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!style="background: #ececec;"| [[eXo Platform]] <ref>{{Cite web|title = eXo Platform - Social Collaboration|url = http://sourceforge.net/projects/exo/|website = SourceForge|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
!style="background: #ececec;"| [[eXo Platform]] <ref>{{Cite web|title = eXo Platform - Social Collaboration|url = http://sourceforge.net/projects/exo/|website = SourceForge|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
| eXo Platform SAS
| eXo Platform SAS
| 2015-07-07
| 2016-01-15
| 4.2.0
| 4.3.0
| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
| [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL]]
| [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL]]
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!style="background: #ececec;"| [[Invision Power Board]] <ref>{{Cite web|title = IPS Community Suite 4 - Forums, CMS, eCommerce & more - IPS Community Suite|url = http://www.invisionpower.com/|website = IPS Community Suite|accessdate = 2015-11-24|language = en-US}}</ref>
!style="background: #ececec;"| [[Invision Power Board]] <ref>{{Cite web|title = IPS Community Suite 4 - Forums, CMS, eCommerce & more - IPS Community Suite|url = http://www.invisionpower.com/|website = IPS Community Suite|accessdate = 2015-11-24|language = en-US}}</ref>
| [[Invision Power Services|Invision Power Services Inc.]]
| [[Invision Power Services|Invision Power Services Inc.]]
| 2015-10-30
| 2016-04-24
| 4.1.2
| 4.1.11
| [[PHP]]
| [[PHP]]
| [[proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| [[proprietary software|Proprietary]]
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!style="background: #ececec;"| [[phpBB]] <ref>{{Cite web|title = phpBB • Free and Open Source Forum Software|url = https://www.phpbb.com/|website = www.phpbb.com|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
!style="background: #ececec;"| [[phpBB]] <ref>{{Cite web|title = phpBB • Free and Open Source Forum Software|url = https://www.phpbb.com/|website = www.phpbb.com|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
| [[phpBB|phpBB Ltd.]]
| [[phpBB|phpBB Ltd.]]
| 2016-02-23
| 2016-04-17
| 3.1.8
| 3.1.9
| [[PHP]]
| [[PHP]]
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
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!style="background: #ececec;"| [[vBulletin]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = vBulletin Announcements - vBulletin Community Forum|url = http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/forum/vbulletin-announcements/vbulletin-announcements_aa|website = www.vbulletin.com|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
!style="background: #ececec;"| [[vBulletin]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = vBulletin Announcements - vBulletin Community Forum|url = http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/forum/vbulletin-announcements/vbulletin-announcements_aa|website = www.vbulletin.com|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
| vBulletin Solutions Inc.
| vBulletin Solutions Inc.
| 2016-01-18
| 2016-04-07
| 5.2.0pl1<ref>http://www.vbulletin.com</ref>
| 5.2.1<ref>http://www.vbulletin.com</ref>
| [[PHP]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = vBulletin Manual|url = http://www.vbulletin.com/docs/html|website = www.vbulletin.com|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
| [[PHP]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = vBulletin Manual|url = http://www.vbulletin.com/docs/html|website = www.vbulletin.com|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
| [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = vBulletin FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions|url = http://www.vbulletin.com/en/faq/|website = www.vbulletin.com|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
| [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = vBulletin FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions|url = http://www.vbulletin.com/en/faq/|website = www.vbulletin.com|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:22, 30 April 2016

This article outlines the general features commonly found in various Internet forum software packages. It highlights major features that the manager of a forum might want and should expect to be commonly available in different forum software. These comparisons do not include remotely hosted services which use their own proprietary software, rather than offering a package for download which webmasters can host by themselves.

General information

Basic general information about the forums: creator/company, license/price etc.

