearing hippy Cameo
2008 Diary of the Dead
☒N
 Radio voice
2009 The Last House on the Left
☒N
 Remake
2010 My Soul to Take
☒N
☒N
☒N
2011 Scream 4
☒N
☒N
☒N
 Coroner at the Randalls Cameo
Deleted scene
2013 Castle (TV series)
☒N
 Himself Cameo
Episode: "Scared to Death"
2015 Scream (TV series)
☒N
 Executive producer

Highest-grossing films

[clarification needed][citation needed]

This is a list of the top 10 highest-grossing films by Wes Craven; each has made at least $30 million.

Rank Title Lifetime gross (US$)
1 Scream 173,046,663
2 Scream 2 172,363,301
3 Scream 3 161,834,276
4 Scream 4 101,214,723
5 Red Eye 95,577,774
6 The Hills Have Eyes (2006) 69,623,713
7 The Hills Have Eyes 2 67,915,885
8 The Last House on the Left (2009) 45,286,228
9 A Nightmare On Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors 44,793,222
10 The People Under the Stairs 31,347,154

References

  1. ^ Wes Craven Biography (1939–) at filmreference.com
  2. ^ http://birth-records.mooseroots.com/l/6325004/Wesley-Earl-Craven
  3. ^ The Horror of Being Wes Craven
  4. ^ Muir, John Kenneth (1998). Wes Craven: The Art of Horror. Jefferson, South Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0576-7. pp. 8–9.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Wes Craven". Biography.com. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d "Wes Craven, Master Horror Movie Director, Dies At 76". NPR.org. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  7. ^ "'Scream IV' Officially Greenlit with Wes Craven Attached".
  8. ^ Blitz,Krasniewicz. Johnny Depp: A Biography.
  9. ^ a b http://www.bleedingcool.com/2015/07/17/wes-cravens-coming-of-rage-finally-comes-to-print-from-steve-niles-and-francesco-biagini/
  10. ^ a b c "Wes Craven, horror movie director, dies at age 76". CNN.com. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  11. ^ Movies Referenced in SCREAM
  12. ^ Simels, Steve (September 5, 1997). "Slashed and Burned". Entertainment Weekly.
  13. ^ "THE SATURN AWARDS". Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  14. ^ "Awards". Sitges Film Festival. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  15. ^ "Historique". Festival international du film fantastique de Gérardmer. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  16. ^ "2012". New York City Horror Film Festival. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  17. ^ "Wes Craven Carves Google Logo".
  18. ^ "Wes Craven Takes Over YouTube for Halloween!". Tubefilter News. August 31, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  19. ^ Craven, Wes (July 19, 1968). Life. p. 17 http://books.google.com/books?id=QT8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA17-IA4#v=onepage&q=&f=true. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |tite= ignored (|title= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Emery, Robert J. (2003). The Directors: Take Three. Vol. 3. Allworth Press. ISBN 1581152450.
  21. ^ a b Frost, G (May 28, 2010). "Director Wes Craven joins Audubon California's Board of Directors". Audublog. Audubon California (National Audubon Society). Retrieved April 3, 2011.
  22. ^ "Wes Craven Favourite Films". 'Film Doctor. November 1, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ "Wes Craven, Horror Maestro, Dies at 76". The Hollywood Reporter. August 30, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  24. ^ Wes Craven (November 1, 1999). Fountain Society. Thorndike Press. ISBN 978-0-7862-2270-4.
  25. ^ Wes Craven; Steve Niles (October 25, 2014). COMING OF RAGE #1. Liquid Comics. ISBN 978-1-62665-913-1.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wes Craven.

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