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{{nihongo|'''Hamamatsu'''|浜松市|Hamamatsu-shi|lit. "Coast Pine Tree"}} is a [[Cities of Japan|city]] located in western [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], [[Japan]].
{{nihongo|'''Hamamatsu'''|浜松市|Hamamatsu-shi|lit. "Coast Pine Tree"}} is a [[Cities of Japan|city]] located in western [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], [[Japan]].


As of September 1, 2015, the city had an estimated [[population]] of 789,407 and a [[population density]] of 507 persons per km<sup>2</sup>. The total area was {{convert|1558.06|km2|2|abbr=on}}.
As of September 1, 2015, the city had an estimated [[population]] of 789,407, making it the prefecture's biggest city and a [[population density]] of 507 persons per km<sup>2</sup>. The total area was {{convert|1558.06|km2|2|abbr=on}}.


On July 1, 2005, Hamamatsu absorbed the cities of [[Tenryū, Shizuoka|Tenryū]] and [[Hamakita, Shizuoka|Hamakita]], the town of [[Haruno, Shizuoka|Haruno]] (from [[Shūchi District, Shizuoka|Shūchi District]]), the towns of [[Hosoe, Shizuoka|Hosoe]], [[Inasa, Shizuoka|Inasa]] and [[Mikkabi, Shizuoka|Mikkabi]] (all from [[Inasa District, Shizuoka|Inasa District]]), the towns of [[Misakubo, Shizuoka|Misakubo]] and [[Sakuma, Shizuoka|Sakuma]], the village of [[Tatsuyama, Shizuoka|Tatsuyama]] (all from [[Iwata District, Shizuoka|Iwata District]]), and the towns of [[Maisaka, Shizuoka|Maisaka]] and [[Yūtō, Shizuoka|Yūtō]] (both from [[Hamana District, Shizuoka|Hamana District]]) to become the current and expanded city of Hamamatsu. It became a [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|city designated by government ordinance]] on April 1, 2007.
On July 1, 2005, Hamamatsu absorbed the cities of [[Tenryū, Shizuoka|Tenryū]] and [[Hamakita, Shizuoka|Hamakita]], the town of [[Haruno, Shizuoka|Haruno]] (from [[Shūchi District, Shizuoka|Shūchi District]]), the towns of [[Hosoe, Shizuoka|Hosoe]], [[Inasa, Shizuoka|Inasa]] and [[Mikkabi, Shizuoka|Mikkabi]] (all from [[Inasa District, Shizuoka|Inasa District]]), the towns of [[Misakubo, Shizuoka|Misakubo]] and [[Sakuma, Shizuoka|Sakuma]], the village of [[Tatsuyama, Shizuoka|Tatsuyama]] (all from [[Iwata District, Shizuoka|Iwata District]]), and the towns of [[Maisaka, Shizuoka|Maisaka]] and [[Yūtō, Shizuoka|Yūtō]] (both from [[Hamana District, Shizuoka|Hamana District]]) to become the current and expanded city of Hamamatsu. It became a [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|city designated by government ordinance]] on April 1, 2007.

Revision as of 17:56, 21 April 2016

This article is about the city in Shizuoka Prefecture. For the area in eastern Tokyo, see Hamamatsuchō.
Hamamatsu
浜松市
Designated city
From top left:Act City Hamamatsu, Akihasan Hongū Akiha Jinja, Enshu Railway Line, Hamamatsu Castle, Hamana Ōhasi
From top left:Act City Hamamatsu, Akihasan Hongū Akiha Jinja, Enshu Railway Line, Hamamatsu Castle, Hamana Ōhasi
Flag of Hamamatsu
Flag
Official seal of Hamamatsu
Seal
Location of Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture
Location of Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture
CountryJapan
RegionChūbu (Tōkai)
PrefectureShizuoka Prefecture
Government
 • MayorYasutomo Suzuki
Area
 • Total
1,558.06 km2 (601.57 sq mi)
Population
 (September 1, 2015)
 • Total
789,407
 • Density507/km2 (1,310/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
Symbols 
• TreePine
• FlowerMikan
• BirdJapanese bush warbler
Phone number53-457-2111
Address103-2 Motoshiro-chō, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka-ken 430-8652
Websitewww.city.hamamatsu.shizuoka.jp
Wards of Hamamatsu

