Haldane effect: Difference between revisions
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The general equation for the Haldane Effect is: |
The general equation for the Haldane Effect is: |
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H<sup>+</sup> + HbO<sub>2</sub> ←→ H<sup>+</sup>Hb + O<sub>2</sub>; however, this equation is confusing as it reflects primarily the [[Bohr effect]]. The significance of this equation lies in realizing that oxygenation of Hb promotes dissociation of H<sup>+</sup> from Hb, which shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium towards CO<sub>2</sub> formation; therefore, CO<sub>2</sub> is released from RBCs. |
H<sup>+</sup> + HbO<sub>2</sub> ←→ H<sup>+</sup>Hb + O<sub>2</sub>; however, this equation is confusing as it reflects primarily the [[Bohr effect]]. The significance of this equation lies in realizing that oxygenation of Hb promotes dissociation of H<sup>+</sup> from Hb, which shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium towards CO<sub>2</sub> formation; therefore, CO<sub>2</sub> is released from RBCs.<ref name="Siggaard">{{cite journal | last=Siggaard | first=O |author2=Garby L | title=The Bohr Effect and the Haldane Effect | journal=Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=1-8 | date=1973 | doi=10.3109/00365517309082411 }}</ref> |
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==Clinical significance== |
==Clinical significance== |
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Revision as of 03:04, 2 February 2016
The Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin first described by John Scott Haldane. Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide; this property is the Haldane effect. Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for carbon dioxide.
Carbamino
Carbon dioxide can bind to amino groups, creating carbamino compounds. Amino groups are available for binding at the N-terminals and at side-chains of arginine and lysine residues in haemoglobin. This forms carbaminohaemoglobin. Carbaminohaemoglobin is the major contributor to the Haldane effect.[1]
Buffering
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Histidine residues in hemoglobin can accept protons and act as buffers. Deoxygenated hemoglobin is a better proton acceptor than the oxygenated form.[1]
In red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to carbonic acid, which rapidly dissociates to bicarbonate and a free proton:
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−
By Le Chatelier's principle, anything that stabilizes the proton produced will cause the reaction to shift to the right, thus the enhanced affinity of deoxyhemoglobin for protons enhances synthesis of bicarbonate and accordingly increases capacity of deoxygenated blood for carbon dioxide. The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate. Only a very small amount is actually dissolved as carbon dioxide, and the remaining amount of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin.
In addition to enhancing removal of carbon dioxide from oxygen-consuming tissues, the Haldane effect promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide from hemoglobin in the presence of oxygen. In the oxygen-rich capillaries of the lung, this property causes the displacement of carbon dioxide to plasma as low-oxygen blood enters the alveolus and is vital for alveolar gas exchange.
The general equation for the Haldane Effect is: H+ + HbO2 ←→ H+Hb + O2; however, this equation is confusing as it reflects primarily the Bohr effect. The significance of this equation lies in realizing that oxygenation of Hb promotes dissociation of H+ from Hb, which shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium towards CO2 formation; therefore, CO2 is released from RBCs.[2]
Clinical significance
In patients with lung disease, lungs may not be able to increase alveolar ventilation in the face of increased amounts of dissolved CO2.
This partially explains the observation that some patients with emphysema might have an increase in PaCO2 (partial pressure of arterial dissolved carbon dioxide) following administration of supplemental oxygen even if content of CO2 stays equal.[3]
See also
References
- ^ a b Lumb, AB (2000). Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology (5th ed.). Butterworth Heinemann. pp. 227–229. ISBN 0-7506-3107-4.
- ^ Siggaard, O; Garby L (1973). "The Bohr Effect and the Haldane Effect". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 31 (1): 1–8. doi:10.3109/00365517309082411.
- ^ Hanson, CW; Marshall BE; Frasch HF; Marshall C (January 1996). "Causes of hypercarbia with oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Critical Care Medicine. 24 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1097/00003246-199601000-00007. PMID 8565533.