Bulgarian Empire: Difference between revisions
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|align="left"| [[Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria|Bulgar-Wallachian War]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1386 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria| Ivan Shishman]]|| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dan I of Wallachia|Dan I]]|| style="text-align:center;"| Bulgarian Victory |
|align="left"| [[Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria|Bulgar-Wallachian War]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1386 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria| Ivan Shishman]]|| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dan I of Wallachia|Dan I]]|| style="text-align:center;"| Bulgarian Victory |
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Revision as of 03:42, 16 March 2016
Bulgarian Empire ц︢рьство бл︢гарское | |
|---|---|
| 681–1018 1185–1422 | |
 Flag of king Kaloyan
| |
.svg) Bulgaria during the reign of Simeon the Great, 10th century | |
| Capital | Pliska (681–893) Preslav (893–972) Skopje (972–992) Ohrid (992–1018) Tarnovo (1185–1393) Vidin & Nikopol (1393–1396/1422) |
| Common languages | Bulgar, Greek (681–893) Old Bulgarian (893–1018) Middle Bulgarian (1185–1422) |
| Religion | Tengrism, Paganism (681–864) Bulgarian Orthodox (864–1018) Bulgarian Orthodox (1185–1204) Roman Catholic (1204–1235) Bulgarian Orthodox (1235–1396/1422) |
| Government | Autocracy |
| Monarch | |
• 681–700 | Asparukh (first) |
• 1396–1422 | Constantine II (last) |
| Historical era | Middle Ages |
• Established | 681 |
• Disestablished | 1018 1185–1422 |
| ISO 3166 code | BG |
| Today part of | |
In the medieval history of Europe, Bulgaria's status as the Bulgarian Empire (Template:Lang-bg, Balgarsko tsarstvo [ˈbəlɡɐrskʊ ˈt͡sarstvʊ]), wherein it acted as a key regional power (particularly rivaling Byzantium in Southeastern Europe[1]) occurred in two distinct periods: between the seventh and eleventh centuries, and again between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. The two "Bulgarian Empires" are not treated as separate entities, but rather as one state restored after a period of Byzantine rule over its territory.
First Bulgarian Empire
The First Bulgarian Empire was established on the territory both north and south of the lower course of Danube River, and is usually described as having lasted between 681[2][3][4] and 1018, when it was subjugated by the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus' despite Samuel's fierce resistance. It gradually reached its cultural and territorial apogee in the 9th century and early 10th century under Boris I and Simeon the Great, when it developed into the cultural and literary centre of Slavic Europe, as well as one of the largest states in Europe.
Second Bulgarian Empire
The medieval Bulgarian state was restored as the Second Bulgarian Empire after a successful uprising of two nobles from Tarnovo, Asen and Peter, in 1185, and existed until it was conquered during the Ottoman invasion of the Balkans in the late 14th century, with the date of its subjugation usually given as 1396, although some place it at 1422.[5] Under Ivan Asen II in the first half of the 13th century the country gradually recovered much of its former power, though this did not last long due to internal problems and foreign invasions. The Empire became tributary to the Golden Horde, a successor state of the Mongol Empire in the 13-14th century.[6][7] After the death of emperor Ivan Alexander in 1371 Bulgaria was split into three different countries and in the following decades fell under the domination of the Ottomans.
War Conflicts
| Battle | Year |  Bulgarian Commander
|
 Arabian Umayyad Caliphate Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgar-Arab War | 716 | Tervel | Maslama Malik | Bulgarian Victory |
| Siege of Constantinople | 717 | Tervel | Maslama Malik | Bulgarian Victory |
| Arab Slaughter of Constantinople | 718 | Tervel | Umar ibn Hubayra | Bulgarian Victory |
.jpg)
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
 Avar Khaganate Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Siege of Avar Hring | 799 | Krum | Abraham | Bulgarian Victory |
| Second Siege of Avar Hring | 800 | Krum | Abraham | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
 Croatian Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Bulgar-Croat War | 854 | Boris I | Trpimir | Truce |
| Battle of the Bosnian Highlands | 926 | Alogobotur | Tomislav | Croatian Victory |
| Second Bulgar-Croat War | 927 | Simeon I | Tomislav | Bulgarian Victory |
| Third Bulgar-Croat War-Alliance | 1000 | Samuil | Svetoslav | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
.svg){kind=small} Frankish Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgar-Frankish War | 827 | Omurtag | Louis the Pious | Bulgarian Victory |
| Naval Battle of the Danube | 827 | Omurtag | Louis the Pious | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Frankish War | 828 | Omurtag | Louis the Pious | Bulgarian Victory |
| Naval Battle of the Drava | 828 | Omurtag | Louis the Pious | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Frankish Alliance | 829 | Omurtag | Louis the Pious | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
.svg){kind=small} Hungarian Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 862 | Boris I | Rastislav | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 883 | Boris I | Svatoplak | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 892 | Boris I | Svatoplak | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 893 | Boris I | Arpad | Hungarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 894 | Boris I | Arpad | Hungarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 895 | Simeon I | Arpad And Levente | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle of Southern Buh | 896 | Simeon I | Arpad And Levente | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 932 | Peter I | Bogat | Hungarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 934 | Peter I | Zombor | Hungarian Victory |
| Battle of the Northern Danube | 980 | Ahtum | Stephen I | Hungarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 1202 | Kaloyan | Emeric | Hungarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 1203 | Kaloyan | Emeric | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle of the Vidin | 1365 | Ivan Stratsimir | Louis I | Hungarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Hungar Wars | 1367 | Ivan Alexander | Louis I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Final Defeat of Hungaria | 1369 | Ivan Stratsimir | Louis I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
