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[[York]] was a strategic importance being the location of a crossing of the [[River Ouse]], and the confluence of Rivers Ouse and |
[[York]] was a strategic importance being the location of a crossing of the [[River Ouse]], and the confluence of Rivers Ouse and Foss. The [[Roman Britain|Romans]] established a garrison there. After the [[Norman Conquest]] of [[1068]]–[[1069]], [[William the Conqueror]] established two [[Motte and Bailey]] wooden castles in York. York Castle between the Rivers [[River Ouse|Ouse]] and [[River Foss|Foss]] and what is now [[Baile Hill]] on the South Bank. |
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In [[1190]] the wooden tower was the last refuge of the 150 [[Jewish]] residents in York. [[Richard de Malbis]] of York was a [[debtor]] of [[Aaron of Lincoln]], an influential Jewish banker of the late 12th century. When a fire broke out in the city of York, De Malbis used the opportunity to incite a mob to attack the home of a recently deceased agent of Aaron of Lincoln named [[Benedict of York]], killing his widow and children and burning the house. Joce (Joseph) the leader of the Jewish community of York obtained the permission of the [[warden]] of York Castle to remove his wife and children and the rest of the Jews into the castle, where they were probably placed in Clifford's Tower. This was surrounded by the mob, and when the warden left the castle the Jews in fear would not readmit him. He appealed to the sheriff, who called out the county militia; and Clifford's Tower was surrounded for several days. On [[16 March]] [[1190]] the Tower was set on fire, and many Jews either perished in the flames or took their own lives rather than be attacked by the mob, those who did surrender were killed. In all around 150 Jews died. A plaque on the hill on which the tower is placed reads: |
In [[1190]] the wooden tower was the last refuge of the 150 [[Jewish]] residents in York. [[Richard de Malbis]] of York was a [[debtor]] of [[Aaron of Lincoln]], an influential Jewish banker of the late 12th century. When a fire broke out in the city of York, De Malbis used the opportunity to incite a mob to attack the home of a recently deceased agent of Aaron of Lincoln named [[Benedict of York]], killing his widow and children and burning the house. Joce (Joseph) the leader of the Jewish community of York obtained the permission of the [[warden]] of York Castle to remove his wife and children and the rest of the Jews into the castle, where they were probably placed in Clifford's Tower. This was surrounded by the mob, and when the warden left the castle the Jews in fear would not readmit him. He appealed to the sheriff, who called out the county militia; and Clifford's Tower was surrounded for several days. On [[16 March]] [[1190]] the Tower was set on fire, and many Jews either perished in the flames or took their own lives rather than be attacked by the mob, those who did surrender were killed. In all around 150 Jews died. A plaque on the hill on which the tower is placed reads: |
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Revision as of 17:24, 19 August 2006
York Castle is an area of York near the confluence of the Rivers Ouse. and the Foss. The Castle was later dismantled, but the site is of Clifford's Tower, a quatrefoil keep built atop a Norman motte, the courts, Castle Museum and former prisons. It was the site of a massacre of Jews in 1190.
York was a strategic importance being the location of a crossing of the River Ouse, and the confluence of Rivers Ouse and Foss. The Romans established a garrison there. After the Norman Conquest of 1068–1069, William the Conqueror established two Motte and Bailey wooden castles in York. York Castle between the Rivers Ouse and Foss and what is now Baile Hill on the South Bank.
In 1190 the wooden tower was the last refuge of the 150 Jewish residents in York. Richard de Malbis of York was a debtor of Aaron of Lincoln, an influential Jewish banker of the late 12th century. When a fire broke out in the city of York, De Malbis used the opportunity to incite a mob to attack the home of a recently deceased agent of Aaron of Lincoln named Benedict of York, killing his widow and children and burning the house. Joce (Joseph) the leader of the Jewish community of York obtained the permission of the warden of York Castle to remove his wife and children and the rest of the Jews into the castle, where they were probably placed in Clifford's Tower. This was surrounded by the mob, and when the warden left the castle the Jews in fear would not readmit him. He appealed to the sheriff, who called out the county militia; and Clifford's Tower was surrounded for several days. On 16 March 1190 the Tower was set on fire, and many Jews either perished in the flames or took their own lives rather than be attacked by the mob, those who did surrender were killed. In all around 150 Jews died. A plaque on the hill on which the tower is placed reads:
"On the night of Friday 16 March 1190 some 150 Jews and Jewesses of York having sought protection in the Royal Castle on this site from a mob incited by Richard Malebisse and others chose to die at each other's hands rather than renounce their faith."
The tower was rebuilt in stone between 1245 and 1265. The castle's bailey walls, towers, gates, bridges, two halls, a chapel, a kitchen and a prison were all built at this time. The name Clifford’s Tower was first recorded in 1596. Before then it was called the Great Tower. Very few examples of this multilobed type of castle tower exist. One is the keep of Pontefract Castle (now badly damaged). An identical example to York can be found at Étampes, France.
In recent times, the surrounding area of Clifford's Tower has been considered for retail development. Some citizens, visitors, academics, environmentalists, local businesspeople and Jewish groups have opposed the development with some success, winning a lengthy and bitter Public Inquiry in 2003.
The Castle is owned by English Heritage.