Creator Latest release date Current stable version Programming language License
bbPress [1] WordPress Foundation 2015-08-18 2.5.8 PHP[2] GPL[3]
Beehive Forum [4] Project Beehive Forum Developers 2015-06-04 1.4.7 PHP GPL
Discourse [5] Civilized Discourse Construction Kit, Inc. 2015-10-19 1.4.2 Ruby, Javascript GPL
Discuz! [6] Comsenz Inc. 2013-09-23 X3.2 PHP Discuz! EULA (proprietary, gratis for non-commercial use)
eXo Platform [7] eXo Platform SAS 2016-01-15 4.3.0 Java LGPL
FluxBB [8] FluxBB.org Developers 2015-11-09 1.5.9 PHP GPL
FUDforum [9] Advanced Internet Designs Inc. 2016-01-28[10] 3.0.7[10] PHP GPL
Ikonboard [11] Matt Mecham (original creator) Joshua Johnson 2012-10-19 3.1.5A Perl Proprietary
Invision Power Board [12] Invision Power Services Inc. 2016-04-24 4.1.11 PHP Proprietary
MyBB [13] MyBB Group 2016-03-11 1.8.7 PHP LGPL, moving to BSD in 2.0[14]
Phorum [15] Brian Moon 2015-06-19 5.2.20 PHP Phorum License 2 (BSD like)
PHPWind [16] Hangzhou Detian Information Technology Co. Ltd 2014-12-23 9.0.1 PHP PHPWind EULA (proprietary, gratis for non-commercial use)
phpBB [17] phpBB Ltd. 2016-04-17 3.1.9 PHP GPL
PunBB [18] PunBB 2015-10-14 1.4.4 PHP GPL
Simple Machines Forum [19] Simple Machines 2016-02-17 / 2015-09/19[20] 2.0.11 / 2.1b2[20] PHP BSD License
Syndie [21] Anonymous (related to I2P) 2014-01-20 1.105b Java Open source, multiple licenses
UBB.threads [22] UBB Systems, LLC 2015-01-27 7.5.9 PHP Proprietary
Vanilla Forums [23] Vanilla Forums 2015-11-12 2.2 PHP Proprietary/GPL[24]
vBulletin[25] vBulletin Solutions Inc. 2016-04-07 5.2.1[26] PHP[27] Proprietary[28]
XenForo [29] XenForo Ltd. 2016-04-05 1.5.7 PHP Proprietary
Creator Latest release date Current stable version Programming language License

Features

Flat Threaded User selectable themes Calendar Image attachment Unread message tracking WYSIWYG Editor Export, portability Email / NNTP interface Languages SSO
bbPress Yes Yes No No Plugin Plugin Yes (using TinyMCE) Plugin (server-side[30]) Plugin[31][32] Yes[33]
Beehive Forum Yes Yes Yes No Yes Full Yes (using TinyMCE) Partial (only PM[34]) No
Discourse Yes Yes No No Yes Full No Partial (admin-only to CSV[35][36]) Partial (formatting issues[37]) No[38][39] Yes (OAuth)
Discuz! Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
eXo Platform Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Partial (admin-only, also per-category;[40] plugin?[41]) No[42]
FluxBB Yes No Yes No Plugin Session No Yes[43]
FUDforum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Full Yes Partial (for admins[44]) Yes (native NNTP gateway[45]) Yes[46]
Iko Yes No Yes No Planned Yes Yes
Ikonboard Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Session No No[47]
Invision Power Board Yes Yes Yes Plugin Yes Full Yes No[48] No[49]
MyBB[50] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Full Yes Maybe (thread export using an old mod[51]) Plugin (1.4.x)[52][53] Yes[54]
Phorum Yes Yes Yes No Yes Full Yes Plugin[55] No[56]
phpBB[57] Yes No Yes Plugin Yes Full Planned No[58] Partial (phpBB2 mod[59][60]) Yes[61] Yes (LDAP, OAuth, others)[62]
PunBB[63] Yes Plugin Yes Plugin Plugin Session Plugin No[64][65]
Simple Machines Forum Yes No Yes Yes Yes Full Yes Partial (PM[66]) Plugin (old)[67] Yes[68]
Syndie Yes Yes No No Yes Full Yes No[69]
UBB.threads Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Full Planned (Version 8.0) No[70] No
Vanilla Forums Yes Plugin Yes No Plugin Yes Plugin Partial (attachments[71] or admin-only [72]) No[73] Yes[74][75]
vBulletin[76] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Full Yes Partial (plugin,[77] vB 4[78]) No[79] No[80]
XenForo Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Full Yes No[81] No[82]
Flat Threaded User selectable themes Calendar Image attachment Unread message tracking WYSIWYG Editor Export, portability Email / NNTP interface languages SSO

