Tjeker: Difference between revisions
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==Origin== |
==Origin== |
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As with other Sea Peoples, the origins of the Tjeker are uncertain. A possible identity has been suggested with the [[Teucri]], a tribe described by ancient sources as inhabiting northwest Anatolia to the south of [[Troy]].<ref>The identification of Tjeker and Greek Teukroi, Latinized to ''Teucri'', was first made by Lauth in 1867, and was repeated by François Chabas in his ''Études sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources égyptiennes et les monuments réputés préhistoriques'' of 1872, according to the Woudhuizen dissertation.</ref><ref>Sandars Page 170, "The Tjeker."</ref> However, this has been dismissed as "pure speculation" by [[Trevor R. Bryce|Trevor Bryce]].<ref>[[Trevor R. Bryce|Bryce, Trevor R.]]''The Kingdom of the Hittites.'' Oxford University Press, 1998 & 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-924010-4 p.339 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ySQz9MW1Q0AC&pg=PA338&dq=Tjekker+Teucri&num=100#PPA339,M1]</ref> |
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Their name comes from Egyptian ''tkr'' or ''skl'', which has been transcribed in other ways, such as ''Tjekru, Sikil, Djekker'',<ref>Grabbe, Lester L. ''Israel in Transition'' T.& T.Clark Ltd (1 Aug 2008) ISBN 978-0-567-02726-9 p97 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tR0Qpz2zRogC&pg=PA97&dq=She+opposes+a+%22Sea+People%22+ethnic+component+at+Dor+and+defines+the+archaeological&num=100&ei=dMeZSdyrEorONa3X8aQJ&client=firefox-a]</ref> ''Sical'',<ref>Lipinski, p. 96</ref> etc., and has proved difficult to etymologize. As a last resort the early scholars in the field turned to modern names; specifically, [[Flinders Petrie]] related the ethnonym to ''[[Zakros|Zakro]]'', the name of a place in eastern Crete.<ref>James Baikie mentioned it on pp. 166, 187 of his book ''[http://ia600309.us.archive.org/35/items/theseakingsofcre19328gut/19328-h/19328-h.htm The Sea-Kings of Crete]'', 2nd edition (Adam and Charles Black, London, 1913).</ref> Some modern scholars accept the association.<ref>Redford, p. 252.</ref> |
Their name comes from Egyptian ''tkr'' or ''skl'', which has been transcribed in other ways, such as ''Tjekru, Sikil, Djekker'',<ref>Grabbe, Lester L. ''Israel in Transition'' T.& T.Clark Ltd (1 Aug 2008) ISBN 978-0-567-02726-9 p97 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tR0Qpz2zRogC&pg=PA97&dq=She+opposes+a+%22Sea+People%22+ethnic+component+at+Dor+and+defines+the+archaeological&num=100&ei=dMeZSdyrEorONa3X8aQJ&client=firefox-a]</ref> ''Sical'',<ref>Lipinski, p. 96</ref> etc., and has proved difficult to etymologize. As a last resort the early scholars in the field turned to modern names; specifically, [[Flinders Petrie]] related the ethnonym to ''[[Zakros|Zakro]]'', the name of a place in eastern Crete.<ref>James Baikie mentioned it on pp. 166, 187 of his book ''[http://ia600309.us.archive.org/35/items/theseakingsofcre19328gut/19328-h/19328-h.htm The Sea-Kings of Crete]'', 2nd edition (Adam and Charles Black, London, 1913).</ref> Some modern scholars accept the association.<ref>Redford, p. 252.</ref> |
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The Tjeker may have conquered the city [[Tel Dor|Dor]], on the coast of [[Canaan]] near modern [[Haifa]], and turned it into a large, well-fortified city (classified as "Dor XII", fl. c. 1150-1050), the center of a Tjeker kingdom that is confirmed archaeologically in the northern [[Sharon plain]]. The city was violently destroyed in the mid-11th century BCE, with the conflagration turning the mud bricks red and depositing a huge layer of ash and debris. [[Ephraim Stern]]<ref>Page 31</ref> connects the destruction with the contemporary expansion of the [[Phoenicia]]ns, which was checked by the [[Philistines]] further south and the [[United Monarchy|Israelites]]. |
The Tjeker may have conquered the city [[Tel Dor|Dor]], on the coast of [[Canaan]] near modern [[Haifa]], and turned it into a large, well-fortified city (classified as "Dor XII", fl. c. 1150-1050), the center of a Tjeker kingdom that is confirmed archaeologically in the northern [[Sharon plain]]. The city was violently destroyed in the mid-11th century BCE, with the conflagration turning the mud bricks red and depositing a huge layer of ash and debris. [[Ephraim Stern]]<ref>Page 31</ref> connects the destruction with the contemporary expansion of the [[Phoenicia]]ns, which was checked by the [[Philistines]] further south and the [[United Monarchy|Israelites]]. |
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The Tjeker are one of the few Sea Peoples for whom a ruler's name is recorded — in the 11th-century papyrus account of [[Wenamun]], an Egyptian priest, the ruler of Dor is given as "[[Beder (ancient ruler)|Beder]]". |