Hamamatsu (浜松市, Hamamatsu-shi, lit. "Coast Pine Tree") is a city located in western Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of September 1, 2015, the city had an estimated population of 789,407, making it the prefecture's biggest city and a population density of 507 persons per km2. The total area was 1,558.06 km2 (601.57 sq mi).

On July 1, 2005, Hamamatsu absorbed the cities of Tenryū and Hamakita, the town of Haruno (from Shūchi District), the towns of Hosoe, Inasa and Mikkabi (all from Inasa District), the towns of Misakubo and Sakuma, the village of Tatsuyama (all from Iwata District), and the towns of Maisaka and Yūtō (both from Hamana District) to become the current and expanded city of Hamamatsu. It became a city designated by government ordinance on April 1, 2007.

Geography

Hamamatsu is 260 kilometres (160 mi) southwest of Tokyo.[1]

Hamamatsu consists of a flat plain and the Mikatahara Plateau in the south, and a mountainous area in the north. It is roughly bordered by Lake Hamana to the west, the Tenryū River to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the south.

Neighboring municipalities

Shizuoka Prefecture

Aichi Prefecture

Nagano Prefecture

Wards

Part of Hamamatsu Skyline
A bird's-eye view of downtown Hamamatsu from the tallest building (Act Tower)

Hamamatsu is administratively divided into seven wards:

History

Hirokoji Street in the 1930s

The area now comprising Hamamatsu has been settled since prehistoric times, with numerous remains from the Jomon period and Kofun period having been discovered within the present city limits, including the Shijimizuka site shell mound and the Akamonue Kofun ancient tomb. In the Nara period, it became the capital of Tōtōmi Province. During the Sengoku period, Hamamatsu Castle was the home of future Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Hamamatsu flourished during the Edo period under a succession of daimyo rulers as a castle town, and as a post town on the Tōkaidō. After the Meiji Restoration, Hamamatsu became a short-lived prefecture from 1871–1876, after which it was united with Shizuoka Prefecture. Hamamatsu Station opened on the Tōkaidō Main Line in 1889. The same year, in a cadastal reform of Japan, Hamamatsu became a town.

  • July 1, 1911: Hamamatsu is upgraded from a town to a city
  • 1918: Rice Riots of 1918 affect Hamamatsu
  • 1921: The village of Tenjinchō merges with Hamamatsu
  • 1926: Imperial Japanese Army Hamamatsu Air Base opens
  • 1933: Imperial Japanese Army Flight School opens
  • 1936: The villages of Hikuma and Fujizuka merge with Hamamatsu
  • December 7, 1944: Tonankai earthquake causes much damage
  • June 1945: Hamamatsu largely destroyed by US air raids
  • 1948: Hamamatsu Incident, ethnic rioting of Zainichi Korean residents.
  • 1951: The villages of Aratsu, Goto, and Kawarin merge with Hamamatsu
  • 1954: Eight villages in Hamana District merge with Hamamatsu
  • 1955: The village of Miyakoda merges with Hamamatsu
  • 1957: The village of Irino merges with Hamamatsu
  • 1960: The village of Seto merges with Hamamatsu
  • 1961: The village of Shinohara merges with Hamamatsu
  • 1965: The village of Shonai merges with Hamamatsu
  • May 1, 1990: Hamamatsu Arena opened
  • January 1, 1991: The village of Kami in Hamana District merges with Hamamatsu.
  • April 1, 1991: The first Hamamatsu International Piano Competition was held.
  • May 1, 1994: Act City Hamamatsu opened.
  • October 1, 1995: Hamamatsu Museum of Musical Instruments opened.
  • April 1, 1996: Hamamatsu is designated a core city by the central government.
  • June 1, 1996: Hamamatsu City Fruit Park opened.
  • January 1, 1997: Started separated collection of garbage in residential areas.
  • April 1, 1997: Hamamatsu is designated as an Omnibus Town.
  • April 1, 1998: Act City Musical School opened.
  • April 3, 2000: Shizuoka University of Art and Culture opened.
  • July 1, 2001: The city's 90th anniversary is commemorated
  • August 1, 2002: Launched the conference on Pan-Hamanako Designated City Simulation.
  • April 1, 2003: Shizuoka New Kawafuji National High School Competition was held.
  • June 1, 2003: Launched Tenryūgawa-Hamanako Region Merger Conference.
  • April 8 – October 11, 2004: Pacific Flora 2004 (Shizuoka International Garden and Horticulture Exhibition) was held at Hamanako Garden Park.
  • July 1, 2005: Hamamatsu absorbed the cities of Hamakita and Tenryū; the town of Haruno (from Shūchi District), the towns of Hosoe, Inasa and Mikkabi (all from Inasa District), the towns of Misakubo and Sakuma, the village of Tatsuyama (all from Iwata District), and the towns of Maisaka and Yūtō (both from Hamana District) were merged intoHamamatsu. Inasa District and Iwata District were both dissolved as a result of this merger. Therefore, there are no more villages left in Shizuoka Prefecture.
  • April 1, 2007: Hamamatsu became a city designated by government ordinance by the central government.