Data storage

Information about what data storage system can be used.

MySQL PostgreSQL MSSQL Oracle SQLite Firebird Flat file
bbPress[2] Yes No No No No No No
Beehive Forum Yes No No No No No No
Discourse No Yes No No No No No
Discuz! Yes Yes No No No No No
eXo Platform Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No
FluxBB Yes Yes No No SQLite 2[83] No No
FUDforum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Iko Yes No No No No No No
Ikonboard Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes
Invision Power Board Yes No Discontinued [84] No No No No
kusaba Yes No No No No No No
MyBB[50] Yes Yes No No Yes No No
Phorum Yes No No No No No No
phpBB[57] Yes v8.2 or newer[85][86] Yes Yes Yes Discontinued No
PunBB[63] Yes Yes No No Yes No No
Simple Machines Forum Yes Yes No No Yes No No
Syndie Yes (HSQLDB) No No No No No No
UBB.threads Yes No No No No No No
Vanilla Forums Yes No No No No No No
vBulletin[76] Yes No No No No No No
XenForo Yes No No No No No No
MySQL PostgreSQL MSSQL Oracle SQLite Firebird Flat file

Feature explanation

Below is a brief explanation for each of the features compared in the subarticles. For a forum to qualify for a feature, the functionality must be available out of the box, not as an add-on, plugin, etc.

Flat vs. threaded

  • A flat forum is one where each message is added onto the end of the discussion, with no set relation to any prior messages (other than being on the same discussion topic — except in case of Off-Topic posting). But, there is normally a feature to 'quote' another user's post, to allow referencing back to other posts.
  • A threaded forum is one where users can specify their message is a reply to an existing message. Threaded forums can display relationships between message topics and associated replies, such as by indenting replies and placing them below the post they reference. Threaded forums are most commonly used for discussions where individual messages tend to be short, such as on social news sites (e.g. Slashdot or reddit), or in commenting systems like Disqus.

Duplicate thread prevention

Many users do not bother to search a forum and directly create new threads to seek an answer to a question. On some forums, when the user types a new thread subject, the forum software brings up similar threads automatically on the side. This helps keep the number of redundant threads (or the overall forum pollution) to a lower level as users who neglect to search for a topic and are posting a thread may find the answer to their question as they are creating the new thread. Instead of having to search the forum, and then creating a thread if there is no satisfying answer, duplicate thread prevention allows the user to go and seek the answer to a topic. An example is Stack Overflow.

User-selectable themes

Most forums provide an option for the forum owner to customize the look and feel. Some forums also allow the administrator to create multiple styles or themes, and allow the user to choose which one they wish to view. Themes may simply be a different set of colors and graphics, or they may involve a different layout to the forum, such as one optimized for small-screen devices.

Calendar

Some forums provide calendar functionality for storing events and appointments, either per-user or as a forum-wide shared calendar.

Image attachments

Most forums provide the option for a user to upload an image along with a message posting. This is usually accompanied by a space limit (e.g. 1MB per user) to prevent users from filling up the forum host's webspace. Some forums also allow other types of files to be uploaded. Some allow inline linking to images hosted on image hosting services.