 Rus Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Silistra | 968 | Peter I | Sviatoslav I | Rus Victory |
| Bulgar-Rus Wars | 968 | Boris I | Sviatoslav I | Rus Victory |
| Battle of Pereyaslavets | 969 | Boris I | Sviatoslav I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Rus Northern Alliance | 970 | Boris I | Sviatoslav I | Rus Victory |
| Siege of Dorostolon | 971 | Boris II | Sviatoslav I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Rus Banishment | 997 | Samuil | Sviatoslav I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
 Latin Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Adrianople | 1205 | Kaloyan | Baldwin I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle of Serres | 1205 | Kaloyan | Henry I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle of Rusion | 1206 | Kaloyan | Thierry de Termonde | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle of Rodosto | 1206 | Kaloyan | Henry I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle of Messinopolis | 1207 | Boril | Boniface | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle of Beroia | 1207 | Boril | Henry I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle of Philippopolis | 1208 | Boril | Henry I | Latin Victory |
| Siege of Constantinople | 1235 | Ivan Asen II | John of Brienne | Two Year Truce |
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
 Mongol Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Samara Bend | 1223 | Gabdula Chelbir | Ghengis Khan | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Mongol War | 1241 | Ivan Asen II | Batu Khan | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Mongol War | 1242 | Kaliman Asen I | Batu Khan | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Mongol War | 1271 | Ivailo | Nogai Khan | Mongol Victory |
| Bulgar-Mongol War | 1278 | Ivailo | Nogai Khan | Bulgarian Victory |
| Siege of Silistra | 1279 | Ivailo | Nogai Khan | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Mongol War | 1299 | George I | Nogai Khan | Mongol Victory |
| First Mongol Banishment | 1300 | Theo Svetoslav | Toqta | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Mongol War | 1332 | Ivan Stefan | Uzbeg Khan | Bulgarian Victory |
| Final Banishment of Mongol Horde | 1341 | Ivan Stefan | Uzbeg Khan | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
 Khazar Khaganate Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Pecheneg Invasion | 668 | Peter I | Kurya | Khazar Victory |
| Battle of Levounion | 669 | Peter III | Emir Chaka | Bulgarian Victory |
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
 Serbian Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgar-Serb War | 839 | Omurtag | Vlastimir | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 842 | Presian | Vlastimir | Serbian Victory |
| First Bulgar-Serb Alliance | 853 | Vladimir-Rasate | Mutimir | Serbian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 917 | Simeon I | Petar | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 921 | Simeon I | Pavle | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 922 | Zaharija | Pavle | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 924 | Marmais and Sigritsa | Zaharija | Serbian Victory |
| Full Conquer of Serbia | 925 | Simeon I | Zaharija | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 998 | Samuil | Jovan Vladimir | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 1202 | Kaloyan | Emeric | Serbian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 1203 | Kaloyan | Emeric | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 1290 | Darmen And Kudelin | Stefan Dragutin | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Serb War | 1291 | Darmen And Kudelin | Stefan Milutin | Serbian Victory |
| Battle of Velbazhd | 1330 | Michael Shishman | Stefan Dečanski | Serbian Victory |
| Second Bulgar-Serb Alliance | 1331 | Ivan Stefan | Stefan Dečanski | Bulgarian Victory |
.svg)
| Battle | Year | Bulgarian Commander
|
 Wallachian Commander
|
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgar-Wallachian War | 1384 | Ivan Sratsimir | Dan I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Wallachian War | 1385 | Ivan Shishman | Dan I | Bulgarian Victory |
| Bulgar-Wallachian War | 1386 | Ivan Shishman | Dan I | Bulgarian Victory |
Maps
-
Bulgaria after its foundation by khan Asparukh in 681 -
Map of Bulgaria during its largest territorial extension under Simeon the Great -
Map of Bulgaria during the reign of Samuel -
Bulgaria under the brothers Peter and Asen -
The Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Ivan Asen II -
The Second Bulgarian Empire after the death of Ivan Alexander
-TsarSimeon-byTodorBozhinov.png)
.png)
See also
References
- ^ War in the Balkans, 1991-2002 - R. Craig Nation - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
- ^ A Concise History of Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521616379, pp. 8-9.
- ^ The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, c.500-c.700, Paul Fouracre, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521362911, p. 301.
- ^ Мутафчиев, П. Гюзелев. В, История на българския народ 681-1323. Българска Академия на науките, 1986. стр. 106-108.
- ^ http://liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/konstantin_II_asen.htm
- ^ Peter Jackson The Mongols and the West, p.204
- ^ Denis Sinor, "The Mongols in the West", Journal of Asian History v.33 n.1 (1999).
Further reading
- Zlatarski, Vasil N. (2006) [1918]. Medieval History of the Bulgarian State (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Science and Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed.), Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th Edition, 2006. ISBN 978-954-739-928-0.
- Бакалов, Георги; Милен Куманов (2003). Електронна издание – История на България (in Bulgarian). София: Труд, Сирма. ISBN 978-954-528-613-1.
- Делев, Петър; Валери Кацунов; Пламен Митев; Евгения Калинова; Искра Баева; Боян Добрев (2006). История и цивилизация за 11. клас (in Bulgarian). Труд, Сирма.
- Българите и България (in Bulgarian). Министерство на външните работи на България, Труд, Сирма. 2005.
- Fine, Jr., John V.A. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
