1709: Difference between revisions
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=== January–June === |
=== January–June === |
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* [[January 6]] – |
* [[January 6]] – Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months and with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the coast of the Atlantic and [[Seine]] river freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]]. |
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* [[January 10]] – [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], |
* [[January 10]] – [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, coking section supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=292}}</ref> |
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* February – In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of |
* February – In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43 km) down the [[Mobile River]] to [[Mobile Bay]] in [[1711]]. |
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* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] – During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]] and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe|Defoe]]'s book ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[ |
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] – During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]] and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe|Defoe]]'s book ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7}}</ref> |
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* [[March 28]] – [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]]. |
* [[March 28]] – [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]]. |
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* May – First influx into |
* May – First influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Electoral Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]], mostly [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gardiner, Juliet; Wenborn, Neil (ed.)|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=577}}</ref> |
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* [[June 27]] (June 28 in the Swedish calendar; [[July 8]] [[New Style]]) – [[Great Northern War]]: [[Battle of Poltava]]: In the [[Ukraine]], [[Peter the Great]], [[Tsar of Russia]], defeats [[Charles XII of Sweden]], thus effectively ending |
* [[June 27]] (June 28 in the Swedish calendar; [[July 8]] [[New Style]]) – [[Great Northern War]]: [[Battle of Poltava]]: In the [[Ukraine]], [[Peter the Great]], [[Tsar of Russia]], defeats [[Charles XII of Sweden]], thus effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe. |
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=== July–December === |
=== July–December === |
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[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[July 8]]: [[Battle of Poltava]].]] |
[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|200px|right| [[July 8]]: [[Battle of Poltava]].]] |
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* [[July 27]] – [[Emperor Nakamikado]] accedes to the throne of |
* [[July 27]] – [[Emperor Nakamikado]] accedes to the throne of Japan. |
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* [[July 30]] – [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: Capture of [[Tournai]] by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/> |
* [[July 30]] – [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: Capture of [[Tournai]] by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/> |
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* [[August 8]] – The [[hot air balloon]] of [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] flies in Portugal. |
* [[August 8]] – The [[hot air balloon]] of [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] flies in Portugal. |
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* [[August 28]] – [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]]. |
* [[August 28]] – [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]]. |
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* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) – War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] - Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg Austria]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] led by the Duke of Marlborough drive the |
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) – War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] - Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg Austria]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] led by the Duke of Marlborough drive the French from the field but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/> |
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* [[October 9]] – War of the Spanish Succession: British army captures [[Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> |
* [[October 9]] – War of the Spanish Succession: British army captures [[Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> |
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* [[October 12]] – The city of [[Chihuahua |
* [[October 12]] – The city of [[Chihuahua City|Chihuahua]] in Mexico is founded. |
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* [[December 25]] – From |
* [[December 25]] – From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]], carrying over 4,000 people. |
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=== Date unknown === |
=== Date unknown === |
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* [[Trinity School (New York)|Trinity School]] is founded as the Charity School of [[Trinity Church |
* [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]] is founded as the Charity School of [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]] in New York City. |
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* The second [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], erected off the south west coast of |
* The second [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], erected off the south west coast of England by [[John Rudyard|John Rudyerd]], is completed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Majdalany|title=The Red Rocks of Eddystone|location=London|publisher=Longmans|year=1959|page=86}}</ref> |
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* Publication of the first modern edition of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays in London, [[Shakespeare's editors|edited by]] [[Nicholas Rowe (writer)|Nicholas Rowe]]. |