One major usability issue is whether images can be uploaded to a forum and displayed inline in message postings easily (or at all). The presence of "image attachment uploading" does not imply that in-message display of images within the flow of message text is possible (or if possible, easy to achieve).

Unread message tracking

Unread message tracking refers to the way that is used by forum software to track and display messages that have not yet been read by the current user. This can be one of the following:

  • Session — when a user's session starts, this method relies on the user's "last visit time" to display all messages created since that date as unread. Everything that was posted before "last visit time" is considered "read" regardless of whether the user has actually seen it or not. Until the user's session expires, this method properly tracks read/unread messages, starting with messages that were selected as "unread" when the user's session started. This method is broadly used, due to the simplicity and speed benefits of only storing and checking against a single database value.
  • Full — forum software which properly tracks what messages have been read or unread by each user, regardless of user session expiration. Some forum software also allows the user to 'mark as unread', so that they can come back to a message later.

Forum spam defenses

Most forums are at risk of continuous attack by forum spammers, largely promoting websites with no relevance to the forum's niche. Systems vary in how they are geared to defense, and checking the offering is an important consideration before selection. A forum cannot succeed unless there is an effective system of defense, and an efficient set of tools for spam removal.

CAPTCHAs are a common feature used among most internet forum software and are often used to prevent automated registrations.

Banning or deleting membership should come as standard, with the ability to blacklist the username, email address or IP address for variable time spans.

Reference to an anti-forum spam database can be built into the forum software, or offered as add-ons for specific databases.

User-friendly URLs

Main article: Semantic URL

Human-friendly forum URLs do not have a query string and instead contain only the path of the topic. A user-unfriendly URL may contain cryptic parameters, numeric IDs, or file type extensions (e.g. .php) that do not matter to the user and could change if the forum is reimplemented using a different programming language. User-friendly URLs are easy to remember and to type, and may enhance search engine optimization (SEO).

  • user-unfriendly URL example: http://example.com/forum/index.php?t=rview&th=120029
  • user-friendly URL example: http://example.com/usability-issues/user-friendly-urls

In general this is accomplished via URL mapping, however, historically in many forum software packages, human-friendly URLs are an afterthought implemented via URL rewriting, and URLs often contain a numeric ID which represents the thread, while the remainder of the URL can in reality be any string: http://example.com/forum/12345/lets-use-friendly-urls and http://example.com/forum/12345/bogus-path-actually point to the same thread, http://example.com/forum/12345/.

The only non-controversial counter-argument to using user-friendly URLs is that they would be leaked in the HTTP referer header field when a user clicks on an external link from a post, which is undesirable for private (sub)forums, since a URL derived from the topic title could convey sensitive information.[87] This issue can be resolved by rewriting external links to point to a redirection page that performs referer hiding.

Export, portability

This column judges the ability to allow users to export data from the forum installation and then import it in new installations of the same software (cf. right to fork) or feed it to data conversion tools.

Software portability is a key assessment criterion for the choice and procurement of software.[88]

Email/NNTP interface

Whether the software can be used with standard Email or NNTP clients. Adoption of standard protocols is key for interoperability.[89]

Languages

Whether the internationalization and localization of the software are sufficient to both allow and actually provide grammatically correct support for the native language of the target users.[90]

For the purposes of this table, we consider languages used by an amount of installations/users equal to at least 1% of the top million web properties using that software,[91] without major reported bugs in support.

Single sign-on

Single sign-on (SSO) is often required to enhance web accessibility of the application.[92]

As for implementation, standards like OAuth and OpenID are preferred.