Climate

The climate in southern Hamamatsu is mild with little snowfall in the winter; however, it is windy in winter because of the dry monsoon called Enshū no Karakaze, which is unique to the region. The climate in northern Hamamatsu is much harsher because of foehn winds. In summers, the highest temperature often exceeds 35 degrees in the Tenryu-ku area, while it snows in winter.

Climate data for Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Averages (1981–2010), Records (1883–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		28.1
(82.6) 		31.3
(88.3) 		36.7
(98.1) 		38.6
(101.5) 		39.3
(102.7) 		36.6
(97.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		39.3
(102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.1
(50.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.8
(78.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.1
(88.0) 		28.2
(82.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		20.5
(68.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		8.4
(47.1) 		16.3
(61.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		2.7
(36.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.9
(58.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		12.8
(55.0)
Record low °C (°F) −6
(21) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		12.4
(54.3) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−6
(21)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57.0
(2.24) 		78.3
(3.08) 		149.4
(5.88) 		167.5
(6.59) 		190.5
(7.50) 		241.3
(9.50) 		190.0
(7.48) 		150.8
(5.94) 		248.9
(9.80) 		164.5
(6.48) 		118.8
(4.68) 		52.3
(2.06) 		1,809.1
(71.22)
Average relative humidity (%) 58 57 60 65 71 78 80 77 75 70 66 61 68
Mean monthly sunshine hours 196.5 184.2 191.0 195.6 195.8 148.3 177.5 222.6 161.0 165.9 170.0 199.5 2,207.9
Source: JMA[2]
View of Mt. Fuji from Hamamatsu

Demographics

As of the 2008 Japanese census the total population was estimated to be 824,057.[3] As of an unspecified year, 29,635 non-Japanese live in Hamamatsu.[4]

As of 2008 the number of non-Japanese in Hamamatsu was 33,332,[3] and by 2010 the number was about 30,000. The population of Nikkei foreigners increased after a 1990 change in Japanese immigration law allowed them to work in Japan. Many foreigners work in the manufacturing sector, taking temporary jobs in Honda, Suzuki, and Yamaha plants.[1]

Since 1990 the number of non-Japanese children in Hamamatsu increased. Natsuko Fukue of The Japan Times wrote in 2010 that many foreign children have difficulty integrating to society in Hamamatsu because "Japanese and foreign communities live largely separate from one another."[1]

Brazilians

See also: Brazilians in Japan
See also: Dekasegi
Super Mercado Takara, a Brazilian supermarket