* Publication of the first modern edition of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays in London, [[Shakespeare's editors|edited by]] [[Nicholas Rowe (writer)|Nicholas Rowe]]. |
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* ''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Rationae'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by [[Naples|Neapolitan]] philosopher [[Giambattista Vico]]. |
* ''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Rationae'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by [[Naples|Neapolitan]] philosopher [[Giambattista Vico]]. |
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* [[April 14]] – [[Charles Collé]], French dramatist (d. [[1783]]) |
* [[April 14]] – [[Charles Collé]], French dramatist (d. [[1783]]) |
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* [[August 7]] – [[Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan]], French polymath, author and poet (d. [[1784]]) |
* [[August 7]] – [[Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan]], French polymath, author and poet (d. [[1784]]) |
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* [[August 8]] – [[Tokugawa Ietsugu]], 7th [[Tokugawa |
* [[August 8]] – [[Tokugawa Ietsugu]], 7th [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of Japan (d. [[1716]]) |
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* [[September 18]] – [[Samuel Johnson]], English writer, critic and lexicographer (d. [[1784]]) |
* [[September 18]] – [[Samuel Johnson]], English writer, critic and lexicographer (d. [[1784]]) |
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* [[September 24]] ''(bapt.)'' – [[John Cleland]], English novelist (d. [[1789]]) |
* [[September 24]] ''(bapt.)'' – [[John Cleland]], English novelist (d. [[1789]]) |
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== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
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* [[January 16]] – [[Emperor Higashiyama of Japan |
* [[January 16]] – [[Emperor Higashiyama]] of Japan] (b. [[1675]]) |
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* [[January 20]] – [[François de la Chaise]], French confessor of [[Louis XIV of France]] (b. [[1624]]) |
* [[January 20]] – [[François de la Chaise]], French confessor of [[Louis XIV of France]] (b. [[1624]]) |
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* [[January 24]] – [[George Rooke]], English admiral (b. [[1650]]) |
* [[January 24]] – [[George Rooke]], English admiral (b. [[1650]]) |
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* [[February 9]] – [[François Louis, Prince of Conti]], French general (b. [[1664]]) |
* [[February 9]] – [[François Louis, Prince of Conti]], French general (b. [[1664]]) |
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* [[March 9]] – [[Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu]], English diplomat |
* [[March 9]] – [[Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu]], English diplomat |
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* [[April 21]] – [[ |
* [[April 21]] – [[George XI of Kartli|Gurgin Khan (George XI of Kartli)]], Persian Governor of Kandahar (b. [[1651]]) |
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* [[June 29]] – [[Antoine Thomas]], Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (b. [[1644]]) |
* [[June 29]] – [[Antoine Thomas]], Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (b. [[1644]]) |
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* [[June 30]] – [[Edward Lhuyd]], Welsh scientist (b. [[1660]]) |
* [[June 30]] – [[Edward Lhuyd]], Welsh scientist (b. [[1660]]) |
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Revision as of 10:34, 2 February 2016
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1709 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Countries |
| Lists of leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1709 MDCCIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2462 |
| Armenian calendar | 1158 ԹՎ ՌՃԾԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6459 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1630–1631 |
| Bengali calendar | 1116 |
| Berber calendar | 2659 |
| British Regnal year | 7 Ann. 1 – 8 Ann. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2253 |
| Burmese calendar | 1071 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7217–7218 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊子年 (Earth Rat) 4406 or 4199 — to — 己丑年 (Earth Ox) 4407 or 4200 |
| Coptic calendar | 1425–1426 |
| Discordian calendar | 2875 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1701–1702 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5469–5470 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1765–1766 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1630–1631 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4809–4810 |
| Holocene calendar | 11709 |
| Igbo calendar | 709–710 |
| Iranian calendar | 1087–1088 |
| Islamic calendar | 1120–1121 |
| Japanese calendar | Hōei 6 (宝永６年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1632–1633 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
| Korean calendar | 4042 |
| Minguo calendar | 203 before ROC 民前203年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 241 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2251–2252 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳土鼠年 (male Earth-Rat) 1835 or 1454 or 682 — to — 阴土牛年 (female Earth-Ox) 1836 or 1455 or 683 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1709.
1709 (MDCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1709th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Friday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January–June
- January 6 – Western Europe's Great Frost of 1709, the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months and with its effects felt for the entire year.[1] In France, the coast of the Atlantic and Seine river freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the North Sea.
- January 10 – Abraham Darby I successfully produces cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire, England.[2][3][4]
- February – In America, Mardi Gras is celebrated one more time with Masque de la Mobile in the capital of French Louisiana, Mobile, Alabama, before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43 km) down the Mobile River to Mobile Bay in 1711.