References

  1. ^ "bbPress.org". bbpress.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  2. ^ a b "Requirements · bbPress.org". bbpress.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  3. ^ "License · bbPress.org". bbpress.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  4. ^ "Project Beehive Forum". beehiveforum.net. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  5. ^ "Discourse". www.discourse.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  6. ^ "Discuz! X - 产品 - 北京康盛新创科技有限责任公司". www.comsenz.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  7. ^ "eXo Platform - Social Collaboration". SourceForge. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  8. ^ "FluxBB 1.5.9 released". FluxBB.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  9. ^ "FUDforum: Welcome to the forum". fudforum.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  10. ^ a b http://fudforum.org/forum/index.php?t=thread&frm_id=1&
  11. ^ "ikonboard". SourceForge. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  12. ^ "IPS Community Suite 4 - Forums, CMS, eCommerce & more - IPS Community Suite". IPS Community Suite. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  13. ^ "MyBB - Free and Open Source Forum Software". www.mybb.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  14. ^ "Change of license for MyBB 2.0". Retrieved 2016-03-30.
  15. ^ "Phorum | Open Source PHP Forum Software". www.phorum.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  16. ^ "phpwind 官方论坛 - Powered by phpwind". www.phpwind.net. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  17. ^ "phpBB • Free and Open Source Forum Software". www.phpbb.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  18. ^ "PunBB". punbb.informer.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  19. ^ "Simple Machines Forum - Free & open source community software". www.simplemachines.org. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
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  21. ^ "Syndie". www.syndie.de. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  22. ^ "PHP forum software since 1997 - UBB.Threads". ubbcentral.com.
  23. ^ "Community Forum Software". Vanilla Forums. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  24. ^ https://www.vanillaforums.org
  25. ^ "vBulletin Announcements - vBulletin Community Forum". www.vbulletin.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24. {{cite web}}: horizontal tab character in |title= at position 28 (help)
  26. ^ http://www.vbulletin.com
  27. ^ "vBulletin Manual". www.vbulletin.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  28. ^ "vBulletin FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions". www.vbulletin.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  29. ^ "XenForo.com". XenForo. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  30. ^ only https://github.com/pippinsplugins/bbPress-Export-and-Import
  31. ^ https://bbpress.org/forums/topic/post-by-email-social-media-integration/#post-141352
  32. ^ https://github.com/rmccue/Falcon
  33. ^ https://codex.bbpress.org/getting-started/bbpress-in-your-language/
  34. ^ https://github.com/BeehiveForum/BeehiveForum/blob/master/forum/pm_export.php
  35. ^ https://meta.discourse.org/t/improving-import-and-export-support/12110
  36. ^ https://meta.discourse.org/t/export-user-information-list/18960
  37. ^ https://meta.wikimedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Discourse&oldid=15337466#What_we.27d_lose_.28user_experience.29
  38. ^ http://blog.discourse.org/2014/05/translating-discourse-with-transifex/
  39. ^ "Discourse Translations". 2016-04-15. Only Chinese 99 % translated or more.
  40. ^ http://docs.exoplatform.com/public/index.jsp?topic=%2FPLF35%2FForum_Administrator.Administrative_tasks.Back_up_categories_forums.html
  41. ^ https://community.exoplatform.com/portal/intranet/forum/topic/topicda8f8926c06313bc09486ed60d6ec7df
  42. ^ https://crowdin.com/project/exo-platform-42
  43. ^ https://fluxbb.org/resources/translations/
  44. ^ http://fudforum.org/forum/index.php?t=msg&th=120851
  45. ^ http://fudforum.org/forum/index.php?t=msg&th=120406&goto=167140&#msg_167140