As of an unspecified period the city has 15,899 Brazilians, making up 60% of the foreign population.[4] As of 2008 Brazilians were the majority of the foreigners in the city.[3] Hamamatsu has the largest Brazilian Nikkei population of any Japanese city,[5] but as of 2007 it is the city of Oizumi, Gunma which has the highest concentration of them.[6] Toshiko Sugino (杉野 俊子 Sugino Toshiko) of the National Defense Academy of Japan wrote that people in Hamamatsu "are considered open-minded" to the ethnic diversity.[4] The city has a lot of Portuguese signage. It includes a Brazilian school, and many businesses catering to Brazilians display Brazilian flags.[4]

As of an unspecified year, there were 2,500 Brazilian residents under the age of 18, with 1,600 of them being under 15. As of that unspecified year, 500 Brazilian minors were not attending any educational institution.[7]

The chairperson of the Hamamatsu NPO Network Center, Mitsue Inoue, stated in 2010 that "There are many Brazilian supermarkets and schools (in Hamamatsu), but Japanese living there don’t know that they exist."[1]

Economy

Hamamatsu (near city hall)
Downtown Hamamatsu
Eel, for which Hamamatsu is famous

Hamamatsu has been famous as an industrial city, especially for musical instruments and motorcycles. It also has been known for fabric industry, but most of those companies and factories went out of business in the 1990s.

Companies headquartered in Hamamatsu

Companies founded in Hamamatsu

Transportation

Hamamatsu Station exterior
Hamamatsu Station interior

Railways

Highways

Airport

There are no civilian airports in Hamamatsu. Shizuoka Airport (34°47′46″N 138°11′22″E / 34.796111°N 138.189444°E / 34.796111; 138.189444) is the closest, located 43 kilometres (27 mi) from Hamamatsu Station, between Makinohara and Shimada.

Chūbu Centrair International Airport in Aichi Prefecture, located about 87 kilometres (54 mi)[9] west of the city, is the second closest.

Media

Radio stations

Education

Colleges and universities

Primary and secondary schools

Hamamatsu Municipal Senior High School

Senior high schools operated by Shizuoka Prefecture:

There is one senior high school operated by the city government: Hamamatsu Municipal Senior High School

Elementary and junior high schools are operated by the city government. As of 2008, the city had 117 public elementary schools and 52 public junior high schools.[11]

The city has the following Brazilian international schools:

It has one combined Peruvian school (ペルー学校) and Brazilian primary school, Mundo de Alegría.[12][13]

The city formerly hosted other Brazilian schools, Colégio Pitágoras Brasil and Escola Cantinho Feliz.[14]

The city includes a Brazilian curriculum, Portuguese-language private school[which?], serving elementary school through senior high school. The school, which opened in 1996, is accredited in Brazil but not by Japanese authorities. As of an unspecified time period, the school had 100 students. The principal stated that he painted and remodeled the school facilities, a former dormitory used by a company.[4]

Education of foreigners and Brazilians

As of May 1, 2009, the municipal elementary and junior high schools had 1,638 non-Japanese students.[15] As of 2008, there were 932 Brazilians enrolled in Hamamatsu's municipal elementary and junior high schools: 646 Brazilians were enrolled in 61 public elementary schools, and 286 Brazilians were enrolled in 38 public junior high schools.[11]

Within public schools Brazilian students have the same academic programs and take the same classes as Japanese nationals.[11] Special teachers and assistants work with foreign students at municipal elementary and junior high schools with significant numbers of non-Japanese enrolled.[16] In particular the schools use their part-time interpreters to assist Brazilian students. The interpreters are not formal teachers, yet Tsutsumi Angela Aparecida of Hamamatsu's Burajiru Fureai Kai wrote that "[t]heir assistance has become very useful".[11] Toshiko Sugino of the National Defense Academy of Japan wrote that the municipal and prefectural schools in Hamamatsu "follow traditional views of education and enforce rigid school rules" despite the reputation of open-mindedness in the residents of Hamamatsu, causing some foreigners to send their non-Japanese children to foreign private schools.[4]