The Tjeker are perhaps one of the few Sea Peoples for whom a ruler's name is recorded — in the 11th-century papyrus account of [[Wenamun]], an Egyptian priest, the ruler of Dor is given as "[[Beder (ancient ruler)|Beder]]". |
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According to [[Edward Lipinski (orientalist)|Edward Lipinski]],<ref>Page 96</ref> the Sicals (Tjekker) of Dor were seamen or mercenaries, and ''b3-dỉ-r'' (Beder) was the title of the local governor, a deputy of the king of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. |
According to [[Edward Lipinski (orientalist)|Edward Lipinski]],<ref>Page 96</ref> the Sicals (Tjekker) of Dor were seamen or mercenaries, and ''b3-dỉ-r'' (Beder) was the title of the local governor, a deputy of the king of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. |
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Revision as of 06:40, 30 April 2016
The Tjeker or Tjekker were one of the Sea Peoples. They are known mainly from the Story of Wenamun, and are thought to be the people who developed the port of Dor in Canaan during the 12th century BCE from a small Bronze Age town to a large city. They are also documented earlier, at Medinet Habu, as raiders defeated by Pharaoh Ramesses III of Egypt in years 5, 8, and 12 of his reign.[1]
Origin
As with other Sea Peoples, the origins of the Tjeker are uncertain. A possible identity has been suggested with the Teucri, a tribe described by ancient sources as inhabiting northwest Anatolia to the south of Troy.[2][3] However, this has been dismissed as "pure speculation" by Trevor Bryce.[4]
Their name comes from Egyptian tkr or skl, which has been transcribed in other ways, such as Tjekru, Sikil, Djekker,[5] Sical,[6] etc., and has proved difficult to etymologize. As a last resort the early scholars in the field turned to modern names; specifically, Flinders Petrie related the ethnonym to Zakro, the name of a place in eastern Crete.[7] Some modern scholars accept the association.[8]
Settlement at Dor
The Tjeker may have conquered the city Dor, on the coast of Canaan near modern Haifa, and turned it into a large, well-fortified city (classified as "Dor XII", fl. c. 1150-1050), the center of a Tjeker kingdom that is confirmed archaeologically in the northern Sharon plain. The city was violently destroyed in the mid-11th century BCE, with the conflagration turning the mud bricks red and depositing a huge layer of ash and debris. Ephraim Stern[9] connects the destruction with the contemporary expansion of the Phoenicians, which was checked by the Philistines further south and the Israelites.
The Tjeker are perhaps one of the few Sea Peoples for whom a ruler's name is recorded — in the 11th-century papyrus account of Wenamun, an Egyptian priest, the ruler of Dor is given as "Beder".
According to Edward Lipinski,[10] the Sicals (Tjekker) of Dor were seamen or mercenaries, and b3-dỉ-r (Beder) was the title of the local governor, a deputy of the king of Tyre.
No mention of the Tjeker is made after the story of Wenamun.
Notes
- ^ The campaigns are covered under Sea Peoples and are not repeated here.
- ^ The identification of Tjeker and Greek Teukroi, Latinized to Teucri, was first made by Lauth in 1867, and was repeated by François Chabas in his Études sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources égyptiennes et les monuments réputés préhistoriques of 1872, according to the Woudhuizen dissertation.
- ^ Sandars Page 170, "The Tjeker."
- ^ Bryce, Trevor R.The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press, 1998 & 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-924010-4 p.339 [1]
- ^ Grabbe, Lester L. Israel in Transition T.& T.Clark Ltd (1 Aug 2008) ISBN 978-0-567-02726-9 p97 [2]
- ^ Lipinski, p. 96
- ^ James Baikie mentioned it on pp. 166, 187 of his book The Sea-Kings of Crete, 2nd edition (Adam and Charles Black, London, 1913).
- ^ Redford, p. 252.
- ^ Page 31
- ^ Page 96
References
- Lipiński, Edward (2006). On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches. Peeters Publishers. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-90-429-1798-9. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
- Redford, Donald B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03606-3.
- Sandars, N.K. (1987). The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean, Revised Edition. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27387-1.
- Stern, Ephraim (August 1990). "New Evidence from Dor for the First Appearance of the Phoenicians along the Northern Coast of Israel" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 279, pp. 27–34.
- Woudhuizen, Frederik Christiaan (1992). The Language of the Sea Peoples. Amsterdam: Najade Press. ISBN 90-73835-02-X.
- Woudhuizen, Frederik Christiaan (April 2006). The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples. Doctoral dissertation; Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Faculteit der Wijsbegeerte.