  46. ^ http://www.forummatrix.org/show/fudforum#item_47
  47. ^ https://github.com/Codetana/TangoBB/tree/master/applications/languages
  48. ^ Only 3 languages updated in one year. https://invisionpower.com/files/category/107-language-packs/?sortby=file_name&filter=file_free&sortby=file_updated&sortdirection=desc&page=1
  49. ^ https://invisionpower.com/news/8747-40-login-handlers/
  50. ^ a b "Features - MyBB". www.mybb.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  51. ^ http://mods.mybb.com/view/export-thread-v1.0.0
  52. ^ http://mods.mybb.com/view/post-via-email
  53. ^ http://community.mybb.com/thread-135066-post-977336.html#pid977336
  54. ^ http://community.mybb.com/mods.php?action=browse&category=19&by=lastup
  55. ^ http://www.phorum.org/phorum5/read.php?16,14081
  56. ^ http://www.phorum.org/phorum5/list.php?65
  57. ^ a b "Features". phpbb.com. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  58. ^ http://nejc.skoberne.net/2011/02/phpbb-export-all-posts-for-a-user-into-a-file/
  59. ^ http://www.phpbb2refugees.com/viewtopic.php?p=7505#7505
  60. ^ https://www.phpbb.com/community/viewtopic.php?f=434&t=603719
  61. ^ https://www.phpbb.com/languages/
  62. ^ https://www.phpbb.com/support/docs/en/3.1/ug/adminguide/general_client
  63. ^ a b "comparison_to_other_discussion_boards - PunBB Wiki". punbb.informer.com. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  64. ^ http://punbb.informer.com/forums/forum/83/language-packs/
  65. ^ https://github.com/punbb/langs
  66. ^ http://custom.simplemachines.org/mods/index.php?action=search;basic_search=export
  67. ^ http://custom.simplemachines.org/mods/index.php?mod=168
  68. ^ http://download.simplemachines.org/?smflanguages
  69. ^ http://ugha.i2p.xyz/i2pTranslation
  70. ^ http://www.forummatrix.org/show/ubb.threads
  71. ^ http://vanillaforums.org/addon/myattachments-plugin
  72. ^ http://vanillaforums.org/addon/porter-core
  73. ^ "Vanilla languages". 2016-04-15. 2 languages 100 % translated.
  74. ^ http://docs.vanillaforums.com/features/sso/
  75. ^ https://plugins.svn.wordpress.org/vanilla-forums/trunk/LICENSE
  76. ^ a b "vBulletin Forum Features". vbulletin.com. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  77. ^ https://www.vbulletin.org/forum/showthread.php?t=151222
  78. ^ https://www.vbulletin.org/forum/showpost.php?p=2489379&postcount=1069
  79. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Internet_forum_software&diff=717266725&oldid=717229062
  80. ^ http://www.vbulletin.com/forum/forum/customizing-vbulletin/vbulletin-languages-phrases?87-vBulletin-Languages-Phrases=
  81. ^ https://xenforo.com/community/resources/categories/xenforo-translations.14/ 1 translation for latest release.
  82. ^ https://xenforo.com/community/threads/xenforo-for-oauth-authentication.76140/
  83. ^ https://github.com/punbb/punbb#requirements
  84. ^ http://community.invisionpower.com/topic/348490-mssql-still-supported/
  85. ^ http://area51.phpbb.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?f=81&t=37137
  86. ^ https://wiki.phpbb.com/PhpBB3.1
  87. ^ Frèrejean, Erik. "SEO URLs". phpBB "Arsia" 3.2 Development. Area51 phpBB. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
  88. ^ https://fsfe.org/activities/policy/eu/digital-single-market-comments.en.html
  89. ^ Centre for Intellectual Property & Policy Management at Bournemouth University (25 October 2012). Open Standards in Government IT: A Review of the Evidence (PDF). {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  90. ^ Software Without Frontiers: A multi-platform, multi-cultural, multi-nation approach. With contributions and leadership by Ray Hudson, Costas Spyropoulos, Timo Honkela et al. Wiley. 1996. ISBN 9780471969747. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  91. ^ http://trends.builtwith.com/cms/forum-software
  92. ^ Za, S.; D’Atri, E.; Resca, A. (1 January 2011). Single Sign-On in Cloud Computing Scenarios: A Research Proposal (PDF). Physica-Verlag HD. pp. 45–52. doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2632-6_6. ISBN 9783790826319. Retrieved 15 April 2016. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
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