As of 2008 many Brazilian parents have difficulty in deciding whether to send their children to Japanese schools or Brazilian schools, and it is common for Brazilian children attending Japanese schools to switch to a Brazilian school and vice versa.[11] By 2010 many Brazilian parents had lost their jobs due to an economic decline, and many were unable to afford the Brazilian school annual tuitions of ¥30,000 to ¥40,000.[1]

As of 2010 about 50% of Brazilians of high school age in Hamamatsu do not attend high school. The inability to afford high school and difficulty with Japanese resulted in lower high school attendance rates. Hamamatsu NPO Network Center has made efforts to increase school attendance.[1]

In Hamamatsu volunteers and a non-profit organization have established Japanese-language classes and native language classes for foreign children.[16]

Sports

Football

  • Honda F.C. which plays Japan Football League (third division) games at their own Miyakoda Soccer Stadium. Honda competed in the Japan Soccer League's First Division from 1981 to 1991, but chose to relegate itself and not compete in the professional divisions due to parent company Honda's choice to retain team ownership. Many Hamamatsu football fans prefer to follow Júbilo Iwata, across the Tenryu River in Iwata. Júbilo maintains a club shop within Hamamatsu.
  • Volare FC Hamamatsu, an autonomous club who competed in the Tokai Regional Football League Division 2 in 2011, flouted plans to either overtake Honda FC or merge with it, but it finished last in the Tokai League and was relegated. Hamamatsu University also keeps a team in the said division, but college teams cannot be promoted to the top three tiers.

International relations

Hamamatsu has ratified Music Culture Exchange Treaty with the following cities (however, of the following Rochester is the only official sister city):

Twin towns and sister cities

Hamamatsu is twinned with:

Local attractions

  • Act City Tower Observatory: Hamamatsu's only skyscraper, situated next to JR Hamamatsu Station, is a symbol of the city. It was designed to resemble a harmonica, a reminder that Hamamatsu is sometimes known as the "City of Music". The building houses shopping and a food court, the Okura Hotel, and an observatory on the 45th floor overlooking all of central Hamamatsu, even down to the sand dunes at the shore.
  • Chopin Monument This is a 1:1-scale replica of the famous Art Nouveau bronze statue of Chopin by the famed artist Wacław Szymanowski. The original is in Hamamatsu's sister city, Warsaw.　
  • Hamamatsu Castle: Hamamatsu Castle Park stretches from the modern city hall building to the north. The castle is located on a hill in the southeast corner of the park, near city hall. It was built by Tokugawa Ieyasu. His rule marks the beginning of the Edo Period. Tokugawa Ieyasu lived here from 1571 to 1588. There is a small museum inside, which houses some armor and other relics of the period, as well as a miniature model of how the city might have looked 400 years ago. North of the castle is a large park with a Japanese garden, a koi pond, a ceremonial teahouse, and some commons areas.
  • Nakatajima Sand Dunes: one of the three largest sand dune areas in Japan
  • Hamamatsu Flower Park
  • Hamamatsu Fruit Park
  • Hamamatsu Municipal Zoo
  • Iinoya-gū shrine
  • Hamamatsu Tōshō-gū shrine
  • Hamamatsu Castle
    Hamamatsu Castle
  • Nakatajima Sand Dunes
    Nakatajima Sand Dunes
  • Hamanako Garden Park
    Hamanako Garden Park
  • Hamamatsu Wedding Central Park
    Hamamatsu Wedding Central Park
  • Lake Hamana
    Lake Hamana
  • Hamamatsu Pacific Ocean
    Hamamatsu Pacific Ocean

Festivals

Akiha Fire Festival

Haruno, Tenryu-ku: December

Ever since long ago, Mount Akiha was believed to have supernatural powers to prevent fires. Bow and arrow, sword, and fire dances are performed at the Akiha Shrine. At the Akiha Temple, a firewalking ceremony is performed where both believers and spectators celebrate the festival.