- February 1 or 2 – During his first voyage, Captain Woodes Rogers encounters marooned privateer Alexander Selkirk and rescues him after four years living on one of the Juan Fernández Islands, inspiring Defoe's book Robinson Crusoe.[5][6] After sacking Guayaquil, he and Selkirk will visit the Galápagos Islands.[7]
- March 28 – Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at Dresden.
- May – First influx into Britain of poor refugee families of German Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate, mostly Protestants en route to the New World colonies.[8]
- June 27 (June 28 in the Swedish calendar; July 8 New Style) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava: In the Ukraine, Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, defeats Charles XII of Sweden, thus effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.
July–December
- July 27 – Emperor Nakamikado accedes to the throne of Japan.
- July 30 – War of the Spanish Succession: Capture of Tournai by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy.[4]
- August 8 – The hot air balloon of Bartolomeu de Gusmão flies in Portugal.
- August 28 – Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
- September 11 (August 31 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet - Troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg Austria, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia led by the Duke of Marlborough drive the French from the field but suffer twice as many casualties.[4]
- October 9 – War of the Spanish Succession: British army captures Mons.[9]
- October 12 – The city of Chihuahua in Mexico is founded.
- December 25 – From London, ten ships leave for the New York Colony, carrying over 4,000 people.
Date unknown
- Trinity School is founded as the Charity School of Trinity Church in New York City.
- The second Eddystone Lighthouse, erected off the south west coast of England by John Rudyerd, is completed.[10]
- Publication of the first modern edition of William Shakespeare's plays in London, edited by Nicholas Rowe.
- De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Rationae (On the Study Methods of Our Times) is published by Neapolitan philosopher Giambattista Vico.
- Priceless medieval altarpieces by Michael Pacher are destroyed.
Births
- February 24 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (d. 1782)
- March 10 – Georg Steller, German naturalist (d. 1746)
- April 14 – Charles Collé, French dramatist (d. 1783)
- August 7 – Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan, French polymath, author and poet (d. 1784)
- August 8 – Tokugawa Ietsugu, 7th Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (d. 1716)
- September 18 – Samuel Johnson, English writer, critic and lexicographer (d. 1784)
- September 24 (bapt.) – John Cleland, English novelist (d. 1789)
- October 27 (bapt.) – Thomas Alcock, English clergyman (d. 1798)
- November 2 – Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, Hanoverian-born regent of Friesland (d. 1759)
- December 18 – Elizabeth of Russia, empress regnant of Russia (d. 1762)
Deaths
- January 16 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan] (b. 1675)
- January 20 – François de la Chaise, French confessor of Louis XIV of France (b. 1624)
- January 24 – George Rooke, English admiral (b. 1650)
- February 8 – Giuseppe Torelli, Italian composer (b. 1658)
- February 9 – François Louis, Prince of Conti, French general (b. 1664)
- March 9 – Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu, English diplomat
- April 21 – Gurgin Khan (George XI of Kartli), Persian Governor of Kandahar (b. 1651)
- June 29 – Antoine Thomas, Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (b. 1644)
- June 30 – Edward Lhuyd, Welsh scientist (b. 1660)
- July 17 – Robert Bolling, English settler in Virginia (b. 1646)
- September 14 – Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero, Spanish cardinal and archbishop of Toledo (b. 1635)
- October 2 – Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of Ukraine (b. 1639)
- October 9 – Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, English mistress of Charles II of England (b. 1640)
- December 1 – Abraham a Sancta Clara, Austrian preacher (b. 1644)
- December 8 – Thomas Corneille, French dramatist (b. 1625)
References
- ^ Pain, Stephanie. "1709: The year that Europe froze." New Scientist, 7 February 2009.
- ^ Mott, R. A. (January 5, 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, coking section supplement. 145: 7–18.
- ^ Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale. London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
- ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 292. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- ^ Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea. New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
- ^ Jackson, Michael H. (1993). Galapagos: a Natural History. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-07-7.
- ^ Gardiner, Juliet; Wenborn, Neil (ed.) (1995). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 577. ISBN 1-85585-178-4.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ^ Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone. London: Longmans. p. 86.