Enshu Dainenbutsu

Saigagake Museum, Hamamatsu City: July 15

When a family commemorates the first Obon holidays after the death of a loved one, they may request that a dainenbutsu (Buddhist chanting ritual) be performed outside their house. This is one of the local performing arts of the region. The group always forms a procession in front of the house led by a person carrying a lantern and marches to the sound of flutes, Japanese drums and cymbals.

During Hamamatsu Festival

Hamamatsu Kite Festival

Naka-ku, Minami-ku, others: May

Hamamatsu Kite Festival is also called Hamamatsu Festival. Hamamatsu Kite Festival held from May 3 to May 5 each year, includes a Tako Gassen, or kite fight, and luxuriously decorated palace-like floats. The festival originated about 430 years ago, when the lord of Hamamatsu Castle celebrated the birth of his first son by flying kites. In the Meiji Era, the celebration of the birth of a first son by flying Hatsu Dako, or the first kite, became popular, and this tradition has survived in the form of Hamamatsu Kite Festival. During the nights of Hamamatsu Kite Festival, people parade downtown carrying over 70 yatai, or palace-lake floats, that are beautifully decorated while playing Japanese traditional festival music. The festival reaches its peak when groups representing the city's various districts compete by energetically marching through the downtown streets.

Hamakita Hiryu Festival

Hamakita-ku: June

This festival is held in honor of Ryujin, the god believed to be associated with the Tenryū River, and features a wide variety of events such as the Hamakita takoage (kite flying) event and the Hiryu himatsuri (flying dragon fire festival) which celebrates water, sound, and flame.

Hamamatsu International Piano Competition

November

This festival celebrates Hamamatsu's history as a city of musical instruments and music, and brings dozens of the best young pianists from all over the world. It has been held triennially since 1991 at the Act City Concert Hall and Main Hall.

Hamakita Manyo Festival

Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu: October

This event takes place in Manyo-no-Mori Park to commemorate the Manyo Period and introduce its culture. As part of the festival, people reenact the ancient past by wearing traditional clothes from the Heian period and presenting Japanese poetry readings.

Inasa Puppet Festival

Inasa, Kita-ku: November

One of the few puppet festivals held in Japan, featuring 60 performances of about 30 plays by puppet masters from all over the country. The shows provide a full day of enjoyment for both children and adults.

Princess Road Festival

Hosoe, Kita-ku: April

This reenactment of a procession made by the princess in her palanquin along with her entourage of over 100 people including maids, samurai, and servants makes for a splendid scene beneath the cherry blossoms along the Toda River. In the Edo period, princesses enjoyed traveling this road which came to be known as a hime kaidō (princess road).

Samba Festival

The Hamamatsu Samba Festival is held in the city.[19]

Shoryu Weeping Ume Blossom Festival

Inasa, Kita-ku: late February to late March

In Ryusui Garden there is a stream with seven small waterfalls and about 80 weeping ume trees pruned to give the appearance of dragons riding on clouds to the heavens. There are also 200 young trees planted along the mountainside.

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Fukue, Natsuko. "Nonprofit brings together foreign, Japanese residents in Hamamatsu" (Archive). The Japan Times. March 13, 2010. Retrieved on October 12, 2015.
  2. ^ "JMA". JMA. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c Aparecida, Tsutsumi Angela (Burajiru Fureai Kai). "The Contradiction Between “Being and Seeming” Reinforces Low Academic Performance " (Archive). US-China Education Review B 2 (2012) p. 217-223. CITED: p. 217.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Sugino, Toshiko (National Defense Academy of Japan). "Linguistic Challenges and Possibilities of Immigrants In Case of Nikkei Brazilians in Japan" (Country Note on Topics for Breakout Session 4) (Archive). Centre for Education Research and Innovation (CERI), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (See list of reports. p. 4/8. Retrieved on October 12, 2015.
  5. ^ Sugino, Toshiko (National Defense Academy of Japan). "Linguistic Challenges and Possibilities of Immigrants In Case of Nikkei Brazilians in Japan" (Country Note on Topics for Breakout Session 4) (Archive). Centre for Education Research and Innovation (CERI), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (See list of reports. p. 1/8. Retrieved on October 12, 2015.
  6. ^ Sugino, Toshiko, Ed. D. (Temple University). "Nikkei Brazilians at a Brazilian school in Japan: Factors affecting language decisions and education" (PhD thesis). Temple University, 2007. Publication Number 3293262. See profile at Google Books. cited: p. 56.
  7. ^ Sugino, Toshiko (National Defense Academy of Japan). "Linguistic Challenges and Possibilities of Immigrants In Case of Nikkei Brazilians in Japan" (Country Note on Topics for Breakout Session 4) (Archive). Centre for Education Research and Innovation (CERI), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (See list of reports. p. 5/8. Retrieved on October 12, 2015.
  8. ^ "Headquarters." Hamamatsu Photonics. Retrieved on February 17, 2015.
  9. ^ From Chūbu Centrair International Airport to Hamamatsu station (34°42′14″N 137°44′05″E / 34.703866°N 137.734759°E / 34.703866; 137.734759) (surveying http://vldb.gsi.go.jp/sokuchi/surveycalc/bl2stf.html Template:Ja icon)
  10. ^ "Radio Phoenix - CONECTOU...TÁ NA PHOENIX". Radiophoenix.jp. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  11. ^ a b c d e Aparecida, Tsutsumi Angela (Burajiru Fureai Kai). "The Contradiction Between “Being and Seeming” Reinforces Low Academic Performance" (Archive). US-China Education Review B 2 (2012) p. 217-223. CITED: p. 218.
  12. ^ a b c d "Escolas Brasileiras Homologadas no Japão" (Archive). Embassy of Brazil in Tokyo. Retrieved on October 13, 2015.
  13. ^ "Ubicación y Acceso." Mundo de Alegría. Retrieved on October 24, 2015. "〒431-0102 Shizuoka-ken Hamamatsu-shi　Nishi-ku Yuto-cho Ubumi 9611-1" - Japanese address: "住所 〒431-0102 静岡県　浜松市　西区　雄踏町　宇布見　9611-1"
  14. ^ "Escolas Brasileiras Homologadas no Japão" (Archive). Embassy of Brazil in Tokyo. February 7, 2008. Retrieved on October 13, 2015.
  15. ^ Kitawaki, Yasuyuki (北脇保之) (Former mayor of Hamamatsu, Director of the Center for Multilingual Multicultural Education and Research, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (CEMMER, 東京外国語大学多言語・多文化教育研究センター)). "A Japanese approach to municipal diversity management: The case of Hamamatsu City" (Archive). Managing Diversity: Stronger Communities, Better Cities. Information about the book (Archive). At the Council of Europe website. Retrieved on October 12, 2015. PDF p. 7-8/13.
  16. ^ a b Kitawaki, Yasuyuki (北脇保之) (Former mayor of Hamamatsu, Director of the Center for Multilingual Multicultural Education and Research, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (CEMMER, 東京外国語大学多言語・多文化教育研究センター)). "A Japanese approach to municipal diversity management: The case of Hamamatsu City" (Archive). Managing Diversity: Stronger Communities, Better Cities. Information about the book (Archive). At the Council of Europe website. Retrieved on October 12, 2015. PDF p. 8/13.
  17. ^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl (in Polish). Biuro Promocji Miasta. 2005-05-04. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b c d "US-Japan Sister Cities by State". Asia Matters for America. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  19. ^ Kitawaki, Yasuyuki (北脇保之) (Former mayor of Hamamatsu, Director of the Center for Multilingual Multicultural Education and Research, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (CEMMER, 東京外国語大学多言語・多文化教育研究センター)). "A Japanese approach to municipal diversity management: The case of Hamamatsu City" (Archive). Managing Diversity: Stronger Communities, Better Cities. Information about the book (Archive). At the Council of Europe website. Retrieved on October 12, 2015. PDF p. 9/13.
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